I

Chapter-1 Introduction to Chilled Water Systems

. What is heat? 1-1
.. (Heat) 1-2
. Unit of Refrigeration 1-2
. Sensible Heat 1-3
. Air Conditioning System 1-4
. Decentralized Cooling and Heating Systems 1-6
.. System Characteristics 1-6
.. Decentralized System (Advantages) 1-7
.. Decentralized System (Disadvantages) 1-8
. Central Cooling and Heating Systems 1-8
.. System Characteristics 1-9
.. Central System (Advantages) 1-10
.. Central System (Disadvantages) 1-10
.. 1-11
. (Design Considerations) 1-11
.. Cooling and Heating Loads 1-11
.. (Noise) (Vibration) 1-12
.. (Space Considerations) 1-12
.. Central Plant and Equipment 1-13
. Chilled Water System 1-14
. Overview of Chilled Water Plant Rooms 1-15
. Circuit (Naming of Circuit) 1-16
. Chilled Water Distribution System Chilled Water Circuit/Loop 1-17
. Condenser Water Loop Condenser Water Circuit 1-17
. Air Distribution System (Circuit/Loop) 1-18
Chapter-2 Vapor Compression Fundamental
. Refrigeration (Vapor Compression Cycle) 2-2
.. Refrigeration 2-2
. Refrigeration System 2-4
.. Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle Process 2-5
.. Principles of Refrigeration 2-6
.. Refrigeration cycle state 2-7
.. Pressure-enthalpy (P-h) chart 2-8
. Refrigeration System () 2-11
.. Evaporators 2-11
CHILLERS AND CHILLED WATER SYSTEMS
Chillers and Chilled Water Systems
II
.. Compressors 2-11
.. Condensers 2-11
.. Expansion Devices 2-12
. What Are Refrigerants? 2-13
. Refrigeration System 2-13
. Low Pressure Side and High Pressure Side 2-14
. Performance Of The Standard Vapor Compression Cycle 2-15
. Actual Vapor Compression Cycle 2-16
. Cycle Analysis and Calculations 2-16
. Cycle with Subcooling and Superheat 2-19
. - 2-22
Table A-11 Saturated Refirgerant R134a Temperature Table 2-30
Table A-11 Saturated Refirgerant R134a Temperature Table (Continued) 2-31
Table A-12 Saturated Refirgerant R134a Pressure Table 2-32
Table A-13 Superheated Refirgerant R134a Table 2-33
Table A-13 Superheated Refirgerant R134a Table (Continued) 2-34
Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for HFC-134a (SI Units) 2-35
Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for HFC-134a (English Units) 2-36
Chapter-3 Vapor Compression Cycle Theory and Calculation
. Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle 3-1
. Reversed Carnot Cycles 3-1
. Ideal Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycles 3-3
.. Ideal Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycles () 3-3
.. Ideal Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycles () 3-4
.. Ideal Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle () 3-5
.. Ideal Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle () 3-9
.. Ideal Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle () 3-12
.. Ideal Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle () 3-14
.. Ideal Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle () 3-15
.. Ideal Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle () 3-16
. Ideal Cycles Actual Cycles 3-17
. Practical Considerations and COP 3-18
. Refrigeration and Heat Pumps 3-20
. Actual Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle 3-22
