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365 Signal Conditioning

This document discusses signal conditioning and operational amplifiers. It covers topics such as filters, loading effect, and op amp circuits. Specifically, it describes different types of filters including low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and notch filters. It explains how to analyze these filters using passive RC circuits and provides Bode plot examples. It also discusses the loading effect which occurs when connecting multiple filter stages together. Finally, it introduces operational amplifiers and their characteristics, and provides examples of common op amp circuits like inverting and non-inverting amplifiers.

Uploaded by

Sunilkumar Reddy
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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49 views29 pages

365 Signal Conditioning

This document discusses signal conditioning and operational amplifiers. It covers topics such as filters, loading effect, and op amp circuits. Specifically, it describes different types of filters including low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and notch filters. It explains how to analyze these filters using passive RC circuits and provides Bode plot examples. It also discusses the loading effect which occurs when connecting multiple filter stages together. Finally, it introduces operational amplifiers and their characteristics, and provides examples of common op amp circuits like inverting and non-inverting amplifiers.

Uploaded by

Sunilkumar Reddy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Slide 1

Signal Conditioning (I)


Filters
Passive Filters (L, R, C circuits)
Active Filters (Op Amp circuits)
Loading Effect
Energy Flow Between Two Subsystems
Operational Amplifiers
Golden Rules
Op Amp Circuits
Anti-Aliasing Filter
an analog filter that removes signal frequencies
above f
s
/2, where f
s
is the sample frequency
Amplifier
Low-pass
Filter
ADC
Input
Signal
Computer
Slide 2
Slide 3
Filters
Characterized in the frequency domain through frequency
response function.
Can be implemented using passive elements (R,L,C), active
elements (Op Amps, transistors) or digital components.
Filter G(jw)
Input Output
x(t) y(t)
Electrical Quantities:
Voltage, Current,
Impedance ...
Electrical Quantities:
Voltage, Current,
Impedance ...
Adjust Gain (Scaling);
Clean up Noise;
Isolate Interested Signal;
Change frequency range;
Integrate; Differentiate;
...
Slide 4
Low Pass Filters (LP)
Frequency Response
K : Static Sensitivity (Gain)
t : Time Constant
Cut-off Frequency ( w
C
)
At w
C
,
Passive Filters
( )
G j
K
j
w
t w
=
+ 1
| |
w
t
C
rad/sec =
1
( ) ( )
G
K
K w
C
of = =
2
70%
10
-1
10
0
10
1
-30
-60
-90
0
Frequency (rad/sec)
P
h
a
s
e

d
e
g
10
-1
10
0
10
1
-30
-20
-10
0
G
a
i
n

d
B
Bode Plot for a 1st Order Low Pass Filter
PASS BAND
-45
o
w
C
Slide 5
Low Pass Filters (LP)
Passive Implementation (RC Network)
Impedance (Z) Analysis:
Resistance ( Z
R
):
Capacitance ( Z
C
):
Passive Filters
( )
G j
Vo
Vin R j
LP
w
w
= =
+
1
1 C
t
e
e
LP
RC
RC
K
=
=
=
Time Constant
Cut - off Frequency
Gain as 0
C
1
1
Vo
R
C Vin
Z
V
I
R
R
R
R
= =
Z
V
I
C j
C
C
C
= =
1
w
Slide 6
High Pass Filters (HP)
Frequency Response
K : Sensitivity (Gain)
t : Time Constant
Cut-off Frequency ( w
C
)
At w
C
,
Passive Filters
( )
G j
K j
j
w
t w
t w
=
+ 1
| |
w
t
C
rad/sec =
1
( ) ( )
G
K
K w
C
of = =
2
70%
10
-1
10
0
10
1
-30
-20
-10
0
G
a
i
n

d
B
Bode Plot for 1st Order High Pass Filter
10
-1
10
0
10
1
0
30
60
90
Frequency (rad/sec)
P
h
a
s
e

d
e
g
PASS BAND
-45
o
w
C
Slide 7
High Pass Filters (LP)
Passive Implementation (RC Network)
Impedance (Z) Analysis:
Resistance ( Z
R
):
Capacitance ( Z
C
):
Passive Filters
( )
G j
Vo
Vin
R j
R j
HP
w
w
w
= =
+
C
C 1
t
e
e
HP
RC
RC
K
=
=
=
Time Constant
Cut - off Frequency
Gain as
C
1
1
Vo
R
C
Vin
Z
V
I
R
R
R
R
= =
Z
V
I
C j
C
C
C
= =
1
w
Slide 8
Band Pass Filters
Frequency Response
Passive Implementation
Passive Filters
( )
( ) ( )
G j K
j
LP
j
j
HP
BP
LP
HP
HP
HP LP
HP LP
w
t w
t w
t w
t t
w w
=
+ +

