manishkumarphysics.

in
5
CHAPTER
LOGARITHMS
Important Facts and Formulae
I. Logarithm : If a is a positive real number, other
than 1 and a
m
= x, then we write : m = log
a
x and we
say that the value of log x to the base a is m.
Example :
(i) 10
3
= 1000 log
10
1000 = 3
(ii) 3
4
= 81 log
3
81 = 4
(i) 2
3
=
8
1
log
2
8
1
= 3
(i) (.1)
2
= 0.1 log
(.1)
0.1 = 2
EXAMPLES
Ex.1: Evalute :
(i) log
3
27 (ii)
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343
1
log
7 (iii) log
100
(0.01)
Sol. : (i) Let log
3
27 = n
Then, 3
n
= 27 = 3
3
or n = 3
log
3
27 = 3
(ii) Let
n
343
1
log
7
= |
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Then, 7
n
=
3
3
7
7
1
343
1
= =
or n = 3
3
343
1
log
7
= |
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(iii) Let log
100
(0.01) = n
Then, (100)
n
= 0.01 =
100
1
= (100)
1
or n = 1
log
100
(0.01) = 1
Ex.2: Evalute :
(i) log
7
1 = 0 (ii) log
34
34 (iii) 36
log
6
4
Sol.: (i) We know that log
a
1 = 0, so log
7
1= 0
(ii) We know that log
a
a = 1, so log
34
34 =0
(iii) We know that x a
x log
a
= .
Now,
16 6 6 ) ( 6 ) 6 ( 36
16 log ) 4 ( log 4 log 2 4 log 2 4 log
6
2
6 6 6 6
= = = = =
Ex.3: If
3
1
3 x log
8
= , find the value of x.
Sol. :
3 / 10
8
) 8 ( x
3
10
x log = =
x =
32 2 2 ) 2 (
5 3
10
2
3
3 / 10 2 / 3
= = =
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Ex.4: Evaluate
(i) log
5
3 log
27
25 (ii) log
9
27 log
27
9
Sol. : (i) log
5
3 log
27
25 =
27 log
25 log
5 log
3 log

=
3
2
3 log 3
5 log 2
5 log
3 log
) 3 log(
) 5 log(
5 log
3 log
3
2
= =
(ii) Let log
9
27 = n
Then, 9
n
= 27
3
2n
= 3
3
2n = 3

2
3
n =
Again, let log
27
9 = m
Then, 27
m
= 9 3
3m
= 3
2
3m = 2
3
2
m =
log
9
27 log
27
9 = (nm) =
6
5
3
2
2
3
= |
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Ex.5: Simplify :
|
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+
243
32
log
9
5
log 2
16
75
log
Sol. :
243
32
log
9
5
log
16
75
log
243
32
log
9
5
log 2
16
75
log
2
+ |
.
|

\
|
= +
=
243
32
log
81
25
log
16
75
log +
=
2 log
25
81
243
32
16
75
log = |
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|

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manishkumarphysics.in
Ex.6: Find the value of x which satisfies the relation
log
10
3 + log
10
(4x + 1) = log
10
(x + 1) + 1
Sol. : log
10
3 + log
10
(4x + 1) = log
10
(x + 1) + 1
log
10
3 + log
10
(4x + 1) = log
10
(x + 1) + log
10
10
log
10
{3 (4x + 1) = log
10
[10 (x + 1)]
3 (4x + 1) = 10 (x + 1)
12x + 3 = 10x + 10
2x + 7
2
7
x =
Ex.7: Simplify :
(
(

+ +
) xyz ( log
1
) xyz ( log
1
) xyz ( log
1
zx yz xy
Sol. : Given expression
= log
xyz
(xy) + log
xyz
(yz) + log
xyz
(zx)
(

=
a log
1
x log
x
a

= log
xyz
(xy yz zx) = log
xyz
(xyz)
2
= 2 log
xyz
(xyz) = 2 1 = 2
Ex.8: If log
10
2 = 0.30103, find the value of log
10
50.
Sol. : log
10
50 =
|
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2
100
log
10 = log
10
100 log
10
2
= 2 0.30103 = 1.69897
Ex.9: If log 2 = 0.3010, and log 3 = 0.4771, find the
values of:
(i) log 25 (ii) log 4.5
Sol. : (i) log 25 = log
|
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|