.. Actual Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle 3-24
.. Heat Rejection by A Refrigerator 3-25
.. Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle () 3-26
.. Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle () 3-27
.. Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle () 3-30
.. Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle () 3-31

III
.. Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle () 3-32
.. Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle () 3-34
.. Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle () 3-35
. Cascade Refrigeration Cycles 3-36
.. Compound Systems 3-39
. 3-39
. Problems 3-44
Chapter-4 Refrigerants
. Refrigerant 4-2
.. Refrigerant 4-2
.. Halocarbon 4-2
.. Azeotropic Refrigerants 4-3
.. Zeotropic Refrigerants 4-3
.. Organic compound 4-4
.. Inorganic mixture 4-4
. Refrigerant Color Codes 4-4
.. CFCs 4-4
.. HCFCs 4-5
.. HFCs 4-5
. Refrigerant 4-7
. Refrigerant 4-10
. Nomenclature 4-11
. Refrigerant 4-13
.. R-11 Trichloromonofluoromethane - CCL3F 4-14
.. R-12 Dichlorodifluoromethane - CCL2F2 4-14
.. R-22 Monochlorodifluoromethane - CHCLF2 4-14
.. R-500 (R - 152 a + R - 12) (CCL2F2/CH3CHF2) 4-14
.. R - 502 (R - 22 + R - 115) (CHCLF2/ CCL2CF3) 4-14
.. R-744 (Carbondioxide CO2) 4-15
.. R-717 (Ammonia -NH3) 4-15
.. R134 a R407C 4-15
.. R407C 4-16
.. R404A 4-16
.. R290 Propane 4-16
.. R744 ((CO2) ) 4-16
.. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 4-16
.. R-718 4-16
. Equivalent R-11 4-17
. Virgin Refrigerant and Reconditioning Refrigerant 4-17
. Selection of Refrigerants 4-17
Chillers and Chilled Water Systems
IV
. Refrigerant (Selection of the Right Refrigerant) 4-19
. Refrigerant - HFC-134a 4-19
. Positive Pressure Refrigerant 4-22
.. Smaller Footprint ( ) 4-22
.. ) 4-22
.. ) 4-22
. Refrigerant Safety Group 4-23
. Safety Requirements 4-23
.. (Thermal Decomposition) 4-24
.. Leakage Detection 4-26
.. (Safety) 4-26
. (Green House Effect) 4-27
. (Ozone Layer) 4-28
.. (ODP) 4-30
. 4-31
. (UV Index) 4-32
.. (UV Index) 4-33
.. 4-33
. 4-33
.. 4-34
. 4-35
. 4-35
Chapter-5 Heat Exchangers
. (Fundamentals) 5-2
. Heat Exchanger 5-3
.. Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers 5-3
.. Plate Heat Exchangers 5-4
. Heat Exchanger (Components) 5-6
.. Shell and Tube Components 5-6
.. Plate Heat Exchanger Component 5-7
. (Application) 5-8
. (Selection Criteria) 5-8
.. Thermal/Mechanical Design 5-9
.. Thermal Performance 5-9
.. 5-9
.. (Pressure Drop) 5-9
.. 5-9
.. (Cost) 5-10
.. Serviceability 5-10
.. (Space Requirements) 5-10

V
.. Steam 5-10
. (Installation) 5-10
.. Control 5-10
.. Piping 5-10
.. Pressure Relief 5-10
.. Flow Path 5-11
.. Condensate Removal 5-11
.. Insulation 5-11
. () 5-11
.. Heat Exchanger Tube Diameter 5-11
.. Thickness of the Tube 5-11
.. Heat Exchanger Shell Diameter and Tube Length 5-11
.. Tube Corrugation 5-11
.. Tube Layout 5-12
.. Tube Pitch 5-12
.. Heat Exchanger Baffles 5-12
Chapter-6 Overview of Chillers
. Chiller 6-1
.. Vapor Compression Chiller Versus Absorption Chiller 6-2
.. Electric Chillers Vs Non-electric Chillers 6-2
.. Engine Drive Chillers 6-3
.. Steam Turbine Driven Chillers 6-3
