Routing Simulator

Introduction
 Routing
A simple definition of routing is "learning how to get from here to

there." In some cases, the term routing is used in a very strict sense to refer

only to the process of obtaining and distributing information, but not to the

process of using that information to actually get from one place to. Since it is

difficult to grasp the usefulness of information that is acquired but never used, we

employ the term routing to refer in general to all the things that are done to

discover and advertise paths from here to there and to actually move packets

from here to there when necessary. The distinction between routing and

forwarding is preserved in the formal discussion of the functions performed by

OSI end systems and intermediate systems, in which context the distinction is

meaningful.

Routing is the act of moving information across an internetwork

from a source to a destination. Along the way, at least one intermediate node

typically is encountered. Routing is the process of finding a path from a source

to every destination in the network. It allows users in the remote part of the

world to get to information and services provided by computers anywhere in the

world. Routing is accomplished by means of routing protocols that establish

mutually consistent routing tables in every router in the Network.

When a packet is received by the router or is forwarded by the host,

they both must make decisions as to how to send the packet. To do this, the

router and the host consult a database for information known as the routing table.

This database is stored in RAM so that the lookup process is optimized. As the
packet is forwarded through various routers towards its destination, each router

makes a decision so as to proceed by consulting its routing table.

 Routing Table

A routing table consists at least two columns: the first is address of a

destination point or destination Network , and the second is the address of the

next element that is the next hop in the "best" path to its destination. When a

packet arrives at a router the router or the switch controller consults the routing

table to decide the next hop for the packet. Not only the local information but

the global information is also consulted for routing. But global information is hard

to collect, subject to frequent changes and is voluminous.

The information in the routing table can be generated in one of two

ways. The first method is to manually configure the routing table with routes for

each destination network. This is known as static routing. The second method for

generating routing table information is to make use of dynamic routing protocol.

A dynamic routing protocol consists of routing tables that are built and maintained

automatically through and ongoing communication between routers. Periodically

Routing Table
or on demand, messages are exchanged between routers for the purpose of

updating information kept in their routing tables.

Router
The Network forwards IP packets from a source to a destination using

destination address field in the packet header. A router is defined as a host that

has an interface on more than one Network.

Every router along the path has routing table with at least two fields:

a Network number and the interface on which to send packets with

that network number.

The router reads the destination address from an incoming packet's

header and uses the routing table to forward it to appropriate interface. By

introducing routers with interfaces on more than one cluster, we can connect

clusters into larger ones. By induction we can compose arbitrarily large networks

in this fashion, as long as there are routers with interfaces on each subcomponent

of the Network.

2.3 1.3

Network 2 Network 1 1.1

2.1
1.2
Router

3.3
Network 3

3.1
A router which has interface on more than one Network
 Packet

The Network carries all the information using packets.

A packet has two parts:

the information content called the payload ,

and the information about the payload ,called the meta-data.

The meta-data consists of fields such as the source ands destination

addresses, data length, sequence number and data type. The introduction of

meta-data is a fundamental innovation in networking technology. The Network

cannot determine where samples originate, or where they are going without

additional context information. Meta-data makes information self-descriptive,

allowing the network to interpret the data without additional context information.

In particular if the meta-data contains a source and destination address, no

matter where in the network the packet is, the Network knows where it came

from and where it wants to go. The Network can store a packet, for hours if

necessary, then "freeze" it and still know what has to be done to deliver the data.
Packets are efficient for data transfer, but are not so attractive for real-time

services such as voice.

Link
Link is the connection between two routers. If there are two routers

the messages are sent from one to other using the link. So link acts as a bridge

between two routers. If a link goes down then information will not be transferred

to the routers. We have to search for the other alternative links to reach from

source to destination. Hence link plays a major role in the transmission of data as

it acts as a carrier of the messages sent by the routers.

Link between two routers

 Routing Algorithm

Routing is accomplished by means of routing protocols that establish

mutually consistent routing tables in every router in the Network. A routing

protocol written in the form of code is routing algorithm. A routing algorithm

asynchronously updates routing tables at every router or switch controller. The

global information to be maintained by routing tables is voluminous. Routing

algorithm summarizes this information to extract only the portions relevant to

each node. The heart of routing algorithm does all the chores.