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4
100
= log 100 log 4
= 2 2 log 2
= (2 2 0.3010)
= 1.398
(ii) log 4.5 = log
|
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2
9
= log 9 log 2
= 2 log 3 log 2
= (2 0.4771 0.3010)
= 0.6532
Ex.10: If log 2 = 0.30103, find the number of digits in 2
56
Sol. : log (2
56
) = 56 log 2 = (56 0.30103) = 16.85768
Its characteristic is 16. Hence, the number of
digits in 2
56
is 17
manishkumarphysics.in
Q.1 The value of log
2
16 is
(A)
8
1
(B) 4 (C) 8 (D) 16
Q.2 The value of log
343
7 is
(A)
3
1
(B) 3 (C)
3
1

(D) 3
Q.3 The value of |
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125
1
log
5
is:
(A) 3 (B) 3 (C)
3
1
(D)
3
1

Q.4 The value of

32 log
2
is:
(A)
2
5
(B) 5 (C) 10 (D)
10
1
Q.5 The value of log
10
(.0001) is
(A)
4
1
(B)
4
1
(C) 4 (D) 4
Q.6 The value of log
(.01)
(1000) is :
(A)
3
1
(B)
3
1

(C)
2
3
(D)
2
3

Q.7 The logarithm of 0.0625 to the base 2 is:

(A) 4 (B) 2
(C) 0.25 (D) 0.5
Q.8 If log
3
x = 2, then x is equal to:
(A) 9 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D)
9
1
Q.9 If
3
2
x log
8
=
, then the value of x is:
(A)
4
3
(B)
3
4
(C) 3 (D) 4
Q.10 If
2
1
16
9
log
x
= |
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|

\
|
, then x is equal to:
(A)
4
3
(B)
4
3
(C) 3 (D)
81
256
Q.11 If log
x
4 = 4.0 then the value of x is:
(A) 1 (B) 4 (C) 16 (D) 32
EXERCISE
Q.12 If
4
1
x log
10000
= , then x is equal to:
(A)
10
1
(B)
100
1
(C)
1000
1
(D)
10000
1
Q.13 If
4
1
4 log
x
= , then x is equal to:
(A) 16 (B) 64 (C) 128 (D) 256
Q.14 If
3
1
) 1 . 0 ( log
x
=
, then the value of x is:
(A) 10 (B) 100
(C) 1000 (D)
1000
1
Q.15 If 8 . 0 x log
32
= , then x is equal to:
(A) 25.6 (B) 16 (C) 10 (D) 12.8
Q.16 If 100 y log
x
= and log
2
x = 10, then the value
of y is:
(A) 2
10
(B) 2
100
(C) 2
1000
(D) 2
10000
Q.17 The value of
81 log
) 3 / 1 (
is equal to:
(A) 27 (B) 4
(C) 4 (D) 27
Q.18 The value of
) 1728 ( log
3 2
is:
(A) 3 (B) 5
(C) 6 (D) 9
Q.19
8 log
8 log
is equal to:
(A)
8
1
(B)
4
1
(C)
2
1
(D)
8
1
Q.20 Which of the following statements is not correct?
(A) log
10
10 = 1
(B) log (2 + 3) = log (2 3)
(C) log
10
1 = 0
(D) log (1 + 2 + 3) = log 1 + log 2 + log 3
Q.21 The value of log
2
(log
5
625) is :
(A) 2 (B) 5 (C) 10 (D) 15
manishkumarphysics.in
Q.22 If log
2
[log
3
(log
2
x)] = 1, then x is equal to:
(A) 0 (B) 12 (C) 128 (D) 512
Q.23 The value of log
2
log
2
log
3
log
3
27
3
is:
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Q.24 If a
x
= b
y
, then:
(A)
y
x
b
a
log =
(B)
y
x
b log
a log
=
(C)
x
y
b log
a log
=
(D) none of these
Q.25 log 360 is equal to:
(A) 2 log 2 + 3 log 3
(B) 3 log 2 + 2 log 3
(C) 3 log 2 + 2 log 3 log 5
(D) 3 log 2 + 2 log 3 + log 5
Q.26 The value of
|
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\
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+ 32 log 4 log 2 125 log
3
1
10 10 10
is :
(A) 0 (B)
5
4
(C) 1 (D) 2
Q.27 2 log
10
5 + log
10
8
2
1
log
10
4 = ?
(A) 2 (B) 4
(C) 2 + 2 log
10
2 (D) 4 4 log
10
2
Q.28 If log
a
(ab) = x, then log
b
(ab) is:
(A)
x
1
(B)
1 x
x
+
(C)
x 1
x