.. Air Cooled Versus Water Cooled 6-3
.. Gear Drive Versus Direct Drive 6-6
.. Open Drive Versus Hermetic 6-6
.. Fixed Orifice Versus Float Valve 6-6
.. Falling Film Evaporator Versus Flooded Evaporator 6-7
. Factors Affecting Performance of Refrigeration Systems 6-7
.. Evaporating and Condensing Temperatures 6-7
.. Effect of Condenser and Evaporator on System Efficiency 6-8
.. Operating Speeds 6-8
.. Chiller Coefficient of Performance (COP) 6-9
.. 6-9
.. (Reliability) (Maintenance) 6-9
.. 6-10
.. (Field Serviceability) 6-10
.. (Stock Availability of Spares) 6-10
.. Performance Specifications: 6-10
. 6-11
. Positive Pressure Machine (R134a) Negative Pressure Machine (R 123 Chiller) 6-12
Chillers and Chilled Water Systems
VI
. Chiller 6-14
.. Defining Chiller Performance Requirement 6-14
.. Economic Evaluation of Chiller Systems 6-15
.. (First Cost) 6-16
.. (Annual Recurring Costs) 6-16
.. Procurement Strategies 6-17
Chapter-7 Condensers and Evaporators
. Heat Rejection 7-1
. Condenser 7-2
.. Condenser 7-3
. Water Cooled Condensers 7-4
. Air Cooled Condensers 7-6
.. Air Cooled Condenser (Advantages) 7-7
.. Air Cooled Condenser (Disadvantages) 7-7
.. Application Selection and Maintenance of Remote Air Cooled Condensers 7-7
.. Air Cooled Condenser Controls 7-8
. Evaporative condenser 7-9
.. Basic Operating Principles 7-9
.. Common Configurations of Condenser 7-9
.. Forced-Draft, Axial Fan Condensers 7-9
.. Induced Draft, Axial Fan Condensers 7-10
.. Forced Draft, Centrifugal Fan Condensers 7-10
. Evaporative Cooling 7-10
.. Evaporative Condensers 7-11
.. Cooling Towers 7-12
.. Water Cooling 7-13
.. Capacity Control 7-13
.. Capacity Ratings 7-14
. Methods of Refrigerant Feed 7-14
.. Gravity Feed Operation 7-14
.. Recirculated Overfeed 7-15
.. Flooded Evaporator 7-15
.. Direct Expansion (DX) 7-17
. Evaporator 7-18
.. Evaporator 7-19
.. Dry Expansion Type 7-21
.. Forced Through Type Evaporators 7-21
.. Pump Circulation Type Evaporators 7-21
. Evaporator 7-18
.. Evaporator 7-19

VII
.. Dry Expansion Type 7-21
.. Forced Through Type Evaporators 7-21
.. Pump Circulation Type Evaporators 7-21
. Evaporator Fan Liquid Cooling 7-21
. Types of Refrigeration Evaporators 7-22
.. Evaporator 7-22
.. Bare Tube Evaporators 7-23
.. Plate Type Evaporators 7-23
.. Finned Evaporators 7-23
.. Shell and Tube Evaporators 7-24
. Condenser Small Temperature Difference 7-24
.. Condenser Approach Temperature 7-25
.. Evaporator Approach Temperature 7-26
. Water Box Design Pressure 7-27
Chapter-8 Capacity Control of Refrigeration Systems
. Compressor Control Chiller Control and Chilled Water Plant Control 8-1
.. Individual Compressor Capacity Control 8-1
.. Individual Chiller Control 8-3
.. Chilled Water Plant Control 8-4
.. Capacity Control for Varying Loads to Provide Better Efficiency 8-5
.. Refrigerant Flow Control 8-6
. Refrigerant Control Devices 8-6
.. Hand Expansion Valve 8-7
.. Constant Pressure Expansion Valves Automatic Expansion Valve (AEV) 8-8
.. Thermostatic Expansion Valves (TEV) 8-10
.. Thermal Electric Expansion Valve Electric Expansion Valve 8-13
.. Electronic Expansion Valves 8-13
.. Capillary Tubes 8-14
.. Capillary Tubes and Restrictor 8-16