The various concepts for discussion are :

 Design goals of Routing Algorithm

 Factors that decide the best Path

 Choices in Routing
 design goals
Routing algorithms often have one or more of the following :

 Optimality

Optimality refers to the capability of the routing algorithm to select

the best route, which depends on the metrics and metric weightings used to make

the calculation. One routing algorithm, for example, may use a number of hops

and delays, but may weight delay more heavily in the calculation. Naturally,

routing protocols must define their metric calculation algorithms strictly.

 Simplicity and low overhead

Routing algorithms also are designed to be as simple as possible with

a minimum of software and Utilization overhead. In other words, the routing

algorithm must offer its functionality efficiently, with a minimum of software and

utilization overhead. Efficiency is particularly important when the software

implementing the routing algorithm must run on a computer with limited physical

resources.

 Robustness and stability

 Routing algorithms must be robust, which means that they should

perform correctly in the face of unusual or unforeseen circumstances, such as

hardware failures, high load conditions, and incorrect implementations. Because

routers are located at network junction points, they can cause considerable

problems when they fail. The best routing algorithms are often those that have

withstood the test of time and have proven stable under a variety of network

conditions.

 Rapid convergence

Routing algorithms must converge rapidly. Convergence is the

process of agreement, by all routers, on optimal routes. When a network event

causes routes either to go down or become available, routers distribute routing

update messages that permeate networks, stimulating recalculation of optimal

routes and eventually causing all routers to agree on these routes. Routing

algorithms that converge slowly can cause routing loops or network outages.

 Flexibility

Routing algorithms should also be flexible, which means that they

should quickly and accurately adapt to a variety of network circumstances.

Routing algorithms can be programmed to adapt to changes in network

bandwidth, router queue size, and network delay, among other variables.
Factors that decide the best path

Routing algorithms have used many different metrics to determine

the best route. Sophisticated routing algorithms can base route selection on

multiple metrics, combining them in a single (hybrid) metric. All the following

metrics have been used:

Path Length

Path length is the most common routing metric. Some routing

protocols allow network administrators to assign arbitrary costs to each network

link. In this case, path length is the sum of the costs associated with each link

traversed. Other routing protocols define hop count, a metric that specifies the
number of passes through internetworking products, such as routers, that a

packet must take en route from a source to a destination.

Reliability

Reliability , in the context of routing algorithms, refers to the

dependability (usually described in terms of the bit-error rate) of each network

link. Some network links might go down more often than others. After a network

fails, certain network links might be repaired more easily or more quickly than

other links. Any reliability factors can be taken into account in the assignment of

the reliability ratings, which are arbitrary numeric values usually assigned to

network links by network administrators.

Delay

Routing delay refers to the length of time required to move a packet

from source to destination through the internetwork. Delay depends on many

factors, including the bandwidth of intermediate network links, the port queues at

each router along the way, network congestion on all intermediate network links,

and the physical distance to be traveled. Because delay is a conglomeration of

several important variables, it is a common and useful metric.

Bandwidth

Bandwidth refers to the available traffic capacity of a link. All other

things being equal, a 10-Mbps Ethernet link would be preferable to a 64-kbps

leased line. Although bandwidth is a rating of the maximum attainable

throughput on a link, routes through links with greater bandwidth do not

necessarily provide better routes than routes through slower links. If, for

example, a faster link is busier, the actual time required to send a packet to the

destination could be greater.

Load

Load refers to the degree to which a network resource, such as a

router, is busy. Load can be calculated in a variety of ways, including CPU

utilization and packets processed per second. Monitoring these parameters on a

continual basis can be resource-intensive itself.

Communication Cost

Communication cost is another important metric, especially because

some companies may not care about performance as much as they care about

operating expenditures. Even though line delay may be longer, they will send

packets over their own lines rather than through the public lines that cost money

for usage time.

 Choices in Routing

Routing algorithms can be classified by type. Key differentiators include:

Static versus dynamic (Non-adaptive versus Adaptive)

Non-adaptive algorithms do not base their routing decisions on

measurements or estimates of the current traffic and topology. The choice of

route is computed in advance, offline and downloaded to the routers when the

network is booted. Adaptive algorithms in contrast change their decisions.

Single-path versus Multi-path

Some sophisticated routing protocols support multiple paths to the

same destination. Unlike single-path algorithms, these multipath algorithms

permit traffic multiplexing over multiple lines. The advantages of multipath

algorithms are obvious: They can provide substantially better throughput and

reliability.

