ORIGINAL ARTICLE

The G
0
/G-expansion method for solutions of
evolution equations from isothermal magnetostatic
atmospheres
H. Jafari
a
, N. Kadkhoda
a
, Anjan Biswas
b,
*
a
Department of Mathematics, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
b
Department of Mathematical Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901-2277, USA
Received 23 January 2012; accepted 25 February 2012
Available online 5 March 2012
KEYWORDS
G
0
G
_ _
-Expansion method;
Magnetostatic equilibria;
Nonlinear evolution equa-
tions;
Travelling waves
Abstract The equations of magnetohydrostatic equilibria for plasma in a gravitational eld are
investigated analytically. An investigation of a family of isothermal magneto static atmospheres
with one ignorable coordinate corresponding to a uniform gravitational eld in a plane geometry
is carried out. The distributed current in the model J is directed along the x-axis where x is the hor-
izontal ignorable coordinate. These equations transform to a single nonlinear elliptic equation for
the magnetic vector potential u. This equation depends on an arbitrary function of u that must be
specied with choices of different arbitrary functions, we obtain analytical nonlinear solutions of
the elliptic equation using the
G
0
G
_ _
-expansion method. Finally, the hyperbolic versions of these equa-
tions will be solved by the travelling wave hypothesis method.
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1. Introduction
The equations of magnetostatic equilibria have been used
extensively to model the solar magnetic structure (Aslan,
2010; Heyvaerts et al., 1982; Khater et al., 2000, 2008; Kudrya-
shov, 1988, 1990, 1991, 2010a; Low, 1982). An investigation of
a family of isothermal magnetostatic atmospheres with one
ignorable coordinate corresponding to a uniform gravitational
eld in a plane geometry is carried out. The force balance con-
sists of the between J B force (B, magnetic eld induction, J,
electric current density), the gravitational force, and gas pres-
sure gradient force. However, in many models, the tempera-
ture distribution is specied a priori and direct reference to
the energy equations is eliminated. In solar physics, the equa-
tions of magnetostatic equilibria have been used to model di-
verse phenomena, such as the slow evolution stage of solar
ares, or the magnetostatic support of prominences (Khater
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 302 857 7913; fax: +1 302 857
7054.
E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Biswas).
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Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.
doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2012.02.002
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et al., 1997; Zwingmann, 1987). The nonlinear equilibrium
problem has been solved in several cases (Khater, 1989; Lerche
and Low, 1980; Webb, 1988; Webb and Zank, 1990). In this
paper, we obtain the exact analytical solutions for the Liouville
and sinh-Poisson equations using the
G
0
G
_ _
-expansion method.
Because these two models will be special case of magnetostatic
atmospheres model. Also here there is force balance between
different forces. Recently the
G
0
G
_ _
-expansion method, rst
introduced by Wang et al. (2008) has become widely used to
search for various exact solutions of nonlinear evolution equa-
tions (Jafari et al., in press; Kudryashov, 2010b; Li and Wang,
2009; Wang et al., 2008). The method is based on the explicit
linearization of nonlinear evolution equations for travelling
waves with a certain substitution which leads to a second-order
differential equation with constant coefcients. Moreover, it
transforms a nonlinear equation to a simplest algebraic com-
putation. The outline of this paper is as follows:
First we describe the
G
0
G
_ _
-expansion method and the basic
equations. Then we solve Liouville and sinh-Poisson equations
with this method.
2. Basic idea of G
0
/G-expansion method
To illustrate the basic idea of this method, we consider the fol-
lowing nonlinear partial equation with only two independent
variables x and t and a dependent variable u
Nu; u
t
; u
x
; u
tt
; u
xx
; . . . 0 1
using the travelling wave transformation
u un; n x ct 2
Eq. (1) reduces to an ordinary differential equation (ODE) in
the form:
Nun; cu
0
n; u
0
n; c
2
u
00
n; u
00
n; . . . 0: 3
The
G
0
G
_ _
-expansion method is based on the assumption that
the travelling wave solution of Eq. (3) can be expressed by a
polynomial in
G
0
G
_ _
as
un

n
i0
A
i
G
0
G
_ _
i
; A
n
0; 4
where G = G(n) satises the second order linear ODE
G
00
kG
0
lG 0 5
And A
i
(i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n), k, l are constants to be determined
later, and Gis the solution of (5), the general solutions of (5) are:
G
0
G

