SARDAR RAJA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING-ALANGULAM

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
MICRO LESSON PLAN
SUBJECT NAME : OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS
SUBJECT CODE : EC72
YEAR/SEM : FINAL YEAR / VII
BRANCH : ECE



STAFF NAME: Ms. M.SYED FATHIMUTHU
Ass.P!"# / ECE
SARDAR RAJA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING-ALANGULAM
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
EC72 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS
AIM:
To introduce the variou o!tica" #i$er %ode& con#i'uration and variou i'na"
de'radation #actor aociated (ith o!tica" #i$er)
To tud* a$out variou o!tica" ource and o!tica" detector and their ue in the o!tica"
co%%unication *te%) Fina""* to dicu a$out di'ita" tran%iion and it aociated
!ara%eter on *te% !er#or%ance)
O+JECTI,E:
To "earn the $aic e"e%ent o# o!tica" #i$er tran%iion "in-& #i$er %ode con#i'uration
and tructure)
To undertand the di##erent -ind o# "oe& i'na" ditortion in o!tica" (ave 'uide and
other i'na" de'radation #actor) Dei'n o!ti%i.ation o# SM #i$er& RI !ro#i"e and cut-o##
(ave "en'th)
To "earn the variou o!tica" ource %ateria"& LED tructure& /uantu% e##icienc*& Laer
diode and di##erent #i$er a%!"i#ier)
To "earn the #i$er o!tica" receiver uch a 0IN A0D diode& noie !er#or%ance in !hoto
detector& receiver o!eration and con#i'uration)
To "earn #i$er "icin' and connector& noie e##ect on *te% !er#or%ance& o!erationa"
!rinci!"e 1DM and o"ution)
T$% B""&s:
2) O!tica" Fi$er Co%%unication 3 John M) Senior 3 0earon Education 3 Second Edition)
4556
4) O!tica" Fi$er Co%%unication 3 Gerd 7eier 3 Mc Gra( 8i"" 3 Third Edition 4555)
R$#$!$'($s:
2) J)Go(er& 9O!tica" Co%%unication S*te%:& 0rentice 8a"" o# India& 4552
4) Ra;iv Ra%a(a%i& 9O!tica" Net(or- 9 & Second Edition& E"evier & 455<)
=) Govind 0) A'ra(a"& 9 Fi$er-o!tic co%%unication *te%:& third edition& John 1i"e* >
on& 455<)
<) R)0) 7hare& 9Fi$er O!tic and O!toe"ectronic:& O?#ord Univerit* 0re& 4556)
EC72 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS L T P C ) * * )
AIM:
To introduce the variou o!tica" #i$er %ode& con#i'uration and variou i'na"
de'radation #actor aociated (ith o!tica" #i$er)
To tud* a$out variou o!tica" ource and o!tica" detector and their ue in the o!tica"
co%%unication *te%) Fina""* to dicu a$out di'ita" tran%iion and it aociated
!ara%eter on *te% !er#or%ance)
O+JECTI,E:
To "earn the $aic e"e%ent o# o!tica" #i$er tran%iion "in-& #i$er %ode con#i'uration
and tructure)
To undertand the di##erent -ind o# "oe& i'na" ditortion in o!tica" (ave 'uide and
other i'na" de'radation #actor) Dei'n o!ti%i.ation o# SM #i$er& RI !ro#i"e and cut-o##
(ave "en'th)
To "earn the variou o!tica" ource %ateria"& LED tructure& /uantu% e##icienc*& Laer
diode and di##erent #i$er a%!"i#ier)
To "earn the #i$er o!tica" receiver uch a 0IN A0D diode& noie !er#or%ance in !hoto
detector& receiver o!eration and con#i'uration)
To "earn #i$er "icin' and connector& noie e##ect on *te% !er#or%ance& o!erationa"
!rinci!"e 1DM and o"ution)
UNIT + I INTRODUCTION ,
Introduction- Ra* theor* tran%iion- Tota" interna" re#"ection-Acce!tance an'"e 3Nu%erica"
a!erture 3 S-e( ra* 3 E"ectro%a'netic %ode theor* o# o!tica" !ro!a'ation 3EM (ave 3 %ode
in 0"anar 'uide 3 !hae and 'rou! ve"ocit* 3 c*"indrica" #i$er 3SM #i$er)
UNIT + II TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTICAL FIBERS ,
Attenuation 3 Materia" a$or!tion "oe in i"ica '"a #i$er 3 Linear and Non"inear Scatterin'
"oe - Fi$er +end "oe 3 Mid$and and #ar$and in#rared tran%iion 3Intra and inter Moda"
Di!erion 3 Over a"" Fi$er Di!erion 3 0o"ari.ation- non"inear 0heno%ena) O!tica" #i$er
connector- Fi$er a"i'n%ent and Joint Loe 3 Fi$er S!"ice3 Fi$er connector 3 E?!anded
+ea% Connector 3 Fi$er Cou!"er)
UNIT + III SOURCES AND DETECTORS ,
O!tica" ource: Li'ht E%ittin' Diode - LED tructure - ur#ace and ed'e e%itter& %ono and
hetero tructure - interna" - /uantu% e##icienc*& in;ection "aer diode tructure - co%!arion o#
LED and ILD O!tica" Detector: 0IN 0hoto detector& Ava"anche !hoto diode& contruction&
characteritic and !ro!ertie& Co%!arion o# !er#or%ance& 0hoto detector noie -Noie ource &
Si'na" to Noie ratio & Detector re!one ti%e)
UNIT + IV FIBER OPTIC RECEIVER AND MEASUREMENTS ,
Funda%enta" receiver o!eration& 0re a%!"i#ier& Error ource 3 Receiver Con#i'uration 3
0ro$a$i"it* o# Error 3 @uantu% "i%it) Fi$er Attenuation %eaure%ent- Di!erion
%eaure%ent 3 Fi$er Re#ractive inde? !ro#i"e %eaure%ent 3 Fi$er cut- o## 1ave "en'th
Meaure%ent 3 Fi$er Nu%erica" A!erture Meaure%ent 3 Fi$er dia%eter %eaure%ent)
UNIT + V OPTICAL NETWORKS ,
+aic Net(or- 3 SONET A SD8 3 +roadcat 3 and 3e"ect 1DM Net(or- 31ave"en'th
Routed Net(or- 3 Non"inear e##ect on Net(or- !er#or%ance 30er#or%ance o# 1DM B EDFA
*te% 3 So"iton 3 O!tica" CDMA 3 U"tra 8i'h Ca!acit* Net(or-& OTDR)
T"./ 0 12
T$% B""&s:
2) O!tica" Fi$er Co%%unication 3 John M) Senior 3 0earon Education 3 Second Edition)
4556
4) O!tica" Fi$er Co%%unication 3 Gerd 7eier 3 Mc Gra( 8i"" 3 Third Edition 4555)
R$#$!$'($s:
2) J)Go(er& 9O!tica" Co%%unication S*te%:& 0rentice 8a"" o# India& 4552
4) Ra;iv Ra%a(a%i& 9O!tica" Net(or- 9 & Second Edition& E"evier & 455<)
=) Govind 0) A'ra(a"& 9 Fi$er-o!tic co%%unication *te%:& third edition& John 1i"e* >
on& 455<)
<) R)0) 7hare& 9Fi$er O!tic and O!toe"ectronic:& O?#ord Univerit* 0re& 4556)
8r)NO
1EE7
NO
TO0IC
TA R
+OO7
NO
0AGE)NO AA , CLASS
UNIT I 3INTRODUCTION
2)
I
Introduction A$out the u$;ect
T2
2 to 25 Ce
4)
Ra* theor* Tran%iion-tota" interna"
Re#"ection
2< to 2D Ce
=)
Acce!tance an'"e &
Nu%erica" a!erture& S-e( ra*
2D to 4= Ce
<)
E"ectro%a'netic %ode theor* o#
o!tica" !ro!a'ation -EM (ave
4= to 4E
E) %ode in 0"anar 'uide 4D to 4F
D)
II
!hae and 'rou! ve"ocit* 4F to =5
6) c*"indrica" #i$er =D to <<
F) SM #i$er) <E to <6 Ce
G) 0ro$"e%
T2>
T4
2 to 25
UNIT II -TRANSMISSION C8ARECTERISTICS
25
III
Attenuation
T2
FD to FF
22
Materia" a$or!tion "oe in i"ica
'"a #i$er
FF to G2
24 Linear Scatterin' "oe G2 to G<
2= Non"inear Scatterin' "oe G< to GD
2< Fi$er +end "oe G6 to GG *e
2E
I,
Mid$and and #ar$and in#ra-red
tran%iion
GG to 254
2D Intra Moda" Di!erion 256 to 225
26 Inter Moda" Di!erion 222 to 242
2F Over a"" Fi$er Di!erion 242 to 2=5
2G 0o"ari.ation 2=D to 2<E
45
,
Non"inear 0heno%ena 2<E to 2<G
42 Fi$er A"i'n%ent and Joint Loe 424 to 44D *e
44 Fi$er S!"ice 446 to 4=6 *e
4= Fi$er connector 4=6 to4<< *e
4< E?!anded +ea% Connector 4<< to 4<G *e
4E ,I Fi$er Cou!"er 4<G to 465 *e
UNIT III - SOURCES AND DETECTORS
4D
,I
LED tructure - ur#ace and ed'e
e%itter
T2 =FD to =G= *e
46 Mono and 8etro Structure
T4
2E5 to 2E2
4F Interna" - @uantu% E##icienc* 2ED to 2EF
4G In;ection "aer diode tructure T2 =44 to ==D
=5
,II
Co%!arion o# LED and ILD O!tica"
Detector
T4
T4
==D to==F
Ce
=2
0IN 0hoto detector contruction&
Characteritic and !ro!ertie
4<< to 4<G
=4
Ava"anche !hoto diode contruction&
Characteritic and !ro!ertie&
4<G to 4E4 *e
== Co%!arion o# 0er#or%ance 4D6 to 4DF
=< 0hoto detector noie 3Noie ource 4E4 to 4E6
=E
,III
Si'na" to Noie ratio& Detector
re!one ti%e
4E6 to 4D=
=D 0ro$"e%
T2 >
T4
UNIT I, -FI+ER O0TIC RECEI,ER AND MEASUREMENTS
=6 ,III Funda%enta" receiver o!eration
T4
46E to 466
=F
,III
0re a%!"i#ier =5E to =24
=G Error ource 3 Receiver Con#i'uration 466 to 4F5
<5
IH
0ro$a$i"it* o# Error 4F4 to 4F6
<2 @uantu% "i%it) 4FF to 4FG
<4 Fi$er Attenuation %eaure%ent-
T2
66G TO6FG
<= Di!erion %eaure%ent 6FG to 6GD
<<
Fi$er Re#ractive inde? !ro#i"e
%eaure%ent
6GD to F54
<E
H
Fi$er cut- o## 1ave "en'th
Meaure%ent
F54 to F56
<D
Fi$er Nu%erica" A!erture
Meaure%ent
F56 to F25
<6 Fi$er dia%eter %eaure%ent F25 to F24
<F 0ro$"e%
T2 >
T4
UNIT , 3 O0TICAL NET1OR7S
<G
HI
+aic Net(or-
T4
<EF to <D6
E5 SONET A SD8) <D6 to <66 *e
E2 +roadcat and e"ect 1DM Net(or- <66 to <F4
E4 1ave"en'th Routed Net(or- <F4 to <FF
E=
Non"inear e##ect on Net(or-
!er#or%ance
<FF to E52
E<
HII
0er#or%ance o# 1DM B EDFA *te% E54 to E5E *e
EE So"iton E5E to E2= *e
ED O!tica" CDMA E2< to E2D
E6 U"tra 8i'h Ca!acit* Net(or- E2D to E2G
EF OTDR EE5 to EE<
T2 -O!tica" Fi$er Co%%unication 3 John M) Senior 3 0earon Education 3 Second Edition) 4556
T4- O!tica" Fi$er Co%%unication 3 Gerd 7eier 3 Mc Gra( 8i"" 3 Third Edition 4555
3UESTION BANK

U'4 I- INTRODUCTION
Part A
2) De#ine Nu%erica" A!erture o# a te! inde? #i$erI
4) De#ine S-e* Ra*)
=) Give the advanta'e o# in'"e %ode #i$er
<) De#ine Mode Fie"d Dia%eter)
E) De#ine Cuto## (ave"en'th)
D) 1rite the e?!reion #or the re#ractive inde? in Graded inde? #i$er)
6) A i"ica o!tica" ha a core re#ractive inde? o# 2)E and a c"addin' re#ractive inde? 2)<6)
Deter%ine the acce!tance an'"e in air #or the #i$er)
F) 1hat are the advanta'e and diadvanta'e o# the ra* o!tic theor*I
G) A t*!ica" re#ractive inde? di##erence #or an o!tica" #i$er dei'ned #or "on' ditance
tran%iion i 2J)Eti%ate the nu%erica" a!erture #or the #i$er (hen the core inde? i 2)<6)
25) De#ine An'"e o# Incidence> Critica" An'"e)
22) De#ine Tota" interna" Re#"ection KTIRL > Sne""M La()
24) 1hat i the di##erence $et(een te! inde? and 'raded inde? #i$erI
2=) 1hat i the di##erence $et(een $ounded ra* and un$ounded ra*I
2<) 1rite the e"e%ent o# an o!tica" *te%I
2E) 1hat are the advanta'e o# o!tica" #i$erI
2D) A i"ica o!tica" #i$er ha a core re#ractive inde? o# 2)E and a c"addin' re#ractive inde? o# 2)<6)
Deter%ine the acce!tance an'"e in air #or the #i$er)
26) The re"ative re#ractive inde? di##erence $et(een the core a?i and the c"addin' o# a 'raded
inde? #i$er i 5)6J (hen the re#ractive at the core a?i i 2)<E) Eti%ate the va"ue #or the
nu%erica" a!erture o# the #i$er a"on' the a?i (hen the inde? !ro#i"e i au%e to $e trian'"e)
2F) A i"ica o!tica" #i$er (ith a core dia%eter "ar'e enou'h to $e conidered $* ra* theor*
ana"*i ha a core re#ractive inde? o# 2)E and a c"addin' re#ractive inde? o# 2)<6)deter%ine