Flat versus Hierarchical

Some routing algorithms operate in a flat space, while others use

routing hierarchies. In a flat routing system, the routers are peers of all others.

In a hierarchical routing system, some routers form what amounts to a routing

backbone. Packets from non-backbone routers travel to the backbone routers,

where they are sent through the backbone until they reach the general area of

the destination. At this point, they travel from the last backbone router through

one or more non-backbone routers to the final destination.

Host-intelligent versus Router-intelligent

(Source Routing versus Hop by hop)

Some routing algorithms assume that the source end-node will

determine the entire route. This is usually referred to as source routing. In source-

routing systems, routers merely act as store-and-forward devices, mindlessly

sending the packet to the next stop. Other algorithms assume that hosts know

nothing about routes. In these algorithms, routers determine the path through

the internetwork based on their own calculations. In the first system, the hosts

have the routing intelligence. In the latter system, routers have the routing

intelligence.

Intradomain versus Interdomain

Some routing algorithms work only within domains; others work

within and between domains. The nature of these two algorithm types is

different. It stands to reason, therefore, that an optimal intradomain- routing

algorithm would not necessarily be an optimal interdomain- routing algorithm.

Centralized versus Decentralized

 In centralized routing, a central processor collects information about

the status of each link and processes this information to compute a routing table

for every node. It then distributes these tables to all the routers. In

decentralized routing, routers must cooperate using a distributed routing protocol

to create mutually consistent routing tables.

Routing Algorithms
 Algorithms Used

 Flooding

 Hot-Potato

 Source Routing

 Distance Vector (Bellman-Ford)

 RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

 Linkstate
 Flooding
Every incoming packet is sent out on every other link by every

router. Super simple to implement, but generates lots of redundant packets.

Interesting to note that all routes are discovered, including the optimal one, so

this is robust and high performance (best path is found without being known

ahead of time). Good when topology changes frequently (USENET example).

Some means of controlling the expansion of packets is needed.

Could try to ensure that each router only floods any given packet once. Could try

to be a little more selective about what is forwarded and where. The station

initiating a packet stores the distance of the destination in the submitted packet

(or the largest distance in the network). Each node reduces the counter by one,

and resubmits the packet to all the adjacent nodes (but not to the node from

where it received the packet). Packets with counter 0 are discarded. The

destination node doesn't resubmit the packet .

HOP1

HOP2
 HOP3

Stages in Flooding

Advantages:

Highly robust
Suitable for setting virtual circuits
Useful for broadcasting

Disadvantage:

High traffic load

Hot - Potato Routing

Hot-potato routing , or deflection routing, the nodes of a

network have no buffer to store packets in before they are moved on to their final
predetermined destination. In normal routing situations, when multiple packets

contend for a single outgoing channel, packets that are not buffered are dropped

to avoid congestion. But in hot potato routing, each packet that is routed is

constantly transferred until it reaches its final destination because the individual

communication links can not support more than one packet at a time.

The packet is bounced around like a "hot-potato," sometimes

moving further away from its destination because it has to keep moving through

the network. This technique allows multiple packets to reach their destinations

without being dropped. This is in contrast to "store and forward" routing where

the network allows temporary storage at intermediate locations.

This is a simple and effective way to route packets in communication

networks. In these networks, nodes have no buffer to store the messages in

transit, thus causing the messages to move from node to node each time. In

other words, the messages are treated like hot potatoes.

Hot-potato routing is used for the following applications :

Real Networks

Immediate applications

Optical Networks

Hot potato routing has applications in optical networks where

messages made from light can not be stored in any medium.

Non-optical networks

We obtain cheaper and easier to build networks, since nodes are

simpler without buffers.

 Source Routing

Source Routing is a technique whereby the sender of a packet can

specify the route that a packet should take through the network. As a packet

travels through the network, each router will examine the "destination IP address"

and choose the next hop to forward the packet to. In source routing, the "source"

(i.e. the sender) makes some or all of these decisions.

In strict source routing, the sender specifies the exact route the

packet must take. This is virtually never used.

The more common form is loose source record route (LSRR), in

which the sender gives one or more hops that the packet must go through. In

high-level terms, it may look like:

To : A

From : D

Via : T

Source routing is used for the following purposes:

Mapping the network

Used with trace route in order to find all the routes between points on the

network.