(D)
1 x
x

Q.29 If log 2 = x, log 3 = y and log 7 = z, then the value

of log ( )
3
63 . 4 is:
(A)
z
3
1
y
3
2
x 2 +
(B)
z
3
1
y
3
2
x 2 + +
(C)
z
3
1
y
3
2
x 2 +
(D)
z
3
1
y
3
2
x 2 + +
Q.30 If log
4
x + log
2
x = 6, then x is equal to:
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 8 (D) 16
Q.31 If
3
1
6
1
log x log
8 8
= +
, then the value of x is:
(A) 12 (B) 16 (C) 18 (D) 24
Q.32 If log
10
125 + log
10
8 = x, then x is equal to:
(A)
3
1
(B) .064 (C) 3 (D) 3
Q.33 The value of (log
9
27 + log
8
32) is:
(A)
2
7
(B)
6
19
(C) 4 (D) 7
Q.34 (log
5
3) (log
3
625) equals:
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Q.35 (log
5
5) (log
4
9) (log
3
2) is equal to:
(A) 1 (B)
2
3
(C) 2 (D) 5
Q.36 If log
12
27 = a, then log
6
16 is:
(A)
) a 3 ( 4
a 3
+

(B)
) a 3 ( 4
a 3

+
(C)
) a 3 (
) a 3 ( 4

+
(D)
) a 3 (
) a 3 ( 4
+

Q.37 If log
10
5 + log
10
(5x + 1) = log
10
(x + 5) + 1, then
x is equal to:
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 10
Q.38 If log
5
(x
2
+ x) log
5
(x + 1) = 2, then the value
of x is:
(A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 25 (D) 32
Q.39 The value of
|
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+ +
60 log
1
60 log
1
60 log
1
5 4 3
is:
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 5 (D) 60
Q.40 The value of (log
3
4) (log
4
5) (log
5
6) (log
6
7)
(log
7
8) (log
8
9) is:
(A) 2 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 33
Q.41 The value of
5 log
4
16
is:
(A)
64
5
(B) 5 (C) 16 (D) 25
Q.42 If log x + log y = log (x + y), then
(A) x = y (B) xy = 1
(C)
x
1 x
y

= (D)
1 x
x
y

=
Q.43 If
) b a log(
a
b
log
b
a
log + = +
, then:
(A) a + b = 1 (B) a b = 1
(C) a = b (D) a
2
b
2
= 1
Q.44
(
(

|
|
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|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
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\
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ab
c
log
ac
b
log
bc
a
log
2 2 2
is equal to:
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) abc
manishkumarphysics.in
Q.45 (log
b
a log
c
b log
a
c) is equal to:
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) abc (D) a + b + c
Q.46 (

+
+
+
+
+ 1 ) ab (log
1
1 ) ca (log
1
1 ) bc (log
1
c b a
is equal to:
(A) 1 (B)
2
3
(C) 2 (D) 3
Q.47 The value of
(
(