the nu%erica" a!erture and acce!tance an'"e in air #or the #i$er)
2G) A t*!ica" re"ative re#ractive inde? di##erence #or an o!tica" #i$er dei'ned #or "on' ditance
tran%iion i 2J) Eti%ate the nu%erica" a!erture #or the #i$er (hen the core inde? i 2)<6)
45) Ca"cu"ate the nu%erica" a!erture& cut-o## !ara%eter and nu%$er o# %ode u!!orted $* #i$er
havin' N2 KcoreL O2)E<& N4 Kc"addin'O 2)E& core radiu 4EN% and o!eratin' (ave"en'th
2=55n%)
Part B
2) Dicu the tructure o# 'raded inde?> te! inde? #i$er)
4) aL E?!"ain the o!tica" co%%unication *te% (ith neat dia'ra% KFL
$L Dicu the %ode in te! inde? #i$er) KFL
=) E?!"ain in detai" a$out the advanta'e o# o!tica" co%%unication
<) aL A %u"ti%ode te! inde? #i$er (ith a core dia%eter o# F5% and a
Re"ative inde? di##erence o# 2)EJ i o!eratin' at a (ave"en'th o# 5)FE%)
I# the core re#ractive inde? i 2)<F& eti%ate the nor%a"i.ed #re/uenc* #or
The #i$er and the nu%$er o# 'uided %ode)KDL
$L E?!"ain (ith a neat dia'ra% the e"e%ent o# an o!tica" #i$er tran%iion
"in-)K25L
E) aL Dicu a$out %ode cou!"in')KDL
$LS-etch and e?!"ain the e"ectric #ie"d ditri$ution o# the "o(er order 'uided
%ode in *%%etrica" "a$ (ave'uide) KDL
cL Dra( the tructure o# te! inde? and 'raded inde? #i$er (ith their t*!ica"
di%enion)K<L
D) E?!"ain o!tica" #i$er %ode and con#i'uration)K2DL
6) aL %u"ti%ode GI #i$er ha an acce!tance an'"e in air o# FP)Eti%ate the re"ative re#ractive
inde? di##erence $et(een the core a?i and the c"addin' (hen the re#ractive inde? at the core
a?i i 2)E4)KFL
$LA %u"ti%ode te! inde? #i$er (ith a core dia%eter o# F5N% and a re"ative inde?
di##erence o# 2)EJ i o!eratin' at a (ave"en'th o# 5)FEN%)I# the core re#ractive inde? i
2)<F) Deter%ine) aL Nor%a"i.ed #re/uenc* o# #i$er) $ L the nu%$er o# 'uided %odeKFL
F) a LA t*!ica" re#ractive inde? di##erence #or an o!tica" #i$er dei'nated #or "on' ditance
tran%iion i 2J )deter%ine the NA and the o"id acce!tance an'"e in air #or the #i$er (hen
the core inde? i 2)<D) Ca"cu"ate the critica" an'"e at the core- c"addin' inter#ace (ith in the
#i$er)KFL
$LDe#ine and e?!"ain Goo- 8aenchen hi#t)
G) iL E?!"ain the conce!t o# e"ectro%a'netic %ode in a !"anar o!tica" (ave'uide) KFL
iiL De#ine acce!tance an'"e )8o( it i re"ated to the NA and the re#raction indice o# the #i$er
core and the c"addin') KFL
25) iL E?!"ain the conce!t o# e"ectro%a'netic %ode in a !"anar o!tica" (ave'uide) KFL
iiL A 'raded inde? #i$er (ith a !ara$o"ic re#ractive inde? !ro#i"e core ha a re#ractive inde? at
the core a?i o# 2)E and a re"ative inde? di##erence o# 2J) Eti%ate the %a?i%u% !aru$"e
core dia%eter (hich a""o( in'"e %ode o!eration at a (ave"en'th o# 2)=N%) KFL
U'4 II- TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTICAL FIBERS
P.! A
2) 1hat i %eant $* attenuation "oI
4) 1hat are the t*!e o# AttenuationI
=) 1hat are the caue o# a$or!tionI
<) De#ine Ur$achM Ru"eI
E) De#ine Scatterin' Loe> 1rite the e?!reion #or Scatterin' Loe)
D) 1hat i %eant $* $endin' "o and (rite it t*!eI
6) Ditin'uih Di!erion hi#ted and di!erion #"attened #i$er)
F) De#ine 1ave-'uide Di!erionI
G) +rie#"* E?!"ain A$out Grou! De"a*I
25) De#ine 0o"ari.ation Mode Di!erionI
22) 1rite the di##erence $et(een inter%oda" and intra %oda" di!erionI
24) 1hat i %eant $* !u"e $roadenin'I
2=) De#ine Mie catterin')
2<) De#ine o!tica" $ire#rin'ence)
2E) 1hat are the t(o %a;or cate'orie o# #i$er ;ointI
2D) De#ine Frene" re#"ection)
26) De#ine Fuion !"ice)
2F) 1hat are three %a;or area o# #i$er connectorI
2G) T(o !o"ari.ation %aintainin' #i$er o!eratin' at a (ave"en'th o# 2)=N% have $eat "en'th o#
5)6%% and F5%)Deter%ine the %oda" $ire#rin'ence in each cae and co%%ent on the reu"t)
45) The !o"ari.ation %ode di!erion in a uni#or%"* $ire#rin'ent in'"e %ode #i$er i =55! -%
-2
)
Ca"cu"ate the %a?i%u% $it rate that %a* $e o$tained on a 45-% re!eater "e "in- au%in'
on"* !o"ari.ation %ode di!erion to occur)
42) A =)E -% "en'th o# t(o !o"ari.ation %ode 0M #i$er ha a !o"ari.ation crota"- o# -46d+ at
it out!ut end) Deter%ine the %ode cou!"in' !ara%eter #or the #i$er)
44) 1hat i a #i$er cou!"erI 1hat are their c"ai#icationI
Part B
2) aL Derive e?!reion #or %ateria" di!erionI KDL
$L Derive the e?!reion #or (ave-'uide di!erionI KDL
cL Dicu a$out %ode cou!"in' K<L
4) aL Dicu the i'na" ditortion in in'"e %ode #i$erI KFL
$L Dicu the !u"e $roadenin' in 'raded inde? #i$erI KFL
=) aL1hen the %ean o!tica" !o(er "aunched into an F-% "en'th o# #i$er i 2451 &the %ean
o!tica" !o(er at the #i$er out!ut i =1) Deter%ine KDL
iL Overa"" i'na" attenuation in d+A7% and)
iiL The overa"" i'na" attenuation #or a 25-% o!tica" "in- uin' the a%e #i$er (ith
!"ice at 2-% interva"& each 'ivin' an attenuation o# 2d+)
<) aLDicu in detai" intra%oda" di!erion (ith re"evant e?!reion and
dia'ra%) K25L
$L 1rite a $rie# note on dei'n o!ti%i.ation o# in'"e %ode #i$er)KDL
E) aL Dicu !o"ari.ation %ode di!erion and it "i%itation)KFL