.. Float Valves 8-17
.. Low Pressure Side Float Valve 8-17
.. Lower Pressure Float Valve and Switch 8-18
.. High Pressure Side Float 8-19
.. High Pressure Float Valves 8-20
. Safety Controls 8-21
.. Safety Cutouts 8-22
.. Interlocks 8-22
.. Chiller Control Load Limitation Control 8-23

Chillers and Chilled Water Systems
VIII
Chapter-9 Refrigeration Compressors
. Positive-Displacement Compressors 9-3
. Dynamic Compressors 9-4
.. Centrifugal Compressors Function Based on Principles 9-4
. Open Compressors Hermetic Compressors Semi-hermetic Compressors 9-4
.. Open Compressors 9-4
.. Hermetic Compressors 9-5
.. Semi-hermetic Compressors 9-6
. Performance 9-7
. Ideal Compressor 9-8
. Actual Compressor 9-9
. Volumetric Efficiency 9-10
. Compressor Efficiency Subcooling Superheating 9-11
. Total Heat Rejection 9-12
. Compressor Protection 9-13
. Testing and Operating Requirements 9-16
. Compressor Selection Criteria 9-18
. Comparison Between Four Common Type of Refrigeration Compressors 9-19
Chapter-10 Auxiliary Devices
. Control Devices 10-1
. Receivers 10-1
. Filter Dryers 10-3
.. Dryers 10-4
. Accumulators 10-4
. Injection Capillary 10-5
. Low Pressure Control Valves 10-6
. Distributors 10-6
. Suction to Liquid Heat Exchangers or Gas/Liquid Heat Exchangers 10-6
. Pre-coolers 10-7
. Mufflers 10-7
. Solenoid Valves 10-7
. Check Valves 10-8
. Service Valves 10-9
. Expansion Valve (Bypass) 10-9
. Vapor Charging Valves 10-9
. Liquid Charging Valves 10-9
. Purge Valves 10-9
. Suction Strainers 10-9
. Liquid Sight Glass 10-10
. Oil Separators 10-10

IX
. Oil Rectifiers 10-11
. Oil Coolers 10-11
. Purge Units 10-11
. Vibration Absorbers 10-12
. Crankcase Heaters 10-12
. Relief Valves 10-12
. Safety Devices (Pressure Switch) 10-13
. High Pressure Switch (HPS) 10-13
. Low Pressure Switch (LPS) 10-14
. Condenser Pressure Regulators 10-14
. Oil Pressure Switches (OPS) 10-14
. Fusible Plugs 10-15
. Safety Valves or Relief Valves 10-15
Chapter-11 Chiller Starters
. Chiller Starters 11-1
.. (Purpose of Starters) 11-1
.. Starter Drive 11-4
. Electro-Mechanical Starters 11-5
.. Across the Line Starter (ACL) Direct On Line(DOL) 11-5
.. Star-Delta Wye-Delta Starter (Closed Transition) 11-6
.. Auto Transformer Starters(ATS) 11-7
. Electronic Solid State Starters 11-8
.. Electronic Solid State Starters Overview 11-8
.. Electronic Solid State Starters Starting Current Profile 11-10
.. Electronic Solid State Starters Benefits 11-10
.. Electronic Solid State Starter Recommendations 11-11
. Variable Speed Drive(VSD) 11-11
.. Variable Speed Drive 11-11
.. VSD Starting Profile 11-14
.. Variable Speed Drive Benefits 11-15
. Demand Charge 11-16
.. Demand Limiter 11-17
. Motor Torque Speed Curves 11-17
. Safety Controls Accessories and Options 11-18
.. w V 11-18
.. H V 11-19
.. Safety Controls 11-19

Chillers and Chilled Water Systems
X
Chapter-12 Oil in Refrigerant Circuits
. 12-1
.. Oil in Refrigeration System 12-2
.. General Classification of Oils 12-2
. Requirements and Characteristics 12-2
. (Moisture and Air Contamination) 12-5
. Oil Separators 12-7
. Oil Circulation 12-8
. Lubricating Oils and Their Effects 12-9