k
2
4l
p
2
c
1
cosh

k
2
4l
p
2
nc
2
sinh

k
2
4l
p
2
n
c
2
cosh

k
2
4l
p
2
nc
1
sinh

k
2
4l
p
2
n
_ _

k
2
; k
2
4l > 0

4lk
2
p
2
c
1
cos

4lk
2
p
2
nc
2
sin

4lk
2
p
2
n
c
2
cos

4lk
2
p
2
nc
1
sin

4lk
2
p
2
n
_ _

k
2
; k
2
4l < 0
_

_
6
u(n) can be determined explicitly by using the following steps:
Step (1) By considering the homogeneous balance between
the highest nonlinear terms and the highest order
derivatives of u(n) in Eq. (3), the positive integer n
in (4) is determined.
Step (2) By substituting (4) with Eq. (5) into (3) and collect-
ing all terms with the same power of
G
0
G
_ _
together,
the left hand side of Eq. (3) is converted into a poly-
nomial. After setting each coefcient of this polyno-
mial to zero, we obtain a set of algebraic equations
in terms of A
i
(i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n), c, k, l.
Step (3) Solving the system of algebraic equations and then
substituting the results with the general solutions of
Eq. (5) into (4) gives travelling wave solutions of (3).
3. Basic equations
The relevance of magnetohydrostatic equations consisting of
the equilibrium equation with force balance will be as:
J ^ B qrU rP 0 7
which is coupled with Maxwells equations:
J
r^ B
l
8
r B 0 9
where P, q, l and U are the gas pressure, the mass density, the
magnetic permeability and the gravitational potential, respec-
tively. It is assumed that the temperature is uniform in space
and that the plasma is an ideal gas with equation of state
p = qR
0
T
0
, where R
0
is the gas constant and T
0
is the temper-
ature. Then the magnetic eld Bcan be written by the following:
B ru ^ e
x
B
x
e
x
B
x
;
@u
@z
;
@u
@y
_ _
10
The form of (10) for B ensures that $ B = 0, and there is no
mono pole or defect structure. Eq. (7) requires the pressure
and density be of the form (Low, 1977):
Py; z Pue
z
h
; qy; z
1
gh
Pue
z
h
11
where h
R
0
T
0
g
is the scale height and z measures height.
Substituting Eqs. (8)(11) into Eq. (7), we obtain
r
2
u fue
z
h
0; 12
where
fu l
dP
du
13
Eq. (13) gives
Pu P
0

1
l
_
fudu 14
Substituting Eq. (14) into Eq. (11), we obtain
Py; z P
0

1
l
_
fudu
_ _
e
z
h
15
qy; z
1
gh
P
0

1
l
_
fudu
_ _
e
z
h
16
where P
0
is constant. With taking transformation
x
1
ix
2
e
z
l
e
iy
l
17
Eq. (12) reduces to
58 H. Jafari et al.
@
2
u
@x
2
1

@
2
u
@x
2
2
l
2
fue

2
l

1
h
z
0 18
These equations have been given in Khater et al. (2000).
4. Applications of the G
0
/G-expansion method
In this section, we will investigate the
G0
G
_ _
-expansion method
for solving specic forms of f(u).
4.1. Liouville equation
We rst consider Liouville equation and the following equa-
tion will be special case of equation (18). Let us assume f(u)
has the form (Dungey, 1953; Low, 1975):
fu a
2
A
0
e

A
A
0
19
where A
0
and a
2
are constants. Hence
Py; z P
0

a
2
A
2
0
2l
e
2A
A
0
_ _
e
z
h
20
Inserting Eq. (19) into Eq. (18) we obtain
r
2
A=A
0
l
2
a
2
e
2
A
A
0

2
l

1
h
z
21
where r
2

@
2
@x
2
1

@
2
@x
2
2
. Let us set
A
A
0

z
L
wy; z 22
where L is a constant. Then Eq. (21) becomes
r
2
w l
2
a
2
e
2w
2
L

1
h

2
l
z
23
Let us identify l by
2
l

2
L

1
h
24
And inserting Eq. (24) into Eq. (23) we obtain a Liouville type
equation
/
x
1
x
1
/
x
2
x
2
a
2
l
2
e
2/
0 25
In order to apply the
G
0
G
, we use the wave transformation
n = x
1
cx
2
and change Eq. (25) into the form
1 c
2
/
00
a
2
l
2
e
2/
26
we next use the transformation
v e
2/
27
we obtain
1 c
2
vv
00
1 c
2
v
0