$L E?!"ain the catterin' and $endin' "oe that occur in an o!tica" #i$er (ith
re"evant dia'ra% and e?!reion)KFL
D) aL Dicu a$out e?!anded $ea% connector)KFL
$L 1rite a $rie# note on !o"ari.ation)KFL
6) E?!"ain $rie#"* a$out #i$er !"icin' techni/ue)
F) E?!"ain $rie#"* a$out di##erent t*!e o# #i$er cou!"er)
G) Lit the di##erent t*!e o# %echanica" %ia"i'n%ent that can occur $et(een t(o ;oined
#i$er)
25) a L 1hen the %ean o!tica" !o(er "aunched into an F-% "en'th o# #i$er i 245N1& the
Mean o!tica" !o(er at the #i$er out!ut i =N1)Deter%ine:
2) The overa"" i'na" attenuation or "o in deci$e" throu'h the #i$er au%in' there are
no connector or !"ice)
4) The i'na" attenuation !er -i"o%eter #or the #i$er)
=) The overa"" i'na" attenuation #or a 25-% o!tica" "in- uin' the a%e #i$er (ith
!"ice at 2-% interva"& each 'ivin' an attenuation o# 2d+Q
<) The nu%erica" in!ut A out!ut !o(er ratio in KcL coe##icient #or i"ica are 2)<D and
5)4FD re!ective"*) Deter%ine the theoretica" KFL
22) aL Si"ica ha an eti%ated #ictive te%!erature o# 2<557 (ith an iother%a" co%!rei$i"it* o#
6?25
-22
%
4
N
-2
) The re#ractive inde? and the !hoto e"atic attenuation in deci$e" !er -i"o%eter
due to the #unda%enta" Ra*"ei'h catterin' in i"ica at o!tica" (ave"en'th o# 5)D=& 2)55 and
2)=5N%)+o"t.%annM contant 2)=F2?25
-4=
J7
-2
)KFL
$L A "on' in'"e 3%ode o!tica" ha an attenuation o# 5)Ed+-%
-2
(hen o!eratin' at a
(ave"en'th o# 2)=N%)The #i$er core dia%eter i DN% and the "aer ource $and(idth i
D55M8.)Co%!are the threho"d o!tica" !o(er #or ti%u"ated +ri""ouin and Ra%an
catterin' (ithin the #i$er at the (ave"en'th !eci#ied) KFL
24) aL A %u"ti%ode 'raded inde? #i$er e?hi$it tota" !u"e $roadenin' o# 5)2N over a ditance o#
2E-%) eti%ate)
2) The %a?i%u% !oi$"e $and(idth on the "in- au%in' on inter *%$o" inter#erence
4) The !u"e di!erion !er unit "en'th)
=) The $and(idth-"en'th !roduct #or the #i$er
$LThe $eat "en'th in a in'"e-%ode o!tica" #i$er i Gc% (hen "i'ht #ro% an in;ection "aer
(ith a !ectra" "ine (idth o# 2n% and a !ea- (ave"en'th o# 5)GN% i "aunched into it)
Deter%ine the %oda" $ire#rin'ence and eti%ate the coherence "en'th in thi ituation)in
addition ca"cu"ate the di##erence $et(een the !ro!a'ation contant #or the t(o ortho'ona"
%ode and chec- the reu"t) KFL
2=) aL An o!tica" #i$er ha a core re#ractive inde? o# 2)E) t(o "en'th o# the #i$er (ith %ooth and
!er!endicu"ar end #ace are $utted to'ether) Au%in' the #i$er a?e are !er#ect"* a"i'ned)
Ca"cu"ate the o!tica" "o in deci$e" at the ;oint Kdue to Frene" re#"ectionL (hen there i a
%a"" air 'a! $et(een the #i$er end #ace)KFL
$L A in'"e %ode #i$er ha the #o""o(in' !ara%eter&
Nor%a"i.ed #re/uenc*K,LO4)<5
Core re#ractive inde? Kn2LO2)<D
Core dia%eter K4aLOFN%
Nu%erica" a!erture KNALO5)2
Eti%ate the tota" inertion "o o# a #i$er ;oint (ith a "atera" %ia"i'n%ent o# 2N% and
an an'u"ar %ia"i'n%ent o# 2P)
2<) i) Decri$e the "inear catterin' "oe in o!tica" #i$er) KFL
ii) E?!"ain the %echani% o# inter%oda" di!erion in a %u"ti%ode te! inde? #i$er) KFL
2E) i) 1hat i Frene" re#"ection in #i$er ;ointI 8o( it %a* $e avoided)KFL
ii) Decri$e the co%%on techni/ue ued #or the %echanica" !"icin' o# o!tica" #i$er)KFL
U'4 III-SOURCES AND DETECTORS
Part A
2) 1hat are the t*!e o# "i'ht ource in o!tica" #i$erI
4) 1hat i %eant +* 8etro ;unctionI Mention it advanta'e)
=) Ditin'uih direct and indirect $and 'a! %ateria")
<) An LED ha radiative and non radiative reco%$ination ti%e o# =5 and 255n re!ective"*)
Deter%ine the interna" /uantu% e##icienc*)
E) De#ine Re!onivit*I
D) De#ine LED "i'ht ourceI > 1rite the t*!e o# LEDI
6) De#ine +and Ga! and it T*!eI
F) 1hat are the ource o# noieI
G) De#ine %ode ho!!in')
25) 1hat are the advanta'e o# LED diodeI
22) De#ine %odu"ation $and (idth)
24) 1hat are the re/uire%ent o# o!tica" detectorI
2=) De#ine dri#t ti%e > di##uion ti%e)
2<) De#ine /uantu% e##icienc* and re!onivit*)
2E) De#ine dar- current noie > ther%a" noie)
2D) 1hat are the advanta'e o# in;ection "aer diodeI
26) Dra( the -e* tranition !rocee invo"ve in "aer actionI
2F) 1hat i %eant $* %odu"ation o# "aer diodeI
2G) De#ine e##icienc*)
45) Ca"cu"ate the ratio o# the ti%u"ated e%iion rate to the !ontaneou e%iion rate #or an
incandecent "a%! o!eratin' at a te%!erature o# 25557)It %a* $e au%ed that the avera'e
o!eratin' (ave"en'th i 5)EN%)
42) A ru$* "aer contain a cr*ta" "en'th <c% (ith a re#ractive inde? o# 2)6F)the !ea- e%iion
(ave"en'th #ro% the device i 5)EEN%)deter%ine the nu%$er o# "on'itudina" %ode and their
#re/uenc* e!aration)
44) The tota" e##icienc* o# an in;ection "aer (ith a GaA active re'ion i 2FJ)the vo"ta'e
a!!"ied to the device i 4)E, and the $and 'a! ener'* #or GaA i 2)<=e,) Ca"cu"ate the
e?terna" !o(er e##icienc* o# the device
4=) The carrier ve"ocit* in a Si !-i-n !hotodiode (ith a 4EN% de!"etion "a*er (idth Ia =?25
<
%
-
2
)deter%ine the %a?i%u% re!one ti%e #or the device)