+ +
x log
1
x log
1
x log
1
) p / r ( ) r / q ( ) q / p (
is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Q.48 If log
10
7 = a, then
|
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\
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70
1
log
10 is equal to:
(A) (1 + a) (B) (1 + a)
1
(C)
10
a
(D)
a 10
1
Q.49 If a = b
x
, b = c
y
and c = a
z
, then the value of
xyz is equal to:
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) abc
Q.50 If log 27 = 1.431, then the value of log 9 is:
(A) 0.934 (B) 0.945
(C) 0.954 (D) 0.958
ANSWER KEY
Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. B A B C C D A D D D D A D C B C B C C B
Q.No 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. A D A C D C A D B D A D B D A D B C B A
Q.No 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Ans. D D A A B A A A C C
manishkumarphysics.in
Sol.1 Let log
2
16 = n.
Then, 2
n
= 16 = 2
4
n = 4
log
2
16 = 4
Sol.2 Let log
343
7 = n.
Then, (343)
n
= 7
(7
3
)
n
= 7
3n = 1
3
1
n =

3
1
7 log
343
=
Sol.3 Let
n
125
1
log
5
= |
.
|

\
|
then,
125
1
5
n
=
5
n
= 5
3
n = 3

3
125
1
log
5
= |
.
|

\
|
Sol.4 Let
n 32 log
2
=
. Then,
32 ) 2 (
n
=
(2)
n/2
= 2
5
5
2
n
=
n = 10

10 32 log
2
=
Sol.5 Let log
10
(0.0001) = n
Then, 10
n
= .0001

4
n
10
1
10000
1
10 = =
10
n
= 10
4
n = 4
log
10
(.0001) = 4
Sol.6 Let log
(.01) =
(1000) = n
Then (.01)
n
=(1000)

3
n
10
100
1
= |
.
|

\
|
2n = 3
2
3
n =
Sol.7 Let log
2
0.0625 = n
Then, 2
n
= 0.0625 =
10000
625

16
1
2
n
=
2
n
= 2
4
n = 4
log
2
0.0625 = 4
Sol.8 log
3
x = 2

9
1
3
1
3 x
2
2
= = =

Sol.9
3
2
x log
8
=
x =8
2/3
= (2
3
)
2/3
x =
|
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|

\
|

3
2
3
2
x = 2
2
= 4
Sol.10
2
1
16
9
log
x
= |
.
|

\
|

16
9
x
2 / 1
=

16
9
x
1
=

9
16
x =

81
256
9
16
x
2
= |
.
|

\
|
=
Sol.11 log
x
4 = 0.4

5
2
10
4
4 log
x
= =
x
2/5
= 4
x = 4
5/2
= (2
2
)
5/2

5 2
5
2
2 2 x = =
|
.
|

\
|

x = 32
Sol.12
4
1
x log
10000
=
x = (10000)
1/4
x = (10
4
)
1/4
x = 10
1
=
10
1
Hints & Solution
manishkumarphysics.in
Sol.13
4
1
4 log
x
=
x
1/4
= 4
x = 4
4
= 256
Sol.14
3
1
) 1 . 0 ( log
x
=
x
1/3
= 0.1

1 . 0
x
1
3 / 1
=
10
1 . 0
1
x
3 / 1
= =
x = (10)
3
= 1000.
Sol.15 log
32
x = 0.8
x = (32)
0.8
x = (2
5
)
4/5
= 2
4
= 16
Sol.16 log
2
x = 10 x = 2
10
log
x
y = 100 y = x
100
= (2
10
)
100
y = 2
1000
Sol.17 Let log
(1/3)
81= x. Then,
4
4 4
x
3
1
) 3 ( 3 81
3
1