2
2a
2
l
2
u
3
0 28
with balancing according to step (1) we get n = 2, therefore the
solution of (28) can be expressed by polynomial in
G
0
G
as follows:
vn A
0
A
1
G
0
G
A
2
G
0
G
_ _
2
29
Substituting Eq. (29) along with (5) into (28) and setting the
coefcients of all powers of
G
0
G
to zero, we obtain a system of
nonlinear algebraic equations for A
0
, A
1
, A
2
. Solving the
resulting system with the help of Mathematica, we have the
following sets of solutions:
A
0

l1c
2

l
2
a
2
;
A
1

k1c
2

l
2
a
2
;
A
2

1c
2

l
2
a
2
;
_

_
30
where n = x
1
cx
2
, k, a, l are constants. Therefore, substitut-
ing (30) into (29), we have
vn
l1 c
2

l
2
a
2

k1 c
2

l
2
a
2
G
0
G
_ _

1 c
2

l
2
a
2
G
0
G
_ _
2
31
substituting the general solution (6) into (31), according to Eq.
(5), we obtain two types of travelling wave solutions of (28) as
follows:
where k
2
4l > 0, we obtain the general hyperbolic func-
tion solutions of (28)
v
1
n
k
2
4l1 c
2

l
2
a
2
c
1
cosh

k
2
4l
p
2
n c
2
sinh

k
2
4l
p
2
n
c
2
cosh

k
2
4l
p
2
n c
1
sinh

k
2
4l
p
2
n
_
_
_
_
2
1
_

_
_

_
32
where c
1
and c
2
are arbitrary constants, and n = x
1
c x
2
.
In particular, if we choose c
2
0; c
2
1
< c
2
2
, then the solution
(32) gives the solitary wave solution:
v
1
n
k
2
4l1 c
2

l
2
a
2
sech
2

k
2
4l
_
2
n n
0
_ _
33
where tanhn
0

c
1
c
2
, and when k
2
4l < 0, the general trigono-
metric function solutions of (28) will be:
v
2
n
4lk
2
1 c
2

l
2
a
2
c
1
cos

4lk
2
p
2
n c
2
sin

4lk
2
p
2
n
c
2
cos

4lk
2
p
2
n c
1
sin

4lk
2
p
2
n
_
_
_
_
2
1
_

_
_

_
34
where c
1
and c
2
are arbitrary constants, and n = x
1
cx
2
.
In particular, if we choose c
2
0; c
2
1
< c
2
2
, then the solution
Eq. (28) gives the solitary wave solution:
v
2
n
4l k
2
1 c
2

l
2
a
2
sec
2

4l k
2
_
2
n n
1
_ _
35
where tann
1

c
1
c
2
, when k
2
4l > 0 using with transformation
v = e
2/
we get:
/
1
n
1
2
ln
k
2
4l1c
2

l
2
a
2
c
1
cosh

k
2
4l
p
2
nc
2
sinh

k
2
4l
p
2
n
c
2
cosh

k
2
4l
p
2
nc
1
sinh

k
2
4l
p
2
n
_
_
_
_
2
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_

_
_

_
36
where c
1
and c
2
are arbitrary constants, and n = x
1
cx
2
.
In particular, if we choose c
2
0; c
2
1
< c
2
2
, then the solution
(36) gives the solitary wave solution:
/
1
n
1
2
ln
k
2
4l1 c
2

l
2
a
2
sech
2

k
2
4l
_
2
n n
0
_ _ _ _ _ _
37
where tanh n
0

c
1
c
2
, when k
2
4l < 0 using with transforma-
tion v = e
2/
we get:
The G
0
/G-expansion method for solutions 59
/
2
n
1
2
ln
4lk
2
1c
2

l
2
a
2
c
1
cos

4lk
2
p
2
nc
2
sin

4lk
2
p
2
n
c
2
cos

4lk
2
p
2
nc
1
sin

4lk
2
p
2
n
_
_
_
_
2
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_

_
_

_
38
where c
1
and c
2
are arbitrary constants, and n = x
1
cx
2
.
In particular, if we choose c
2
0; c
2
1
< c
2
2
, then the solution
(38) give the solitary wave solution:
/
2
n
1
2
ln
4l k
2
1 c
2