4<) GaA ha $and 'a! ener'* o# 2)<=e, at =557)Deter%ine the (ave"en'th a$ove (hich an
intrinic !hoto detector #a$ricated #ro% thi %ateria" (i"" ceae to o!erate
4E) Co%!are LED and ILD) Kan* t(oL
4D) 1hat are the characteritic o# a 'ood /ua"it* !hoto detectorI
Part B
2) aLDra( and e?!"ain the LED tructure $aed Dou$"e 8etero tructure
con#i'uration)KFL
$L Dicu the !rinci!"e o# o!eration o# Laer diode) 1hat are the e##ect o#
Te%!erature on the !er#or%ance o# a "aer diodeI KFL
4) aLE?!"ain the di##erent "enin' che%e avai"a$"e to i%!rove the !o(er cou!"in'
e##icienc* ) KFL
$L E?!"ain the #i$er !"icin' techni/ue (ith necear* dia'ra%)KFL
=) aL Dra( and e?!"ain the di##erent tructure ued to achieve carrier and o!tica"
con#ine%ent in "aer diode) KFL
$L Dicu the e##ect o# te%!erature on the !er#or%ance o# a "aer diode)K<L
cL Give a $rie# account o# the %odu"ation o# an LED) K<L
<) aL 1hat i %eant $* hetro;unctionI Give e?a%!"e KFL
$L Derive the interna" and e?terna" /uantu% e##icienc* o# an LED) KFL
E) e?!"ain the o!eration o# !in !hotodiode (ith neat dia'ra%
D) De#ine noie and e?!"ain the t*!e o# noie)
6) Dra( and e?!"ain the tructure and o!eration o# ava"anche !hotodiode)
F) aL The out!ut #ro% a in'"e %ode e%iconductor "aer (ith a RIN va"ue o# 25
-2E
d+ 8.
-2
i
incident direct"* on an o!tica" detector (hich ha a $and(idth o# 255M8.) the device i
e%ittin' at a (ave"en'th o# 2)EEN%& at (hich the detector ha a /uantu% e##icienc* o# D5J)
I# the %ean o!tica" !o(er incident on the detector i 4%1& deter%ine a) The r% va"ue o# the
!o(er #"uctuation and $) the r% noie current at the out!ut o# the detector)KFL
$LThe radiative and non radiative reco%$ination "i#eti%e o# the %inorit* carrier in the
active re'ion o# a dou$"e hetro;unction LED are D5n and 255n re!ective"*) Deter%ine the
tota" carrier reco%$ination "i#eti%e and the !o(er interna""* 'enerated (ithin the device
(hen the !ea- e%iion (ave"en'th i 5)F6N% at a drive current o# <5%A) KFL
G) aL The /uantu% e##icienc* o# a !articu"ar Si RA0D i F5J #or the detection o# radiation at a
(ave"en'th o# 5)GN%)(hen the incident o!tica" !o(er i 5)EN1& the out!ut current #ro% the
device i 22NA) deter%ine the %u"ti!"ication #actor o# the !hotodiode under thee condition)
KFL
$L A 'er%aniu% !-i-n !hoto diode (ith active di%enion o# 255?E5N% ha a /uantu%
e##icienc* o# EEJ (hen o!eratin' at a (ave"en'th o# 2)=N%)The %eaured dar- current at thi
(ave"en'th i FnA)Ca"cu"ate the noie e/uiva"ent !o(er and !eci#ic detectivit* #or the
device) It %a* $e au%ed that dar- current i the do%inant noie ource) KFL
25) iL A !hoto diode ha a /uantu% e##icienc* o# DEJ (hen !hoton o# ener'* 2)E?25
-2G
J are
incident u!on it)
a) At (hat (ave"en'th i the !hotodiode o!eratin'I
$) Ca"cu"ate the incident o!tica" !o(er re/uired to o$tain a !hotocurrent o# 4)ENA
(hen the !hotodiode i o!eratin' a decri$ed a$ove)
iiL1hen =?25
22
!hoton each (ith a (ave"en'th o# 5)FE N% are incident on a !hotodiode&
on avera'e 2)4?25
22
e"ectron are co""ected at the ter%ina" o# the device) Deter%ine the
/uantu% e##icienc* and the re!onivit* o# the !hotodiode at 5)FEN%)
U'4 IV-FIBER OPTIC RECEIVER AND MEASUREMENT
P.! A
2) De#ine !rea%!"i#ier
4) De#ine error ource in o!tica" receiver)
=) 1hat are the e"e%ent in o!tica" receiver)
<) De#ine @uantu% "i%it)
E) 1rite hort note a$out %eaure%ent o# #i$er attenuation)
D) 1rite hort note a$out %eaure%ent o# #i$er a$or!tion "o)
6) 1rite hort note a$out %eaure%ent o# #i$er catterin' "o)
F) 1rite hort note a$out %eaure%ent o# #i$er di!erion)
G) 1rite hort note a$out %eaure%ent o# ti%e do%ain)
25) 1rite hort note a$out #re/uenc* do%ain %eaure%ent)
22) 1rite hort note a$out inter#ero%etric %ethod)
24) 1rite hort note a$out Near #ie"d cannin' %ethod)
2=) 1rite hort note a$out outer dia%eter %eaure%ent)
2<) 1rite hort note a$out core dia%eter %eaure%ent)
2E) 1rite hort note a$out Re#racted near #ie"d %ethod)
2D) Lit the ource o# noie in a #i$er o!tic receiver)
26) De#ine #i$er cuto## (ave"en'th)
2F) The hado( %ethod i ued #or the on "ine %eaure%ent o# the outer dia%eter o# an o!tica"
#i$er) the a!!aratu e%!"o* a rotatin' %irror (ith an an'u"ar ve"ocit* o# < rad
-2
(hich i
"ocated 25 c% #ro% the !hoto detector )At a !articu"ar intant in ti%e a hado( !u"e o# (idth
=55N i re'itered $* the !hoto detector) deter%ine the outer dia%eter o# the o!tica" #i$er in
N% at thi intant in ti%e
P.! B
2) Dra( and e?!"ain o!eration o# o!tica" receiver (ith neat dia'ra%)
4) E?!"ain $rie#"* a$out an* t(o t*!e o# !re a%!"i#ier)
=) E?!"ain in detai" a$out %eaure%ent o# !ectra" "o in o!tica" #i$er (ith neat dia'ra%)
<) a) E?!"ain in detai" a$out Ca"ori%etric %eaure%ent o# #i$er a$or!tion "oe (ith neat
dia'ra%)KFL
$) E?!"ain in detai" a$out %eaure%ent o# catterin' "o in o!tica" #i$er (ith
neat dia'ra%) KFL
E) E?!"ain in detai" a$out %eaure%ent o# #i$er di!erion in o!tica" #i$er (ith neat dia'ra%)
D) aLE?!"ain in detai" a$out inter #ero%etric %ethod (ith neat dia'ra%)KFL