Troubleshooting
Trying to figure out from point "A" why machines "F" and "L" cannot talk with

each other.

Performance

A network manager might decide to force an alternate link (such as a satellite

connection) that is slower, but avoids congesting the correct routes.

Hacking

LSRR can be used in a number of ways for hacking purposes.

Sometimes machines will be on the Internet, but will not be reachable. (It may

be using a private address like 10.0.0.1). However, there may be some other

machine that is reachable to both sides that forwards packets. Someone can then

reach that private machine from the Internet by source routing through that

intermediate machine.
 Distance Vector
(Also known as Bellman-Ford or Ford-Fulkerson)
The heart of this algorithm is the routing table maintained by each

router. The table has an entry for every other router in the subnet, with two

pieces of information: the link to take to get to the router, and the estimated

distance from the router. For a router A with two outgoing links L1, L2, and a

total of four routers in the network, the routing table might look like this:

Router Distance link

B 5 L1

C 7 L1

D 2 L2

Neighboring nodes in the subnet exchange their tables periodically to

update each other on the state of the subnet (which makes this a dynamic

algorithm). If a neighbor claims to have a path to a node which is shorter than

your path, you start using that neighbor as the route to that node. Notice that
you don't actually know the route the neighbor thinks is shorter - you trust his

estimate and start sending packets that way.

 RIP
(Routing Information Protocol)

The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a distance-vector protocol

that uses hop count as its metric. RIP is widely used for routing traffic in the

global Internet and is an interior gateway protocol (IGP), which means that it

performs routing within a single autonomous system. Peer routers exchange

distance vectors every 30 sec, and a router is declared dead if a peer does not

hear from it from 180 sec. The protocol uses split horizon with poisonous reverse

to avoid the count-to infinity problem.

RIP sends routing-update messages at regular intervals and when

the network topology changes. When a router receives a routing update that

includes changes to an entry, it updates its routing table to reflect the new route.

The metric value for the path is increased by one, and the sender is indicated as

the next hop. RIP routers maintain only the best route (the route with the lowest

metric value) to a destination. After updating its routing table, the router

immediately begins transmitting routing updates to inform other network routers

of the change. These updates are sent independently of the regularly scheduled

updates that RIP routers send.

RIP Stability Features

To adjust for rapid network-topology changes, RIP specifies a number

of stability features that are common to many routing protocols. RIP, for

example, implements the split-horizon and hold-down mechanisms to prevent

incorrect routing information from being propagated. In addition, the RIP hop-

count limit prevents routing loops from continuing indefinitely.

Applications

RIP is useful for small subnets where its simplicity of implementation

and configuration more than compensates for its inadequacies in determining

with link failures and providing Multiple metrics.

 Link-State Routing

Widely used today as OSPF in the Internet, replaced Distance Vector

in the ARPANET. Link State improves the convergence of Distance Vector by

having everybody share their idea of the state of the net with everybody else

(more information is available to nodes, so better routing tables can be

constructed).

Neighbor discovery

Send a HELLO packet out. Receiving routers respond with their

addresses, which must be globally unique.

Measure delay

Time the round-trip for an ECHO packet, divide by two. Question

arises: do you include time spent waiting in the router (i.e. load factor of the

router) when measuring round-trip ECHO packet time or not?

Bundle your info

Put information for all your neighbors together, along with your own

id, a sequence number and an age.

Distribute your info

Ideally, every router would get every other routers data

simultaneously. This can't happen, so in effect you have different parts of the

subnet with different ideas of the topology of the net at the same time. Changes
ripple through the system, but routers that are widely spread can be using very

different routing tables at the same time. This could result in loops, unreachable

hosts, other types of problems.

Compute shortest path tree

Using an algorithm like Dijkstra's, and with a complete set of

information packets from other routers, every router can locally compute a

shortest path to every other router.

Advantages

OSPF uses authentication for routing messages. This avoids the

problem of misconfigured, "crazy" routers suddenly trying to tell the world that

they are the center of the universe and are directly connected to a wormhole time

travel machine. It also helps prevent malicious attacks on networks via their

routing tables.

