Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams:Tutorials I

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This post will begin a series of tutorials on P&ID to help many people seeking information on the subject to
understand more about piping and instrumentation diagrams. Please read on and endeavour to go through all the
posts on piping and instrumentation diagrams if you have the time. You will find the links to all my posts on P&IDs at
the end of this post. Happy reading.
The Piping & Instrumentation Diagrams (P&ID) Handbook

The P&ID above is that of a typical industrial heat exchanger. You look at the P&ID and you wonder: what is going
on? Well the P&ID looks a little complicated if you are new to Piping and instrumentation diagrams. To understand
what is actually going on, let us first get to understand what the process whose piping and instrumentation diagrams
is depicted above is all about.
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The Process
The heat exchanger is a process unit in which steam is used to heat up a liquid material. The material, called
feedstock, is pumped at a specific flow rate with pump P- 101 into the pipes passing through the heat exchanger
chamber (called the tube) where heat is transferred from steam to the material in the pipe. It is usually desired to
regulate the temperature of the outlet flow irrespective of the change in the demand (flow rate) of the feedstock or
change in the inlet temperature of the feedstock. The regulation of the outlet temperature is achieved by automatic
control of the steam flow rate to the heat exchanger (E- 101). The P&ID diagram utilizes certain standard symbols to
represent the process units, the instrumentation, and the process flow.
AutoCAD P&ID 2014 Tutorial
The Piping and Inst rument at ion Diagram:
Inst rument s on t he P&ID
Recall that instruments are represented in P&IDs by bubbles defined by ISA standard 5.1. In this P&ID, there are two
sets of instrument bubbles used: plain circle bubble and a circle bubble with a solid line across it. As indicated on
the P&ID, the plain circle bubbles represent field mounted instruments while circle bubbles with a solid line across
represent control room mounted instruments.
Signals on t he P&ID
Two kinds of signals are represented on the P&ID. They are:
Electrical signals
Pneumatic signals
Electrical signals are represented by the dashed lines with red colour on the P&ID. The pneumatic signals are
represented by solid lines with double strip across. They are colored blue on this P&ID
Det ailed descript ion of P&ID
FIC 101
Control System Documentation: Applying Symbols and Identification:
Flow Indicator and Controller.This control room mounted instrument controls the flow of cold feedstock entering the
tube side of the heat exchanger by accurately positioning a control valve (FCV 101) on the cold feedstock flow path.
A Flow transmitter, FT 101, in conjunction with a flow sensor (orifice plate) measures the flow of cold feedstock and
sends a corresponding electrical signal to controller, FIC 101, in the control room. The controller then compares the
measured flow with its set point and sends an electrical signal to a I/P(current to pneumatic) converter, FY 101, which
converts the electrical signal to a corresponding pneumatic signal used to accurately position the control valve FCV
101. Similarly, FT 103 measures the flow of steam into the exchanger using a flow sensor (orifice plate) and sends a
corresponding electrical signal to Flow Recorder, FR 103 to indicate the measured flow.
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FR 103
Flow Recorder. This control room mounted instrument records the steam flow rate. It measures the steam flow rate in
conjunction with a flow transmitter, FT 103 and a flow sensor (orifice plate).
HS 101
Hand Switch, ON/OFF. This hand switch is mounted in the control room .This switch turns on/off cold feedstock pump
P- 101. When the switch is in the ON condition, the pump is running. When the switch is in the OFF condition, the
pump is not running.
HV 102
Hand Valve, OPEN/CLOSED.This valve opens/closes the steam block valve through which steam is routed from the
header to the shell side of the heat exchanger.
PAL 103
Pressure Alarm Low,
This alarm fires should the steam header pressure be less than the pressure required for the heat exchanger to
work accurately. Note that the alarm module is mounted in the control room.
PI 100
Pressure Indicator, This control room mounted instrument displays the steam pressure at the shell side of the heat
exchanger. This pressure measurement is done using pressure transmitter, PT 100.
PI 103
Pressure Indicator, This instrument displays the steam header pressure. Pressure measurement is also done using
pressure transmitter, PT 103
TAH/L 102
Temperature Alarm High/Low,
This alarm fires should the temperature of the feedstock at the exchanger outlet goes beyond or falls below
stipulated temperatures for high or low temperature of the feedstock coming out of the exchanger.
TI 103
Temperature Indicator
This control room mounted instrument displays the temperature of the steam entering the shell side of the heat
exchanger.
TT 102
Temperature transmitter,
This is a field mounted instrument that measures the temperature of the outlet feedstock from the heat exchanger.
This measured temperature is converted to electrical signal that is sent to TAH/L 102 for alarming purposes and
TIRC 102 for indication, recording and controlling purposes.
TIRC 102
Temperature Indicator, Recorder, and Controller,
This control room mounted instrument controls the temperature of the feedstock at the exchanger outlet by accurately
positioning the valve TCV 102 that regulates the steam flow to the exchanger. TT 102 measures the temperature of
the feedstock at the exchanger outlet. This measured temperature is sent in the form of electrical signals to TIRC
102. This controller then sends a corresponding electrical signal to an I/P (current to pneumatic) converter, TY 102
which converts the electrical signal to pneumatic signal that is then used to accurately position the temperature
control valve, TCV 102. Note also, the electrical signal from TT 102 is also used for alarming purposes (TAH/L 102)
TR 101
Temperature Recorder,
This control room mounted instrument displays the temperature of the feedstock entering the exchanger. This is
done by using temperature transmitter TT 101, which measures the temperature of the cold feedstock entering the
exchanger in the form of electrical signals and sends it to TR 101.
More Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams(P&ID) Resources for You:
Basics of Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams(P&ID)
How to Read and Interpret Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams
Understanding P&ID Drawings
Basic Functions of Instruments in a P&ID
Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams: Piping Line Number Identification
Common P&ID Symbols Used in Developing Instrumentation Diagrams
Instrument Abbreviations Used in Instrumentation Diagrams
Common Process Equipment Symbols Used in Developing Process Flow Diagrams (PFD) and P&IDs I
Common Process Equipment Symbols Used in Developing Process Flow Diagrams (PFD) and P&IDs II
Common Terms Used to Interpret P&ID Drawings
Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams Tutorials:
Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams Tutorials II
Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams Tutorial III