$L E?!"ain in detai" a$out near #ie"d cannin' %ethod (ith neat dia'ra%)KFL
6) aLE?!"ain in detai" a$out Re#racted near #ie"d %ethod)KFL
$L E?!"ain in detai" a$out %eaure%ent o# un ca$"ed #i$er cuto## (ave"en'th)KFL
F) E?!"ain in detai" a$out nu%erica" a!erture %eaure%ent)
G) E?!"ain in detai" a$out di##erent t*!e o# #i$er dia%eter %eaure%ent)
25) a L A 4-% "en'th o# %u"ti%ode #i$er i attached to a!!aratu #or !ectra" "o %eaure%ent)
The %eaured out!ut vo"ta'e #ro% the !hoto receiver uin' the #u"" 4-% #i$er "en'th i 4)2,
at a (ave"en'th o# 5)FEN%) 1hen the #i$er i then cut $ac- to "eave a 4% "en'th the out!ut
vo"ta'e increae to 25)6,) Deter%ine the attenuation !er -i"o%etre #or the #i$er at a
(ave"en'th o# 5)FEN% and eti%ate the accurac* o# the reu"t) KFL
$ LA 8e-ne "aer o!eratin' at a (ave"en'th o# 5)D= N% (a ued (ith a o"ar ce"" cu$e to
%eaure the catterin' "o in a %u"ti%ode #i$er a%!"e) 1ith a contant o!tica" out!ut
!o(er the readin' #ro% the o"ar ce"" cu$e (a D)2<n,)The o!tica" !o(er %eaure%ent at
the cu$e (ithout catterin' (a 2E=)=FN,)the "en'th o# the #i$er in the cu$e (a
4)G4c%)deter%ine the "o due to catterin' in d+ -%
-2
#or the #i$er at a (ave"en'th o#
5)D=N%) KFL
22) a L0u"e di!erion %eaure%ent are ta-en over a 2)4-% "en'th o# !artia""* 'raded %u"ti%ode
#i$er) The =d+ (idth o# the o!tica" in!ut !u"e are =55!&and the corre!ondin' =d+ (idth
#or the out!ut !u"e are #ound to $e 24)Dn)Au%in' the !u"e ha!e and #i$er i%!u"e
re!one are Gauian ca"cu"ate)KFL
24) A tri'ono%etrica" %eaure%ent i !er#or%ance in order to deter%ine the nu%erica" a!erture
o# a te! inde? #i$er) the creen i !oitioned 25)5c% #ro% the #i$er end #ace) 1hen
i""u%inated #ro% a (ide an'"ed vii$"e ource the %eaured out!ut !attern i.e i D)4c%)
Ca"cu"ate the a!!ro?i%ate nu%erica" a!erture o# the #i$er) KFL
2=) Dicu a$out the variou receiver con#i'uration #or $etter !er#or%ance)K2DL
U'4 V-OPTICAL NETWORS
P.! A
2) 1hat are the e"e%ent in a net(or-I
4) De#ine LAN& MAN and 1AN)
=) De#ine nearet nei'h$or !o(er $ud'et)
<) 1hat doe u %ean $* throu'h!ut cou!"in' "o and ta! "oI
E) 1hat are the !ara%eter in !o(er $a"ance e/uationI
D) De#ine SONET A SD8
6) Dra( the tructure o# 1DMI
F) 1hat do u %ean $* !er#ect hu##"e)
G) 1hat are the cha""en'e in net(or-I
25) Mention the #actor (hich are de'radin' net(or- !er#or%anceI
22) 1rite hort note a$out che%e (hich are ued to reduce the !o(er !ena"t* e##ect o# S+SI
24) De#ine #re/uenc* chir!in')
2=) 1hat do u %eant $* #our-(ave 3 %i?in'I
2<) De#ine di!erion co%!enation)
2E) 1hat i %eant $* "in- $and(idthI
2D) 1rite hort note on So"itonI
26) 1rite hort note a$out o"iton !ara%eter)
2F) Dra( the tructure o# o!tica" CDMAI
2G) 1hat i %eant $* Ti%e "otted o!tica" TDMI
45) 1rite hort note a$out U"tra hi'h ca!acit* net(or-I
42) 1rite a note on OTDR)
P.! B
2) E?!"ain in detai" a$out di##erent net(or- to!o"o'ie (ith neat dia'ra% KFL
4) E?!"ain in detai" a$out !er#or%ance o# !aive Linear +ue and tar architecture) K2DL
=) E?!"ain in detai" a$out $aic tructure o# SONET #ra%e and SONET A SD8 rin'I K2DL
<) E?!"ain in detai" a$out SONET A SD8 net(or-I KFL
E) E?!"ain in detai" a$out $roadcat and e"ect in'"e ho! and %u"ti ho! net(or-) K2DL
D) E?!"ain in detai" a$out (ave"en'th routed net(or-I K2DL
6) E?!"ain in detai" a$out non"inear e##ect on net(or- !er#or%anceI K2DL
F) E?!"ain the #o""o(in' detai"
aL Lin- +and(idth KFL
$L Crota"- KFL
G) E?!"ain in detai" a$out o"itonI K2DL
25) E?!"ain in detai" a$out o!tica" CDMA and OTDRI K2DL
22) E?!"ain in detai" a$out U"tra hi'h ca!acit* net(or-I K2DL
ASSIGNMENT TOPICS
ASSIGNMENT- I
2) A i"ica o!tica" #i$er ha a core re#ractive inde? o# 2)E and a c"addin' re#ractive inde? o#
2)<6) Deter%ine the acce!tance an'"e in air #or the #i$er)
4) The re"ative re#ractive inde? di##erence $et(een the core a?i and the c"addin' o# a
'raded inde? #i$er i 5)6J (hen the re#ractive at the core a?i i 2)<E) Eti%ate the va"ue
#or the nu%erica" a!erture o# the #i$er a"on' the a?i (hen the inde? !ro#i"e i au%e to
$e trian'"e)
=) A i"ica o!tica" #i$er (ith a core dia%eter "ar'e enou'h to $e conidered $* ra* theor*
ana"*i ha a core re#ractive inde? o# 2)E and a c"addin' re#ractive inde? o#
2)<6)deter%ine the nu%erica" a!erture and acce!tance an'"e in air #or the #i$er)
<) A t*!ica" re"ative re#ractive inde? di##erence #or an o!tica" #i$er dei'ned #or "on'
ditance tran%iion i 2J) Eti%ate the nu%erica" a!erture #or the #i$er (hen the core
inde? i 2)<6)
E) Ca"cu"ate the nu%erica" a!erture& cut-o## !ara%eter and nu%$er o# %ode u!!orted $*
#i$er havin' N2 KcoreL O2)E<& N4 Kc"addin'O 2)E& core radiu 4EN% and o!eratin'
(ave"en'th 2=55n%)
D) A %u"ti%ode GI #i$er ha an acce!tance an'"e in air o# FP)Eti%ate the re"ative re#ractive
inde? di##erence $et(een the core a?i and the c"addin' (hen the re#ractive inde? at the
core a?i i 2)E4)
6) A %u"ti%ode te! inde? #i$er (ith a core dia%eter o# F5N% and a re"ative inde?