|
.
|

\
|
= = = = |
.
|

\
|

x = 4 i.e., log
(1/3)
81= 4
Sol.18 Let
x ) 1728 ( log
3 2
=
Then,
3 2 3 x
] ) 3 2 [( ) 12 ( 1728 ) 3 2 ( = = =
x
) 3 2 ( =
6
) 3 2 (
x = 6, i.e. 6 ) 1728 ( log
3 2
=
Sol.19
2
1
8 log
8 log
2
1
8 log
) 8 log(
8 log
8 log
2 / 1
= = =
Sol.20 (a) Since log
a
a = 1,
So log
10
10 = 1
(b) log (2 + 3) = 5 and
log (2 3) = log 6 = log2 + log3
log (2 + 3) = log (2 3)
(c) Since log
a
1= 0, so log
10
1= 0
(d) log (1 + 2 + 3) = log 6 = log (1 2 3)
= log 1 + log 2 + log 3
So, (b) is incorrect
Sol.21 Let log
5
625 = x . Then 5
x
= 625 = 5
4
or x = 4
Let log
2
(log
5
625) = y. Then, log
2
4 = y
or 2
y
= 4
or y =12
log
2
(log
5
625) = 2
Sol.22 log
2
[log
3
(log
2
x)] = 1 = log
2
2
log
3
(log
2
x) = 2
log
2
x = 3
2
= 9
x = 2
9
= 512
Sol.23 log
2
log
2
log
3
(log
3
27
3
)
= log
2
log
2
log
3
[log
3
(3
3
)
3
] = log
2
log
2
log
3
[log
3
(3)
9
]
= log
2
log
2
log
3
(9 log
3
3) = log
2
log
2
log
3
9
[ log
3
3 = 1]
= log
2
log
2
[log
3
(3)
2
] = log
2
log
2
(2 log
3
3)
= log
2
log
2
2 = log
2
1 = 0
Sol.24 a
x
= b
y
log a
x
= log b
y
x log a = y log b
x
y
b log
a log
=
Sol.25 360 = (2 2 2) (3 3) 5
So, log 360
= log (2
3
3
2
5) = log 2
3
+ log 3
2
+ log 5
= 3 log 2 + 2 log 3 + log 5
Sol.26
32 log 4 log 2 125 log
3
1
10 10 10
+
= 32 log ) 4 ( log ) 125 ( log
10
2
10
3 / 1
10
+
= 32 log 16 log 5 log
10 10 10
+
=
1 10 log
16
32 5
log
10 10
= = |
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|

\
|
Sol.27
4 log
2
1
8 log 5 log 2
10 10 10
+
) 5 ( log
2
10
= + log
10
8 log
10
(4
1/2
)
|
.
|

\
|
= +
2
8 25
log 2 log 8 log 25 log
10 10 10 10
= 2 100 log
10
=
Sol.28 log
a
(ab) = x
x
a log
ab log
= x
a log
b log a log
=
+
x
a log
b log
1 = + 1 x
a log
b log
=

1 x
1
b log
a log

=
1 x
1
1
b log
a log
1

+ = +

1 x
x
b log
a log b log

=
+

1 x
x
b log
) ab log(

=
1 x
x
) ab ( log
b

=
manishkumarphysics.in
Sol.29 log
3 / 1 3 3
) 63 log( 4 log ) 63 log( 4 log ) 63 . 4 ( + = + =
=
3 / 1 2 2
) 3 7 log( ) 2 log( +
=
y
3
2
z
3
1
x 2 3 log
3
2
7 log
3
1
2 log 2 + + = + +
Sol.30 6 x log x log
2 4
= +
6
2 log
x log
4 log
x log
= +
6
2 log
x log
2 log 2
x log
= +
3 log x = 12 log 2
log x = 4 log 2
log x = log (2
4
) = log 16
x = 16
Sol.31
3
1
6
1
log x log
8 8
= |
.
|

\
|
+

3
1
8 log
6
1
log
8 log
x log
= +

8 log
3
1
6
1
log x log = +

2 log ) 8 log(
6
1
log x log
3 / 1
= = +

12 log
1
6
2
6
1
log 2 log x log = |
.
|

\
|
= =
x = 12
Sol.32 log
10
125 + log
10
8 = x log
10
(125 8) = x
x = log
10
(1000) = log
10
(10)
3
= 3 log
10
10 = 3
Sol.33 Let x 27 log
9
= Then,
2
3
x 3 x 2 3 3 27 x 9
3 x 2
= = = ) ( =
Let log
8
32 = y. Then,
8
y
= 32 (2
3
)
y
= 2
5
3y = 5
3
5
y =
log
9
27 + log
8
32 =
6
19
3
5
2
3
= |
.
|

\
|
+
Sol.34 Given expression = |
|
.
|

\
|

3 log
625 log
5 log
3 log
=
4
5 log
5 log 4
5 log
) 5 log(
5 log
625 log
4
= = =
Sol.35 Given expression =
3 log
2 log
4 log
9 log