OSPF uses the idea of "area" within a routing domain. This

decreases the amount of state information, and exchange of routing messages

OSPF allows for load balancing among multiple routers

Problem Definition
 Problem Definition

For sending information from one network to other network through

a subnet efficiently, one has to select a better routing technique among the

several techniques available. So far no routing Algorithm is reported to be

outright choice for all possible cases. So an attempt is made to provide such

a routing technique which provides better results for a given configuration of

the subnet in real time.

The main objective of our project is to maximize the efficiency of the

routing process by suggesting the potential user a better algorithm.

Calculation of Efficiency of Subnet :

Efficiency of Routing Algorithm = ∑ η i / n

Where
η i is Efficiency of Router i

n is Number of Routers in the Subnet

 Objectives of the System

The Routing Simulator has the following objectives:

1. The topology of the subnet should be displayed with routers designated with

computer images and links with lines.

2. The congestion table should be printed showing the congestion on various

links.

3. Various Statistics for the router like efficiency, average packet size are to be

displayed when required.

4. Statistics for the link like propagation delay, buffers filled are to be displayed

when congestion table is clicked.

5. A provision for router crash is required which should show an outline when a

router is crashed.

6. When a link is down, it should be highlighted. This gives an idea of how the

routing goes when a link is down.

7. The statistics for the router and the link are to be calculated for every 500 m

sec.

8. A provision for redrawing the congestion table and network is to be provided.

9. The routing should be controlled by a speed controller.
System Design
 Design

In the design phase we identify the different objects that are required

to get the required results:

Router

A router generates packets and places them in the router buffer. It

consults the routing algorithm and places the appropriate packets on the link

buffer from which packets are placed on the link and transmitted. The router at

the other end of the link picks up the packets from the link buffer and places them

in its buffer. From the router's buffer packets are processed. Processing includes

checking if the packet is destined to that router or not. If yes the router reads the

message and sends acknowledgement else it sends it to the router buffer from

which it is forwarded to the next router.

The router contains the following fields:

 Id of router

 Size of Network

 Distance matrix to every router

 Simcore object

 Buffer object

 Maximum Size of Buffer

  Current Size of Buffer;

 Routing Algorithm

 Routing Algorithm Status

 Router Status

 Checking Probability

 Threshold

 Thread for Router

 Start Delay

 Sleep Time

 Outgoing link matrix

 Incoming Links matrix

Router

Route
Generate Crash Receive Consult
Next
Packet Router Packet RouteAlgo
Packet

Router and its methods

 Link
The link acts as a bridge between the two routers. There are buffers

at both ends of a link in which packets are placed while routing. The link transmits

the packets based on the propagation delay specified. According to the delay the

packets are sent immediately to the next router or delayed in the link buffer.

When the state of a link is up transmission occurs. If the link goes down packets

in the link buffers are lost.

The link contains the following fields:

 Head Packet

 Tail Packet

 Queue Size

 Thread for Link

 Propagation Time

 Bit Rate

 Status of Link

 Router at one end

 Router at the other end

  Simcore object

Link

Remove
Add Transfer
Packet
Packet Packet
Routing Algorithm

A routing algorithm decides the path from source to the destination.

It performs three major functions:

Link and its methods

Routing of next packet

To do with packet as algorithm decides.

Processing of Packet

If the packet is for that router, we can use this method to send some kind of hello

messages or replies.

Selection of Packet to be Routed

A packet from the router's

Routingbuffer will be selected to be routed next.
This is useful when packets haveAlgorithm
different priorities.

Route
Select Process
Packet
Packet Packet

Routing Algorithm and its methods

 Packet

A packet is an entity which contains the actual message to be sent to

the router. The router generates packets that are transmitted through a link. The

packets are dummy entities and are just required to know that the path given by

the routing algorithm is followed or not. The rate of transfer of packets depends

on bandwidth of the link.

The Packet has the following fields:

 Size of the Packet

 Packet Source

 Packet destination

 Sequence Number (equivalent to packet id)

 Fragment Offset

 Total Size

 Time when Packet reaches other side of link

 Creation Time

 Time when Put In Link

  Previous Router

 Next Router

 Hop count

 Time when Inserted In Buffer

 Fragment Flag

 Fragmented Flag

Fragment

If the size of the packet is large as compared with the size of the

buffers, the packet is divided into number of fragments. These fragments are

numbered and are placed on links for transmission. At the other end of the buffer,

the fragments are again combined to get the original packet.