di##erence o# 2)EJ i o!eratin' at a (ave"en'th o# 5)FEN%)I# the core re#ractive inde? i
2)<F) Deter%ine) aL Nor%a"i.ed #re/uenc* o# #i$er) $ L the nu%$er o# 'uided %ode
F) A t*!ica" re#ractive inde? di##erence #or an o!tica" #i$er dei'nated #or "on' ditance
tran%iion i 2J )deter%ine the NA and the o"id acce!tance an'"e in air #or the #i$er
(hen the core inde? i 2)<D) Ca"cu"ate the critica" an'"e at the core- c"addin' inter#ace
(ith in the #i$er)
G) De#ine and e?!"ain Goo- 8aenchen hi#t)
25) E?!"ain the advanta'e o# o!tica" #i$er co%%unication *te%)
22) Dra( and e?!"ain the o!eration o# #i$er o!tica" co%%unication *te%)
ASSIGNMENT II
2) 1hen the %ean o!tica" !o(er "aunched into an F-% "en'th o# #i$er i 245N1& the %ean
o!tica" !o(er at the #i$er out!ut i =N1)Deter%ine:
2) The overa"" i'na" attenuation or "o in deci$e" throu'h the #i$er au%in' there are
no connector or !"ice)
4) The i'na" attenuation !er -i"o%eter #or the #i$er)
=) The overa"" i'na" attenuation #or a 25-% o!tica" "in- uin' the a%e #i$er (ith
!"ice at 2-% interva"& each 'ivin' an attenuation o# 2d+Q
<) The nu%erica" in!ut A out!ut !o(er ratio in KcL coe##icient #or i"ica are 2)<D and
5)4FD re!ective"*) Deter%ine the theoretica"
4) Si"ica ha an eti%ated #ictive te%!erature o# 2<557 (ith an iother%a" co%!rei$i"it* o#
6?25
-22
%
4
N
-2
) The re#ractive inde? and the !hoto e"atic attenuation in deci$e" !er -i"o%eter
due to the #unda%enta" Ra*"ei'h catterin' in i"ica at o!tica" (ave"en'th o# 5)D=& 2)55 and
2)=5N%)+o"t.%annM contant 2)=F2?25
-4=
J7
-2
)
=) A "on' in'"e 3%ode o!tica" ha an attenuation o# 5)Ed+-%
-2
(hen o!eratin' at a (ave"en'th
o# 2)=N%)The #i$er core dia%eter i DN% and the "aer ource $and(idth i
D55M8.)Co%!are the threho"d o!tica" !o(er #or ti%u"ated +ri""ouin and Ra%an
catterin' (ithin the #i$er at the (ave"en'th !eci#ied)
<) A %u"ti%ode 'raded inde? #i$er e?hi$it tota" !u"e $roadenin' o# 5)2N over a ditance o#
2E-%) eti%ate)
a) The %a?i%u% !oi$"e $and(idth on the "in- au%in' on inter *%$o" inter#erence
$) The !u"e di!erion !er unit "en'th)
c) The $and(idth-"en'th !roduct #or the #i$er
E) The $eat "en'th in a in'"e-%ode o!tica" #i$er i Gc% (hen "i'ht #ro% an in;ection "aer (ith
a !ectra" "ine (idth o# 2n% and a !ea- (ave"en'th o# 5)GN% i "aunched into it) Deter%ine
the %oda" $ire#rin'ence and eti%ate the coherence "en'th in thi ituation)in addition
ca"cu"ate the di##erence $et(een the !ro!a'ation contant #or the t(o ortho'ona" %ode and
chec- the reu"t)
D) T(o !o"ari.ation %aintainin' #i$er o!eratin' at a (ave"en'th o# 2)=N% have $eat "en'th o#
5)6%% and F5%)Deter%ine the %oda" $ire#rin'ence in each cae and co%%ent on the reu"t)
6) The !o"ari.ation %ode di!erion in a uni#or%"* $ire#rin'ent in'"e %ode #i$er i =55! -%
-2
)
Ca"cu"ate the %a?i%u% $it rate that %a* $e o$tained on a 45-% re!eater "e "in- au%in'
on"* !o"ari.ation %ode di!erion to occur)
F) A =)E -% "en'th o# t(o !o"ari.ation %ode 0M #i$er ha a !o"ari.ation crota"- o# -46d+ at
it out!ut end) Deter%ine the %ode cou!"in' !ara%eter #or the #i$er)
G) An o!tica" #i$er ha a core re#ractive inde? o# 2)E) t(o "en'th o# the #i$er (ith %ooth and
!er!endicu"ar end #ace are $utted to'ether) Au%in' the #i$er a?e are !er#ect"* a"i'ned)
Ca"cu"ate the o!tica" "o in deci$e" at the ;oint Kdue to Frene" re#"ectionL (hen there i a
%a"" air 'a! $et(een the #i$er end #ace)
25) A in'"e %ode #i$er ha the #o""o(in' !ara%eter&
Nor%a"i.ed #re/uenc* K,L O 4)<5
Core re#ractive inde? Kn2L O 2)<D
Core dia%eter K4aL OFN%
Nu%erica" a!erture KNALO5)2
Eti%ate the tota" inertion "o o# a #i$er ;oint (ith a "atera" %ia"i'n%ent o# 2N%
and an an'u"ar %ia"i'n%ent o# 2P)
ASSIGNMENT + III
2) Ca"cu"ate the ratio o# the ti%u"ated e%iion rate to the !ontaneou e%iion rate #or an
incandecent "a%! o!eratin' at a te%!erature o# 25557)It %a* $e au%ed that the avera'e
o!eratin' (ave"en'th i 5)EN%)
4) A ru$* "aer contain a cr*ta" "en'th <c% (ith a re#ractive inde? o# 2)6F)the !ea- e%iion
(ave"en'th #ro% the device i 5)EEN%)deter%ine the nu%$er o# "on'itudina" %ode and their
#re/uenc* e!aration)
=) The tota" e##icienc* o# an in;ection "aer (ith a GaA active re'ion i 2FJ)the vo"ta'e
a!!"ied to the device i 4)E, and the $and 'a! ener'* #or GaA i 2)<=e,) Ca"cu"ate the
e?terna" !o(er e##icienc* o# the device)
<) The out!ut #ro% a in'"e %ode e%iconductor "aer (ith a RIN va"ue o# 25
-2E
d+ 8.
