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Digital Signal Processing Lab 4: Figure 3.1: Basic View of Sampling Theorem

This document discusses the concept of aliasing in analog signals when sampled digitally. It explains that if a signal is sampled at too low of a frequency, higher frequency components of the signal may be incorrectly interpreted as lower frequencies. This occurs because the rapid variations between samples cannot be captured. The document reviews Nyquist's sampling theorem, which states that a signal must be sampled at a rate at least twice the highest frequency component to avoid aliasing and unambiguously reconstruct the original signal. Examples are provided to illustrate aliasing when sampling both below and above the Nyquist rate. An exercise is then given to have the reader plot sampled signals both with and without aliasing.

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74 views

Digital Signal Processing Lab 4: Figure 3.1: Basic View of Sampling Theorem

This document discusses the concept of aliasing in analog signals when sampled digitally. It explains that if a signal is sampled at too low of a frequency, higher frequency components of the signal may be incorrectly interpreted as lower frequencies. This occurs because the rapid variations between samples cannot be captured. The document reviews Nyquist's sampling theorem, which states that a signal must be sampled at a rate at least twice the highest frequency component to avoid aliasing and unambiguously reconstruct the original signal. Examples are provided to illustrate aliasing when sampling both below and above the Nyquist rate. An exercise is then given to have the reader plot sampled signals both with and without aliasing.

Uploaded by

fahadsaeed93
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Signal Processing Lab 4

Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology


3.1AliasingeffectinAnalogSignals:

We only sample the signal at intervals. We don't know what happened between the samples. A crude
example is to consider a 'glitch' that happened to fall between adjacent samples. Since we don't
measureit,wehavenowayofknowingtheglitchwasthereatall.

Figure3.1:BasicviewofSamplingtheorem
In a less obvious case, we might have signal components that are varying rapidly in between samples.
Again, we could not track these rapid intersample variations. We must sample fast enough to see the
mostrapidchangesinthesignal.Sometimeswemayhavesomeaprioriknowledgeofthesignal,orbe
abletomakesomeassumptionsabouthowthesignalbehavesinbetweensamples.Ifwedonotsample
fastenough,wecannottrackcompletelythemostrapidchangesinthesignal.Somehigherfrequencies
canbeincorrectlyinterpretedasloweronesasshowninfig3.2below:

Figure3.2:OverlappingofHighfrequencysignalintoLowfrequencysignal( )

Digital Signal Processing Lab 4

Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology


In the fig 3.2, the high frequency signal is sampled just under twice every cycle. The result is that each
sample is taken at a slightly later part of the cycle. If we draw a smooth connecting line between the
samples,theresultingcurvelookslikealowerfrequency.Thisiscalled'aliasing'becauseonefrequency
lookslikeanother.
Note that the problem of aliasing is that we cannot tell which frequency we have a high frequency
looks like a low one so we cannot tell the two apart. But sometimes we may have some a priori
knowledge of the signal, or be able to make some assumptions about how the signal behaves in
betweensamples,thatwillallowustotellunambiguouslywhatwehave.
Nyquist showed that to distinguish unambiguously between the signal frequencies we must sample
fasterthantwicethefrequencyofthehighestfrequencycomponent.

Figure3.3:Reconstructionofsignalwith
Inthediagram,thehighfrequencysignalissampledtwiceeverycycle.Ifwedrawasmoothconnecting
linebetweenthesamples,theresultingcurvelooksliketheoriginalsignal.Butifthesampleshappened
to fall at the zero crossings, we would see no signal at all this is why the sampling theorem demands
wesamplefasterthantwicethehighestsignalfrequencyasitwillavoidsaliasing.
The highest signal frequency allowed for a given sample rate is called the Nyquist frequency. Actually,
Nyquist says that we have to sample faster than the signal bandwidth, not the highest frequency. But
thisleadsusintomultiratesignalprocessingwhichisamoreadvancedsubject.Nyquistshowedthatto
distinguishunambiguouslybetweenallsignalfrequencieswe mustsampleatleasttwice thefrequency
ofthehighestfrequencycomponent.

Digital Signal Processing Lab 4

Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology

Exercise:
Task#1:PlottwoCTsignalsof10Hzand110Hzfor0<t<0.2secs.SampleatFs=100Hzandplotthem
indiscreteform.
Task#2:ForaCTsignal:x(t)=sin(2piFot)whosesampledversionwillbe:x(n)=sin(2piFo/Fsn)
wherenisasetofintegersandsamplingintervalTs=1/Fs.
(a) Plotthesignalx(n)forn=0to99forFs=5kHzandFo=0.5,2,3and4.5kHz.Explain
thesimilaritiesanddifferencesamongvariousplots.
(b) SupposethatFo=2kHzandFs=50kHz.
a. Plotthesignalx(n).
b. Plot the signal y (n) created by taking the even numbered samples of x (n). Is
thisasinusoidalsignal?Whyorwhynot?Ifso,whatisthefrequency?

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