Fragment contains the following fields :

 Sequence number

 Time when Fragmented

 Fragment Number

 Fragment Size
 Fragment

Add Sum Remove

Fragments Fragment Fragment

Fragment and its methods

Core of the Simulator

This acts as the project manager and is the heart of the Simulator. It

takes the input from the input file and initializes the routers and links based on

the Network Configuration. It manages the time constraint based on which

packets are generated and lost. It consults the routing algorithm and decides the

path and gives instructions to the packets in the buffers about the paths. Based

on probabilities of link to be down, it downs a link and after sometimes brings it

back to normal state. It checks each and every condition of every other object in

the system and takes decisions accordingly. It is responsible for drawing the

congestion table and Network diagram in the applet.

Parameters of the network include:

 Factor for Converting Computer Time to loop-count i.e. our clock

 Frequency of generation of packets at a particular router

 Scaling factor for generating packets

 Distance between routers i & j. Set by the user

 Maximum Packet Size

 Minimum Packet Size

 Number of routers in the N/W. Set by the user

 Header Size

 Array of references to routers

 Head of linked list containing packets which are on their path on a link

 Tail of linked list containing packets which are on their path on a link

 Number of packets lost

 Number of packets sent from particular router

 History of packets which have reached their

 History of packets which have been sent

 Lost History

 When The Underlying layer will be free

 Propagation Delay between Router i & j

 Bit Rate of links between Router i & j

 No of protocol Packets from i to j

 Gross Lost - lost but duplicate of packet may have reached destination

 Net lost - no copy has reached destination

 Protocol packets lost

 Probability of Packet Loss On Link

 Maximum Link Size

 Snap Shot Interval

 Maximum fragment size

The different issues handled by the Simulator are:

 Throughput

 Read speed of graphical display/routing

 warning message shown for how much time

The some of the modules in the core of the Simulator include:

 Setting the Topology

 Drawing the Table

 Filling the Table

 Drawing the Network

 Restoring the State

 Setting the Physical distance

 Notifying the Link

 Notifying the Router

 Making the Router Status Down

 Making the Link Status Down

 Making the Router Status Up

 Making the Link Status Down

Data Flow Diagrams
 INPUT FILE

Network
Configuration

Process
Manage
ROUTE r ROUTE
R R

BUFFERS OF ROUTERS AND LINKS

Level 0
 NETWORK
CONFIGURATION

Input
Manager
Input Input

ROUTE ROUTE
R R

Process
Generat
ePackets
Packets

Generat
Send
Packets e Ack.
Ack. Pkts
Pkts

BUFFERS OF ROUTERS
AND LINKS

Level 1
 CONFIGURATION

Input
Manager

Input for Input for

Router Link

LINK
ROUTER

Level 1
 Set
Size of
Subnet

Set
Prob.
of router
down
ROUTER

Set Size
of Buffer

Set
Topolog
y
INPUT
CONFIGURATION

Set
Bit Rate

Set
Propaga
-tion
delay

Set Prob
LINK
of
Packet
loss on
Link

Set
Prob. of
Link
down Level 2
 BUFFER FOR
INCOMING LINK
L1

Generate Add
Packets Packets to
buffers
from ICL

Request Buffers of Router

from i
Router i

Consult
R.A and
Process
Packets

BUFFERS OF OUT
GOING LINK L2

Level 2
Request from
Router i Buffer for incoming link

Generat Add
e Packets
Packets to
Router

Buffer for Router i

Request from
Router i

Consult
Routing
Algo

Information Select a
from Links Packet
to be
routed

Route Process
the Packets
Packets

Place on
out
Generat
going
e Ack’s
Links

Buffer for out going link

Level 3
Implementation
 Software Used

Java Development Kit 1.2.2

The JDK 1.2.2 is a development environment for writing applets and

applications that confirm to the Java core API. Its compiler and other tools are

run from a shell and have no GUI interface.

Java Tools :

Java Compiler ( javac )

Compiles programs written in Java programming Language into byte

codes.

Java Interpreter ( java )

Executes java byte codes. In other words it runs programs written in

the Java programming language.

Java run-time Interpreter ( jre )

Similar to Java interpreter, but intended for end users who do not

enquire all the development-related options available with the java

tool.

Java Applet Viewer ( appletViewer )

 Used for testing and running applets.

Java Debugger ( jdb )

Helps in finding bugs in Java programs.