l
2
a
2
sec
2

4l k
2
_
2
n n
1
_ _ _ _
39
where tann
1

c
1
c
2
.
4.2. Sinh-Poisson equation
Secondly we consider sinh-Poisson equation which plays an
important role in the soliton model with BPS bound. Also, this
equation will be special case of Eq. (18). If we assume
fu
b
2
4
A
0
h
_ _
sinh/ 40
As same as above we have
/
x
1
x
1
/
x
2
x
2
b
2
sinh/ 41
where l = 2h. In order to apply the
G
0
G
, we use the wave trans-
formation n = x
1
cx
2
and change Eq. (41) into the form
1 c
2
/
00
b
2
sinh/ 42
we next use the transformation
v e
/
sinh/
e
/
e
/
2
_
43
we obtain
21 c
2
vv
00
21 c
2
v
0

2
b
2
v
3
v 0 44
with balancing according to step (1) we get n = 2, therefore the
solution of (44) can be expressed by polynomial in
G
0
G
as follow:
vn A
0
A
1
G
0
G
A
2
G
0
G
_ _
2
45
Where G is the solution of (5) that was displayed in (6), as
same as the previous section, we obtain a system of nonlinear
algebraic equations for A
0
, A
1
, A
2
, c, k, l. By solving the
resulting system we obtain the following solution:
A
0

k
2
1c
2

b
2
;
A
1

4k1c
2

b
2
;
A
2

41c
2

b
2
;
_

_
46
where n = x
1
cx
2
, k, b are constants.
Therefore, substituting (46) into (45), we have
vn
k
2
1 c
2

b
2

4k1 c
2

b
2
G
0
G
_ _

41 c
2

b
2
G
0
G
_ _
2
47
substituting the general solution (6) into (47) according to Eq.
(5), we obtain two types of travelling wave solutions of (44) as
follows:
where k
2
4l > 0 , we obtain the general hyperbolic function
solutions of (44):
v
1
n
k
2
4l1 c
2

b
2
c
1
cosh

k
2
4l
p
2
n c
2
sinh

k
2
4l
p
2
n
c
2
cosh

k
2
4l
p
2
n c
1
sinh

k
2
4l
p
2
n
_
_
_
_
2
48
where c
1
and c
2
are arbitrary constants, and n = x
1
cx
2
.
In particular, if we choose c
2
0; c
2
1
< c
2
2
, then the solution
(48) gives the solitary wave solution:
v
1
n
k
2
4l1 c
2

b
2
tanh

k
2
4l
_
2
n n
0
_ _ _ _
2
49
where tanh n
0

c
1
c
2
, and when k
2
4l < 0, the general trigono-
metric function solutions of Eq. (44) will be:
v
2
n
4l k
2
1 c
2

b
2
c
1
cos

4lk
2
p
2
n c
2
sin

4lk
2
p
2
n
c
2
cos

4lk
2
p
2
n c
1
sin

4lk
2
p
2
n
_
_
_
_
2
50
where c
1
and c
2
are arbitrary constants, and n = x
1
cx
2
.
In particular, if we choose c
2
0; c
2
1
< c
2
2
, then the solution
(50) gives the solitary wave solution:
v
2
n
4l k
2
1 c
2

b
2
tan

4l k
2
_
2
n n
1
_ _ _ _
2
51
where tann
1

c
1
c
2
, when k
2
4l > 0 using with transformation
v = e
/
we get:
/
1
n ln
k
2
4l1 c
2

b
2
c
1
cosh

k
2
4l
p
2
n c
2
sinh

k
2
4l
p
2
n
c
2
cosh

k
2
4l
p
2
n c
1
sinh

k
2
4l
p
2
n
_
_
_
_
2
_

_
_

_
52
where c
1
and c
2
are arbitrary constants, and n = x
1
cx
2
.
In particular, if we choose c
2
0; c
2
1
< c
2
2
, then the solution
(52) gives the solitary wave solution:
/
1
n ln
k
2
4l1 c
2