[ log
5
5 = 1]
=
1
3 log
2 log
2 log 2
3 log 2
3 log
2 log
2 log
3 log
2
2
=
Sol.36 log
12
27 = a
a
12 log
27 log
=

a
) 2 3 log(
3 log
2
3
=

a
2 log 2 3 log
3 log 3
=
+

a
1
3 log 3
2 log 2 3 log
=
+

a
1
3 log 3
2 log 2
3 log 3
3 log
= +

|
.
|

\
|
= =
a 3
a 3
3
1
a
1
3 log
2 log
3
2

|
.
|

\
|
=
a 2
a 3
3 log
2 log
2 log
a 3
a 2
3 log |
.
|

\
|

) 3 2 log(
2 log
6 log
16 log
16 log
4
6

= =
=
(

|
.
|

\
|

+
=
+
a 3
a 2
1 2 log
2 log 4
3 log 2 log
2 log 4
=
) a 3 (
) a 3 ( 4
a 3
a 3
4
+

=
|
.
|

\
|

+
Sol.37 log
10
5 + log
10
(5x + 1) = log
10
(x + 5) + 1
log
10
5 + log
10
(5x + 1)= log
10
(x + 5) + log
10
10
log
10
[5(5x + 1)] = log
10
[10 (x + 5)]
5 (5x + 1) = 10 (x + 5)
5x + 1 = 2x + 10
3x = 9
x = 3
Sol.38 log
5
(x
2
+ x) log
5
(x + 1) = 2 2
1 x
x x
log
2
5
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+

2
1 x
) 1 x ( x
log
5
=
(

+
+
25 5 x 2 x log
2
5
= = =
Sol.39 Given expression
= log
60
3 + log
60
4 +log
60
5
= log
60
(3 4 5) = log
60
60 = 1
manishkumarphysics.in
Sol.40 Given expression =
|
|
.
|

\
|

8 log
9 log
7 log
8 log
6 log
7 log
5 log
6 log
4 log
5 log
3 log
4 log
=
2
3 log
3 log 2
3 log
3 log
3 log
9 log
2
= = =
Sol.41 We know that : x a
x log
a
= .

25 4 4 4 ) 4 ( 16
25 log ) 5 ( log 5 log 2 5 log 2 5 log
4
2
4 4 4 4
= = = = =
Sol.42 log x + log y = log (x + y) log(x + y) = log (xy)
x + y = xy y (x 1) = x
1 x
x
y

=
Sol.43
) b a ( log
a
b
log
b
a
log + = +

1 log
a
b
b
a
log ) b a ( log = |
.
|

\
|
= +
So, a + b = 1
Sol.44 Given expression = 0 1 log
ab
c
ac
b
bc
a
log
2 2 2
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|

Sol.45 Given expression =
1
a log
c log
c log
b log
b log
a log
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

Sol.46 Given expression
=
c log ab log
1
b log ca log
1
a log bc log
1
c c b b a a
+
+
+
+
+
=
) abc ( log
1
) abc ( log
1
) abc ( log
1
c b a
+ +
= c log b log a log
abc abc abc
+ +
1 ) abc ( log
abc
= =
Sol.47 Given expression
= |
|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
p
r
log
r
q
log
q
p
log
x x x
=
0 1 log
p
r
r
q
q
p
log
x x
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|

Sol.48 ) 10 7 ( log 70 log 1 log
70
1
log
10 10 10 10
= = |
.
|

\
|
= ) 1 a ( ) 10 log 7 (log
10 10
+ = +
Sol.49 a = b
x
, b =c
y
, c = a
z
x = log
b
a, y = log
c
b, z = log
a
c
xyz = (log
b
a) (log
c
b ) (log
a
c)

1
a log
c log
c log
b log
b log
a log
xyz =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Sol.50 log 27 = 1.431 log(3
3
) = 1.431 3 log 3 = 1.431
log 3 = 0.477
log 9 = log(3
2
) = 2 log3 = (2 0.477) = 0.954