Class File Disassembler ( javap )

Disassembles compiled Java files and prints out a representation of

Java byte codes.

Java Documentation Generator ( javadoc )

Parses the declarations and documentation comments in a set of

Java source files and produces a set of HTML pages describing the

public and protected classes, interfaces, constructors, methods and

fields. Also produces a class hierarchy on an index of all members.

Java Archive Tool ( jar )

Combine many Java class files and other resources into a single jar

file
User Documentation

Requirements :

 File "Inp" which contains the name of the file where we can find the data

required for the Network. An Example File is provided with comments, which

tells about the parameters required for the simulator.

 File "RoutingAlgo.java" which contains the implementation of the interface

"RoutingAlgo". The user should give the complete implementation of the

functions in the interface.

How to Run

 Just open the file "init.java" and change the string "RoutingAlgo" to name of

the class that you have implemented in "RoutingAlgo.java". Then compile

"RoutingAlgo.java" then Compile "init.java".

 Now you are ready with all the files to be run. Just type in "appletviewer

Simcore.html". You will now see a Frame opened with the Topology of the

Network and a table showing the size of buffers filled in the link (i, j).
Operating

 Once the simulator has started you can see the Topology of the Network that

is provided in the Input file, with the routers designated with computer

images.

 You can look at the statistics of the Router just by Left Clicking on the router.

The statistics are shown on a different frame whose values are updated after

every 500ms. Similarly clicking on the corresponding entry in the table you

can look at the statistics of the corresponding link.

 For the process of evaluating the Routing Algorithm one can even crash the

Router by right Clicking on the Router.

 There are Two modes of operating the Simulator one is interactive and the

other is non-interactive. These can be set in the Input files by toggling

between (y/n). In the interactive mode the user can get the information about

the packets generated and the current process going on in the simulator, from

the console, i.e., This information is outputted on the console. And in the non-

interactive mode nothing is printed on the console only the statistics of the

Routing Algorithm can be read.

 Testing

System testing makes a logical assumption that if all parts of the

system are correct the goal will be successfully achieved. System Testing is

utilized as user-oriented vehicle before implementation. Programs are invariably

related to one another and interact in a total system. Each portion of the system

is tested to see whether it conforms to related programs in the system. Each

portion of the entire system is tested against the entire module with both test and

live data before the entire system is ready to be tested.

The first test of a system is to see whether it produces correct

output. The other tests that are conducted are :

1. Online - Response

When the mouse is clicked on the router the statistics of the router

are to be displayed on the screen. Likewise the statistics of the link are to be

displayed when congestion table is clicked. The router must crash immediately

when it is right clicked with the mouse. The congestion table must be redrawn

when the refresh button is clicked.

2. Stress Testing

The purpose of stress testing is to prove that the system does not

malfunction under peak loads. In the simulator we test for the working of all

threads, that are associated with different objects. The different threads are

router threads, link threads, table filling threads, threads for warning messages
are tested simultaneously. All the routers are purposely crashed to generate a

peak load

condition and the working is tested. The number of routers is also increased for

testing.

3. Usability Documentation and Procedure

The usability test verifies the user friendly nature of the system. The

user is asked to use only the documentation and procedure as a guide to

determine whether the system can run smoothly.

Sample Outputs
Conclusion

And

Future Scope
 Conclusion

The Simulator takes the configurations of the subnet as Input and

gives the different statistics of the routers and links. By changing the routing

algorithms and the different network configurations and recording the results we

obtain the optimal algorithm. The optimal algorithm for a particular network is

obtained by analyzing the results obtained. Simulation helps to achieve an optimal

path that reduces the cost of routing.

The smaller networks can be analyzed and the results can be

employed in larger networks to make routing efficient and economic. As the

Simulator has provision for the crashing of routers, it gives an idea of which path

is followed when a crash occurs. It can be employed in real networks to increase

the performance of routers and links. As it not feasible in real networks to test

algorithms and then implement a best one, Routing Simulator can be helpful.

Hence it is useful for people who provide networking services and those who

design networks.
 Future Scope
Our Routing Simulator model can be made a more realistic one by considering the

effects of most of the System parameters.

Even though the mathematical model established for efficiency of Subnet yields

acceptable results, we believe that an improved model can be generated.

This has the potential to be used as one of the tools for experimentation on

design and analysis of Subnets.