>
<

1
1 1



10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
-90
0
90
Frequency (rad/sec)
P
h
a
s
e

d
e
g
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
-30
-20
-10
0
G
a
i
n

d
B
Bode Plot for a Band Pass Filter
PASS BAND
w
LP
w
HP
Vin Vo
R
LP
C
LP
R
HP
C
HP
Low Pass High Pass
Notice the
LOADING EFFECT
V
in
V
out
R
1
C
1
R
2
C
2
Low Pass High Pass
Slide 9
Notch (Band Stop) Filters
Frequency Response
Implementation
Passive Filters
( )
( ) ( )
G j
j
LP
j
j
HP
BP
LP
HP
HP
HP LP
HP LP
w
t w
t w
t w
t t
w w
=
+
+
+

<
>

1
1 1



10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
-15
-10
-5
0
G
a
i
n

d
B
Bode Plot for a Notch (Band Stop) Filter
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
-30
0
30
Frequency (rad/sec)
P
h
a
s
e

d
e
g
w
LP
w
HP
STOP BAND
Low Pass
Filter
High Pass
Filter
+
+
Vo Vin
Slide 10
Loading Effect
Electrical System
Ex: Band Pass Filter
Mechanical Systems
Ex: Two DOF Oscillator
Vin Vo
R
LP
C
LP
R
HP
C
HP
Low Pass High Pass
V
1
( ) G j
V
V R C
LP
in LP LP
e
e
= =
+
1
1
1 j
( ) G j
V
V
R C
R C
HP
o HP HP
HP HP
e
e
e
= =
+
1
1
j
j
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
G j
V
V
R C
R
R
R C
G j G j
BP
o
in
HP HP
LP HP
LP
HP
HP HP
Loading
HP LP
e
e
t e t e e
e e
=
=
+ + +
=
j
j j j 1 1

M
2
K
2
D
2
M
1
K
1
D
1
F
X
1
X
2
Interactions between the two mass-
spring-damper subsystems (loading)
were considered while balancing the
internal forces.
Loading Effect
Thevenin equivalent circuit:
E
th
is the voltage V
out
when Z
in
is infinite (no loading):
Z
out
is the impedance seen at the output when voltage
source is short-circuited
Z
ou
t
Z
i
n
E
t
h
V
out
Slide 11
Loading Effect
Slide 12
V
out
=
Slide 13
Loading Effect
G
1
(jw)
Vin(t) V
1
(t)
G
2
(jw)
V
1
(t) V
2
(t)
G
3
(jw)
V
2
(t) V
O
(t)
( ) ( )
V t G j Vin t
1 1
= w ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
V t G j V t
G j
L
G j Vin t
Z
Z Z
Z
Z Z
IN
OUT IN
IN
OUT IN
2 2 1
2
1 2
1
2
1 2
2
1 2
=
=
+
+
e
e e
,


( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
V t G j V t
G j
L
G j
L
G j Vin t
O
Z
Z Z
Z
Z Z
Z
Z Z
IN
OUT IN
IN
OUT IN
IN
OUT IN
=
=
+
+ +
3 2
3
2 3
2
1 2
1
3
2 3
3
2 3
2
1 2
w
w w w
, ,


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
For N stages:
where G j G j L j G j L j
Z
Z Z
N i i
i
N
i i i
INi
OUTi INi
w w w w w = =
+
+
=

+
+
+
[ , , 1
1
1
1
1
1
Slide 14
EX:
(A) Derive the frequency response function (from Vin to Vout) for the passive filter shown
below:
(B) You are asked to design a band pass filter using the above circuit with a pass band from
10 Hz to 250 Hz. Present your design by choosing an appropriate set of R
1
, C
1
, R
2
, and
C
2
as well as the Bode plots of the filter's ideal and actual frequency responses.
Loading Effect
C
2
R
2
R
1
C
1
V
in
V
out
V
1
Slide 15
EX:
(C) One of your purchasing people wants you to use the same value of capacitance for both
C
1
and C
2
. Will this still work? Why or why not?
Loading Effect
Slide 16
EX:
Shown above is a block diagram of a measurement system, please find:
(A) The individual frequency response functions: G
1
(jw), G
2
(jw), G
3
(jw).
(B) The frequency response function of the entire system: V
out
/ A
Loading Effect
Accelerometer
G1(je)
K1 = 100 V/(m/s
2
)
, = 0.01
en = 5000 rad/s
High Pass Filter
G2(je)
K2 = 1
t = 0.2 s
Amplifier
G3 = K3
K3 = 10
Acceleration
A
Voltage
V
out
G1 G2 G3
Input Impedance ------- 1000 O 1000 O
Output Impedance 40 O 10 O ---------
Slide 17
Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)
Op Amp Operation
output (Eo)
(E
-
) inverting
(E
+
) non-inverting
V+
V-
trim
V+
V-
E
-
E
+
Eo
trim
trim
NC
1
2
3
4
3
8
7
6
5
Eo
E
+
E
-
( )
E G E E
O O
=
+
E
O
( )
E E
+