. Oil System for Compressor 12-11
.. Reciprocating Compressors 12-11
.. Rotary Compressors 12-11
.. Centrifugal Compressors 12-11
.. Helical Screw Compressors 12-11
.. Scroll Compressors 12-11
. Promoting Oil Return 12-12
Chapter-13 Reciprocating Compressors and Chillers
. Introduction 13-1
. () 13-2
.. Enclosed Motor Hermetic Compressors 13-3
.. Semi-Hermetic Compressors 13-5
.. Open Compressors 13-5
. Reciprocating Refrigeration System Components and Accessories 13-6
.. Cylinder and Cylinder Arrangement 13-6
.. Arrangement 13-7
.. Piston and Piston Ring 13-7
.. Cylinder Block and Piston 13-8
.. Connection Rods 13-8
.. Valves and Valve Plates 13-10
.. Crankshaft 13-10
.. Crankshaft Seal 13-10
.. Suction and Discharge Valves 13-11
.. Crankcase Heater 13-11
.. Liquid Receiver 13-11
.. Liquid Suction Heat Exchanger (LSHE) 13-12
.. Filter Dryer and Strainer 13-13
.. Reed Valve Plate 13-14
.. Service Valves 13-15
. (Compression Process) 13-16
.. Clearance Area 13-19

XI
.. Multi- Cylinder Compressors 13-19
.. Cooling and Protection 13-20
. Compressor Efficiency 13-22
. Reciprocating Chiller 13-23
. Compressor Efficiency 13-22
.. Types of Reciprocating Refrigeration Systems 13-25
.. Liquid Overfeed Reciprocating Refrigeration Systems 13-27
.. Real Cycle of a Single-Stage Reciprocating Refrigeration System 13-28
. Reciprocating Refrigeration System Oil Lubrication 13-28
.. Strainers Lubrication and Crankcase Heater 13-29
. Capacity Control of Reciprocating Compressors 13-29
.. Cycling (on/off) With or Without Multiple Compressors 13-30
.. Cylinder Unloader 13-31
.. Hot gas bypass 13-32
.. Speed Control 13-33
.. Return Water Control Leaving Water Control 13-33
. Reciprocating Compressor Startup Sequence 13-33
. Reciprocating Refrigeration Systems Testing Standards 13-34
Chapter-14 Screw Compressors and Chillers
. Screw Compressors 14-1
.. Single Screw Compressors 14-2
.. Twin Screw Compressors 14-4
. Screw Chillers 14-5
. Screw Chiller Refrigerant Circuit 14-8
. Screw Compressor 14-8
. Capacity Control 14-12
.. Slide Valve 14-14
.. VSD Controls 14-15
. Oil System 14-15
. Power Up to Starting 14-17
.. Trane RTHD screw chiller Power Up to Starting 14-18
.. Stopped to Starting 14-18
.. Normal Shutdown to Stopped 14-18
. 23XRV Water Cooled Screw Compressor (VSD) 14-20
. Air Cooled VSD Screw Chillers 14-22
Chapter-15 Centrifugal Compressors and Chillers
. Dynamic Compressors 15-1
. Centrifugal Compressors 15-3
.. Centrifugal Compressor Theory 15-8
Chillers and Chilled Water Systems
XII
.. Centrifugal Chiller 15-10
. System Components 15-10
.. Evaporator 15-10
.. Condenser 15-10
.. Vessel Pass Arrangements 15-10
.. Flash Cooler 15-11
.. Orifice Plates or Float Valves 15-11
.. Variable Orifice 15-12
.. Purge Unit 15-12
. Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller 15-14
. Performance Rating Conditions 15-15
. Centrifugal Compressor Performance Map 15-17
.. Centrifugal Compressor Map at Variable Speed 15-17
.. Velocity Components 15-19
. Surge of Centrifugal Compressors 15-19
.. Two-Stage Compressors Surge Less and Later 15-21
.. Prevention of Surge 15-22
.. Rotating stall and Surge of Centrifugal Chillers 15-22