-2
i
incident direct"* on an o!tica" detector (hich ha a $and(idth o# 255M8.) the device i
e%ittin' at a (ave"en'th o# 2)EEN%& at (hich the detector ha a /uantu% e##icienc* o# D5J)
I# the %ean o!tica" !o(er incident on the detector i 4%1& deter%ine a) The r% va"ue o# the
!o(er #"uctuation and $) the r% noie current at the out!ut o# the detector)
E) The radiative and non radiative reco%$ination "i#eti%e o# the %inorit* carrier in the active
re'ion o# a dou$"e hetro;unction LED are D5n and 255n re!ective"*) Deter%ine the tota"
carrier reco%$ination "i#eti%e and the !o(er interna""* 'enerated (ithin the device (hen the
!ea- e%iion (ave"en'th i 5)F6N% at a drive current o# <5%A)
D) The /uantu% e##icienc* o# a !articu"ar Si RA0D i F5J #or the detection o# radiation at a
(ave"en'th o# 5)GN%)(hen the incident o!tica" !o(er i 5)EN1& the out!ut current #ro% the
device i 22NA) deter%ine the %u"ti!"ication #actor o# the !hotodiode under thee condition)
6) A 'er%aniu% !-i-n !hoto diode (ith active di%enion o# 255?E5N% ha a /uantu%
e##icienc* o# EEJ (hen o!eratin' at a (ave"en'th o# 2)=N%)The %eaured dar- current at
thi (ave"en'th i FnA)Ca"cu"ate the noie e/uiva"ent !o(er and !eci#ic detectivit* #or the
device) It %a* $e au%ed that dar- current i the do%inant noie ource)
F) The carrier ve"ocit* in a Si !-i-n !hotodiode (ith a 4EN% de!"etion "a*er (idth Ia =?25
<
%
-
2
)deter%ine the %a?i%u% re!one ti%e #or the device)
G) GaA ha $and 'a! ener'* o# 2)<=e, at =557)Deter%ine the (ave"en'th a$ove (hich an
intrinic !hoto detector #a$ricated #ro% thi %ateria" (i"" ceae to o!erate)
25) A !hoto diode ha a /uantu% e##icienc* o# DEJ (hen !hoton o# ener'* 2)E?25
-2G
J are
incident u!on it)
a) At (hat (ave"en'th i the !hotodiode o!eratin'I
$) Ca"cu"ate the incident o!tica" !o(er re/uired to o$tain a !hotocurrent o# 4)ENA (hen
the !hotodiode i o!eratin' a decri$ed a$ove)
22) 1hen =?25
22
!hoton each (ith a (ave"en'th o# 5)FE N% are incident on a !hotodiode& on
avera'e 2)4?25
22
e"ectron are co""ected at the ter%ina" o# the device) Deter%ine the
/uantu% e##icienc* and the re!onivit* o# the !hotodiode at 5)FEN%)
ASSIGNMENT IV
2) A 4-% "en'th o# %u"ti%ode #i$er i attached to a!!aratu #or !ectra" "o %eaure%ent) The
%eaured out!ut vo"ta'e #ro% the !hoto receiver uin' the #u"" 4-% #i$er "en'th i 4)2, at a
(ave"en'th o# 5)FEN%) 1hen the #i$er i then cut $ac- to "eave a 4% "en'th the out!ut
vo"ta'e increae to 25)6,) Deter%ine the attenuation !er -i"o%etre #or the #i$er at a
(ave"en'th o# 5)FEN% and eti%ate the accurac* o# the reu"t)
4) A 8e-ne "aer o!eratin' at a (ave"en'th o# 5)D= N% (a ued (ith a o"ar ce"" cu$e to
%eaure the catterin' "o in a %u"ti%ode #i$er a%!"e) 1ith a contant o!tica" out!ut
!o(er the readin' #ro% the o"ar ce"" cu$e (a D)2<n,)The o!tica" !o(er %eaure%ent at the
cu$e (ithout catterin' (a 2E=)=FN,)the "en'th o# the #i$er in the cu$e (a 4)G4c%)
Deter%ine the "o due to catterin' in d+ -%
-2
#or the #i$er at a (ave"en'th o# 5)D=N%)
=) 0u"e di!erion %eaure%ent are ta-en over a 2)4-% "en'th o# !artia""* 'raded %u"ti%ode
#i$er) The =d+ (idth o# the o!tica" in!ut !u"e are =55!& and the corre!ondin' =d+
(idth #or the out!ut !u"e are #ound to $e 24)Dn)Au%in' the !u"e ha!e and #i$er
i%!u"e re!one are Gauian ca"cu"ate)
<) A tri'ono%etrica" %eaure%ent i !er#or%ance in order to deter%ine the nu%erica" a!erture
o# a te! inde? #i$er) the creen i !oitioned 25)5c% #ro% the #i$er end #ace) 1hen
i""u%inated #ro% a (ide an'"ed vii$"e ource the %eaured out!ut !attern i.e i D)4c%)
Ca"cu"ate the a!!ro?i%ate nu%erica" a!erture o# the #i$er)
E) The hado( %ethod i ued #or the on "ine %eaure%ent o# the outer dia%eter o# an o!tica"
#i$er) The a!!aratu e%!"o* a rotatin' %irror (ith an an'u"ar ve"ocit* o# < rad
-2
(hich i
"ocated 25 c% #ro% the !hoto detector) At a !articu"ar intant in ti%e a hado( !u"e o# (idth
=55N i re'itered $* the !hoto detector) Deter%ine the outer dia%eter o# the o!tica" #i$er in
N% at thi intant in ti%e)
ASSIGNMENT V
2) E?!"ain SONET (ith neat dia'ra%)
4) 1rite hort note #or So"iton)