G
O
Saturated
Saturated
Slide 18
Op Amps
Op Amp Characteristics
Ideal Reality
Infinite High Open Loop Gain 10
4
to 10
6
Infinite High Input Impedance 300 KO to 1000 GO
0 Low Output Impedance 10 O to 5 KO
(150 - 200 typical)
Implications:
Used seldom in open-loop mode:
Almost exclusively used in feedback mode.
Slide 19
Op Amps
Feedback Operation
Assumption I
High Input Impedance
- Assumption II
High Gain (G
O
>> 1), for w < 10
5
Hz
E E
Z
I I
E E
Z
i d
I
I F
d o
F

= =


= I I
I F
Eo
E
+
E
-
Z
F
Z
I
Ed
Ei
( )
E G E
O O d
=
( )


= = =

=
+ +


E E
Z
I I
E E
Z
E
E
i d
I
I F
d o
F
O
i
Z
Z G G
I
F O O
1
1
1 1
( )

=
+ +
~


1
0
1
1
1 1
G
E
E
Z
Z
O
O
i
Z
Z G G
F
I
I
F O O
Slide 20
Op Amps
Golden Rules of Op Amps:
Voltages at the input terminals (inverting and non-inverting)
are the same.
The output of the Op Amp will do whatever is necessary to make
the voltage difference between the inputs zero:
It looks at the input terminals and changes its output voltage
such that the external feedback network will bring the input
difference to zero.
No current flows into the Op Amp.
Op Amp draws very little input current (0.5 A for a 741C); we can
round it to zero for practical calculation.
Slide 21
Op Amps (Examples)
Inverting Amplifier Non-inverting Amplifier
Q: What if R
F
= 0 and R
i
?
Eo
E
E
Z
Z
R
R
E
R
R
E
O
i
F
i
F
i
O
F
i
i
= =
=
E
R
R R
E E
R R
R
E
E
R
R
E
i
i
i F
O O
i F
i
i
O
F
i
i
=
+
|
\

|
.
| =
+
|
\

|
.
|
= +
|
\

|
.
|

1
E
+
E
-
Ed
I
F
E
i
R
i
I
i
R
F
Eo
E
-
E
+
E
i
R
F
R
i
Slide 22
Differential Amplifier
Op Amps (Examples)
Voltage Follower (Buffer)
E E
O i
=
( )
E
R
R R
E
E E
R
E E
R
E E
E
R R
R
R
R R
E
R
R R
E
R R R R
E
R
R
E E
O
O
O
+

+
=
+
|
\

|
.
|

=

=
=
+
+

+
|
\

|
.
|
= =
=
4
2 4
2
1
1 3
1 3
1
4
2 4
2
3
1 3
1
1 2 3 4
3
1
2 1
,

If and

Eo
E
-
E
+
E
i
Eo
E
+
E
- E
1
R
1
R
3
E
2
R
2
R
4
Slide 23
Op Amps (Examples)
Multi-Stage Filters
+
--
160 O
0.1 F
5 KO
5 KO
320 O
1 F
Slide 24
Op Amps (Examples)
Summing Junction
I
E
R
I
E
R
I I I
E
R
F
O
F
1
1
1
2
2
2
1 2
= =
= + =
,
( )
= +
|
\

|
.
|
= =
= +

If ,

E
R
R
E
R
R
E
R R R
E
R
R
E E
O
F F
O
F
1
1
2
2
1 2
1 2
E
R
R
E
R
R
E
R
R
E
O
F F F
N
N
= + + +
|
\

|
.
|
1
1
2
2

Eo
E
+
E
-
Ed
E
1
R
F
R
2
R
1
E
2
I
F
I
1
I
2
R
N
E
N
Slide 25
Op Amps (Examples)
Integrator Differentiator
Eo
E
+
E
-
Ed
C
F
I
F
E
i
R
i
I
i
( )
E
E
Z
Z
R C R j
O
i
F
i
C j
i F i
F
=
= =
1
1 w
w
I
F
Eo
E
+
E
-
Ed
C
i
E
i
R
F
I
i
( )
E
E
Z
Z
R
C R j
O
i
F
i
F
C j
i F
i
=
= =
1
w
w
Slide 26
Op Amps (Examples)
Low Pass Filter
Eo
E
+
E
-
Ed
C
F
E
i
R
i
I
i
R
F
Z
F
E
E
R
R R C
O
i
F
i F F
LP
=
+
1
1
t
w

j
High Pass Filter
Eo
E
+
E
-
Ed
E
i
R
i
I
i
C
i
R
F
Z
i
E
E
R
R
j
j
O
i
F
i
HP
HP
=
+
R C
R C
i i
i i
t
w
t
w

1
V
o
V
+
V

C
2
V
1
R
2
R
2
Z
F
C
1
R
1 V
in

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