.. Impeller and Vane Diffuser Stall 15-23
.. Vane Less Diffuser Stall 15-23
.. Compressor Surge and Stall 15-23
. Capacity Control of Centrifugal Chillers 15-25
.. Required System Head at Part-Load Operation 15-27
.. Capacity Control Using Inlet Vanes 15-27
.. Inlet Guide Vane (Pre-Rotation Vane) 15-28
.. Capacity Control by Variable Speed 15-29
.. Comparison Between Inlet Guide Vanes and Variable Speed 15-30
. Oil System 15-30
. Functional Controls and Optimizing Controls 15-31
.. Chilled Water Leaving Temperature Control 15-31
.. Condenser Water Temperature Control 15-32
. Sequence of Operation of A Typical Centrifugal Chiller 15-32
. System Balance at Full Load 15-33
.. Evaporating and Condensing Temperatures at Part-Load Operation 15-33
. Typical 19XR Components 15-35
. Turbo Compressors 15-41
Chapter-16 Scroll Compressors and Chillers
. Rotary Compressors 16-1
. Scroll Compressors 16-2
. Scroll Compressor 16-5

XIII
. 16-6
. Two Step Capacity Control for Scroll Compressors 16-8
. Scroll Compressor (Advantages) 16-9
. Sliding and Rotary Vane Compressor 16-10
.. (Advantages) (Disadvantages) 16-11
.. Capacity Control 16-12
Chapter-17 Chilled Water System Configurations
. Chilled Water Plant Basics 17-1
.. Chilled Water Temperatures 17-1
.. Effect of Chilled Water Temperature 17-2
.. Effect of Chilled Water Flow Rate 17-2
.. Condenser Water Temperature 17-2
.. Effect of Condenser Water Temperature 17-2
.. Effect of Condenser Water Flow Rate 17-2
.. Chilled Water and Condenser Water Flow Rates 17-3
.. Chilled Water Temperatures 17-1
. Single Chiller System 17-3
.. Single Chiller System Advantages and Disadvantages 17-4
. Multiple Chiller System 17-4
. Parallel Chillers System 17-5
. Primary Only System 17-5
.. Primary Only System with Common Header 17-6
.. Primary Only System with Dedicated Pump 17-9
.. Primary-Only System 17-9
. Primary - Secondary System 17-10
.. Dedicated Pump and Manifold Pump (Common Header) 17-10
.. Dedicated Pumps at Production Loop or Primary Chilled Water Circuit/Loop 17-12
.. Bypass Line Decouple Line sizing 17-13
.. Bypass Control Problems 17-14
.. Production Loop/Circuit Primary Loop/Circuit 17-15
.. Secondary Loop Flow Control 17-16
.. Secondary (Demand) Flow Primary (Supply) Flow 17-20
.. Secondary (Supply) Flow Primary (Demand) Flow 17-20
.. Secondary (Supply) Flow Primary (Demand) Flow 17-22
.. Primary-secondary system 17-22
.. Primary/Secondary System (Disadvantages) 17-23
. Variable Flow Primary 17-24
.. Variable Primary Flow Only (VPF) Advantages 17-25
.. Variable Primary Flow Only (VPF) Disadvantages 17-26
. Condenser Water Circuit 17-26
Chillers and Chilled Water Systems
XIV
.. Refrigerant Head Pressure Control 17-27
.. w 17-28
. Low Delta T Syndrome 17-29
.. Low Delta- 17-29
.. Chiller Performance 17-30
. Series Chiller System 17-30
.. Advantages and Disadvantages of Series Chillers 17-31
.. Series Counter Flow 17-31
. Chiller Staging 17-32
Chapter - 18 Chillers Performance Rating
. Chiller Efficiency 18-1
.. kW/RT 18-2
.. Coefficient of Performance (COP) 18-2
.. Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) 18-3
. Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV) Non Standard Part Load Value (NPLV) 18-4
. Performance Characteristics and Efficiency Ratings 18-5
. . Performance Issues 18-5
. Chiller Efficiency Ratings 18-6
. Cooling Capacity Formulae 18-7
. AHRI Conditions Vs Low Flow Conditions 18-8
. ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1.2004 18-10
. Air Conditioning Codes & Standards in Singapore 18-11
. International Air Conditioning Codes & Standards 18-11
Chapter-19 Design Processes and Chillers Selection
. Plant 19-1
.. Determine Requirements 19-1
.. (Design Processes) 19-1
. Chiller (Chiller Sizing) 19-4
.. Chiller Plant Design Consideration Chiller Selection 19-5
.. Chiller Selection Chiller Sizing (Chiller ) 19-6
. chiller 19-7
.. Chiller Plant Retrofit Considerations 19-7
.. Peak Load Maximum Load 19-8
.. Off Peak Load 19-8
.. Night load 19-9
.. Weekend load 19-9
. 19-10
.. Cooling Load Chiller 19-11
. Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller Technical Data 19-13

XV
. Summary of design considerations for refrigeration systems 19-15
Chapter-20 Efficiency and Energy Saving
. Chiller Efficiencies 20-1
.. Chiller Efficiency 20-1
.. (Potential Energy Efficiency Measures) 20-1
. Single Stage Chiller 20-6
. w (Major Causes) 20-7
.. Chilled Water Low Delta T Syndrome 20-7
. Energy Efficiency 20-9
. 20-13
.. Chilled Water Reset 20-13
.. Chiller Refrigerant 20-14
.. Refrigerant (Leak) 20-15
.. Supply Temperature 20-15
. Efficiency 20-16
Chapter-21 Servicing and Maintenance
. Pressure Testing 21-1
. Vacuum Drawing System Evacuation 21-2
. System Refrigerant (Methods of Charging) 21-3
.. Superheat Method 21-3
.. Subcooling Method 21-3
.. () (Vapor Charging) 21-4
.. () (Liquid Charging) 21-5
.. () Refrigerant (Charging by Weight) 21-7
.. Trouble-Shooting of Charge Conditions 21-8
.. System Refrigerant 21-9
.. (Leak Detection) 21-9
. Chiller Commissioning 21-10
.. Chiller Pre-Commissioning Check Procedure 21-11
.. Pre-Commissioning Checks 21-11
. Chiller Testing and Commissioning 21-12
.. Commissioning Procedure 21-12
. Start Up Report 21-14
. Maintenance Requirements for Chillers (Regularly Scheduled Maintenance) 21-15
.. Recommended Chiller Monitoring Points 21-16
.. Periodic Maintenance Chiller Log 21-17
.. Maintenance Requirements for YK Chiller 21-18
..Maintenance Requirements for YT Chiller 21-19
.. Maintenance Requirements for YR Chiller 21-20
Chillers and Chilled Water Systems
XVI
.. Maintenance Requirements for YS Chiller 21-21
.. Maintenance Schedule 21-22
.. Tube Cleaning 21-22
.. Annual Shutdown 21-22
. Long Term Maintenance 21-23
. Overhaul 21-23
. Troubleshooting 21-24
.. Detecting and Correcting Problems 21-24
.. Trouble Diagnosis Chart 21-27
Chapter-22 Water Treatment
. Closed Loop Chiller Water System 22-2
.. Heat Transfer Coefficient vs. Fouling 22-2
. Open Loop Condenser Water System 22-4
.. Scale Formation 22-4
.. Inside Corrosion 22-4
.. Fouling 22-4
.. Biological Fouling 22-5
.. Microbiological Controls 22-5
.. Corrosion Rate Controls 22-6
.. Water Quality Parameter Controls 22-6
.. (Cost) 22-7
. Water Treatment for Chilled Water 22-7
. Chemical Treatment and Cleaning 22-8
. Makeup Water 22-9

-End-