b
2
tanh

k
2
4l
_
2
n n
0
_ _ _ _
2
_
_
_
_
53
where tanh n
0

c
1
c
2
, when k
2
4l < 0 using with transforma-
tion v = e
/
we get:
/
2
n ln
4l k
2
1 c
2

b
2
c
1
cos

4lk
2
p
2
n c
2
sin

4lk
2
p
2
n
c
2
cos

4lk
2
p
2
n c
1
sin

4lk
2
p
2
n
_
_
_
_
2
_

_
_

_
54
where c
1
and c
2
are arbitrary constants, and n = x
1
cx
2
.
In particular, if we choose c
2
0; c
2
1
< c
2
2
, then the solution
(54) gives the solitary wave solution:
/
2
n ln
4l k
2
1 c
2

b
2
tan

4l k
2
_
2
n n
1

_ _
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
55
where tann
1

c
1
c
2
.
60 H. Jafari et al.
5. Travelling waves
In this section the travelling wave solution of the regular Liou-
ville equation as well as the sinh-Gordon equation will be ob-
tained. This study is split into the following two subsections.
These travelling wave solutions are going to be very useful
in various situations and circumstances. For example, in the
context of plasma Physics, these travelling waves very easily
study the behaviour of the weakly nonlinear ion acoustic
waves in the presence of an uniform magnetic eld. Thus, these
solutions will be extremely useful for problems that are related
to nonlinear quantum ion-acoustic waves in magnetized plas-
ma containing cold ions and hot isothermal electrons.
5.1. Liouville equation
The form of the Liouville equation that will be studied in this
section is given by Wazwaz (2009)
q
tt
k
2
q
xx
ae
2q
0 56
Occasionally, this is referred to as the hyperbolic Liouville
equation. The travelling wave assumption that is going to be
made is given by
qx; t gx vt 57
where g(s) is the wave prole and v is the velocity of the wave
and
s x vt 58
Substituting the hypothesis given by Eq. (50) into Eq. (49)
yields
g
00

a
v
2
k
2
e
2g
0 59
Now, multiplying both sides of (52) by g
0
and integrating yields
g
0

a
v
2
k
2
1 e
2g
60
and on separating variables this leads to
_
dg

1 e
2g
p

a
v
2
k
2
_ _
ds 61
Eq. (54) integrates to
tanh
1

1 e
2g
p

a
v
2
k
2
_
x vt 62
which yields, after simplication,
qx; t
1
2
lnsechBx vt 63
where
B

a
v
2
k
2
_
64
In order for the travelling wave to exist, it is necessary that the
constraint condition given by
av
2
k
2
> 0 65
must hold, that follows from Eq. (57).
5.2. Sinh-Gordon equation
In this subsection, the travelling wave hypothesis will be applied
to solve the hyperbolic version of the sinh-Poisson equation that
is also known as the sinh-Gordon equation. The equation of
study is therefore going to be (Wazwaz, 2009)
q
tt
k
2
q
xx
b sinhq 0 66
The starting hypothesis stays the same as in Eq. (50), which
when substituted into Eq. (59) gives after simplication
g
0

2b
v
2
k
2
1 cosh g 67
Now, separation of variables imply
_
dg

1 cosh g
p

2b
v
2
k
2
_
_
ds 68
which integrates to
4 tan
1
e
g
2
_ _

2b
v
2
k
2
_
x vt 69
Simplication leads to the travelling wave solution as
qx; t 2 lnsechBx vt 70
where
B
1
2

b
v
2
k
2
_
71
Similarly, the constraint condition is given by
bv
2
k
2
> 0 72
that follows from Eq. (64).
6. Concluding remarks
This study shows that the
G
0
G
_ _
-expansion method is quite ef-
cient and practically well suited for use in nding exact solutions
for the Liouville and sinh-Poisson equations. The reliability of
the method and the reduction in the size of computational do-
main give this method a wider applicability. In this paper, the
G
0
G
_ _
-expansion method has been successfully used to obtain
some exact travelling wave solutions for the Liouville and
sinh-Poisson equations. These exact solutions include the
hyperbolic function solutions and trigonometric function solu-
tions. When the parameters are taken as special values, the sol-
itary wave solutions are derived from the hyperbolic function
solutions. Finally, the travelling wave solutions of the hyper-
bolic Liouville equation, or the regular Liouville equation as
well as the sinh-Gordon equation are also obtained.
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