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Variational Formulation of Bar Element: Introduction To FEM

The document discusses the variational formulation and finite element method applied to a bar element. It introduces the governing equations of axial strain, stress, and force for a bar member under an applied load. The minimum potential energy principle is used to derive the bar element stiffness matrix and consistent nodal force vector. The bar is discretized into elements, and shape functions are used to interpolate the displacement field. Variation of the element potential energy yields the element stiffness equations.

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Tuan Pham Minh
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98 views

Variational Formulation of Bar Element: Introduction To FEM

The document discusses the variational formulation and finite element method applied to a bar element. It introduces the governing equations of axial strain, stress, and force for a bar member under an applied load. The minimum potential energy principle is used to derive the bar element stiffness matrix and consistent nodal force vector. The bar is discretized into elements, and shape functions are used to interpolate the displacement field. Variation of the element potential energy yields the element stiffness equations.

Uploaded by

Tuan Pham Minh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

Introduction to FEM

11

Variational
Formulation of
Bar Element

IFEM Ch 11 Slide 1

Introduction to FEM

Bar Member - Variational Derivation


y

;;
;;
;;

Cross section

IFEM Ch 11 Slide 2

P
Longitudinal axis
x

Introduction to FEM

Bar Member (cont'd)

axial rigidity EA

;;

u(x)

q(x)

cross
section

IFEM Ch 11 Slide 3

Introduction to FEM

The Bar Revisited - Notation


Quantity
x
(.)'
u(x)
q(x)
L
E
A
EA
e = du/dx = u'
= E e = E u'
F = A = EA e = EA u'
P

Meaning
Longitudinal bar axis *
d(.)/dx
Axial displacement
Distributed axial force, given per unit of bar length
Total length of bar member
Elastic modulus
Cross section area, may vary with x
Axial rigidity
Infinitesimal axial strain
Axial stress
Internal axial force
Prescribed end load

_
* x is used in this Chapter instead of x (as in Chapters 2-3)
to simplify the notation

IFEM Ch 11 Slide 4

Introduction to FEM

Tonti Diagram of Governing Equations

Prescribed
end
displacements

Displacement
BCs

Kinematic

F'+q=0 Equilibrium

e=u'

Axial
strains
e(x)

unknown

Distributed
axial load
q(x)

Axial
displacements
u(x)

F = EA e

Constitutive

given (problem data)

IFEM Ch 11 Slide 5

Axial
force
F(x)

Force BCs

Prescribed
end loads

Introduction to FEM

Potential Energy of the Bar Member


(before discretization)

Internal energy (= strain energy)

U=

L
1
2

Fe d x =

L
1
2

( E Au')u' d x =

External work

W =

qu d x
0

Total potential energy

= U W

IFEM Ch 11 Slide 6

L
1
2

u' E Au' d x
0

Introduction to FEM

Concept of Kinematically Admissible Variation

u(x)+u(x)

u(x)

u(L)
u(L)

u(x)
u(0) = 0

u(x) is kinematically admissible if u(x) and u(x) + u(x)


(i) are continuous over bar length, i.e. u(x) C 0 in x [0, L].
(ii) satisfy exactly displacement BC; in the figure, u(0) = 0

IFEM Ch 11 Slide 7

Introduction to FEM

The Minimum Potential Energy (MPE) Principle


The MPE principle states that the actual displacement solution
u* (x) that satisfies the governing equations is that which renders
the TPE functional [u] stationary:

= U W = 0

iff

u = u*

with respect to admissible variations u = u* + u of the exact


displacement solution u* (x)

IFEM Ch 11 Slide 8

Introduction to FEM

FEM Discretization of Bar Member

u 1, f1

u 2, f2

u 3, f3

u 4, f4

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

IFEM Ch 11 Slide 9

u 5, f5

Introduction to FEM

FEM Displacement Trial Function


u 1, f1

u 2, f2

u 3, f3

u 4, f4

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

u 5, f5

End node 1 assumed fixed

u
u2

u3

u4

u(x)

u1 = 0
Axial displacement plotted normal to x
for visualization convenience

IFEM Ch 11 Slide 10

u5

Introduction to FEM

Total Potential Energy Principle


and Decomposition over Elements

= U W = 0
But
and

(1)

iff

(1)

(2)

u = u*
+ ... +
(2)

(exact solution)
(N e)

+ ... +

From fundamental lemma of variational calculus,


each element variation must vanish, giving

e = U e W e = 0

IFEM Ch 11 Slide 11

(N e)

= 0

Introduction to FEM

Element Shape Functions

(e)

e
= L
x- = x - x1

1 Ne
i

1 x/
0

x/

Nje 1

IFEM Ch 11 Slide 12

Introduction to FEM

Element Shape Functions (cont'd)


Linear displacement interpolation:
e
u
1
e e
ue (x) = N1e u1e + N2e u2e = [ N1 N2 ] e = N ue
u2

in which

N1e = 1
=

xx1

xx1

= 1 ,

N2 =

xx1

dimensionless (natural) coordinate

IFEM Ch 11 Slide 13

Introduction to FEM

Displacement Variation Process Yields


the Element Stiffness Equations

= Ue W e
e = 0
since

u e

u e

Ue =

1
e )T
(u
2

Ke ue

W e = (u e ) T f e
T

Ke ue f e = 0

is arbitrary [...] = 0

(Appendix D)

Ke u e = f e
the element stiffness equations

IFEM Ch 11 Slide 14

Introduction to FEM

The Bar Element Stiffness


Ue =
U =
e

U =
e

1
2

[ u 1e

1
2

u e2

[ u1

Ke =

e E A e dx

1
1

1
1

[ 1

dx

EA

E A BT B d x =
0

If EA is constant over element


Ke =

e = u'

1 1
u2 ]
1
EA

1
2

EA

1
1

1
1

IFEM Ch 11 Slide 15

u e1
u e2

1]

u 1e
ue2

1
1

1
1

1
2

dx

ue

dx

Ke u e

Introduction to FEM

The Consistent Nodal Force Vector


e

W =

q u dx =
0

Since

ue

(u e )T NTq d x = u e

q
0

is arbitrary

fe =

q
0

in which

xx1

IFEM Ch 11 Slide 16

dx

d x = ue

fe

Introduction to FEM

Bar Consistent Force Vector (cont'd)


If q is constant along element

= q
0

dx = q

1/2
1/2

the same result as with EbE load lumping (i.e., assigning


one half of the total load to each node)

IFEM Ch 11 Slide 17

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