Introduction

By now we have learnt how to deal with small as well as large numbers and Indian and International
place value system of numbers. We have also done addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
of numbers in our previous classes. We have also seen patterns in numbers and some sequences, etc.
In this lesson, we will move further and learn how to handle large numbers. We will also learn about
the conversion of length from one unit to another and relation between different units, comparison
of numbers, estimation of numbers and Roman numerals.
NaturaI Numbers
The counting numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, are called natural numbers.
WhoIe Numbers
The natural numbers along with 0 are called whole numbers.
Digits
In Hindu-Arabic system of writing numbers, the ten symbols namely 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9
are called digits or figures.
NumeraI
A single digit or group of digits denoting a number is called a numeral. For example, 8; 3451 and
71563 are numerals.
The process of writing a number in digits or figures is called notation.
Numeration
Writing a number in words is called numeration.
Number Patterns
Numbers can have some interesting patterns. Complete the table given
alongside to find out for yourself.
Indian PIace VaIue Chart
CRORES LAKHS THOUSANDS ONES
10,00,00,000 1,00,00,000 10,00,000 1,00,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1
Knowing Our Numbers 1
9 + 1 = 10
99 + 1 = 100
999 + 1 = .............
9,999 + 1 = .............
99,999 + 1 = .............
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Example 1: Some numbers are written in the Indian place value chart. Read the table carefully
and answer the following questions.
NUMBER
CRORES LAKHS THOUSANDS ONES
EXPANDED FORM
4,75,320 4 7 5 3 2 0
4 1,00,000 + 7 10,000
+ 5 1,000 + 3 100 + 2 10
+ 0 1
98,47,215 9 8 4 7 2 1 5
9 10,00,000 + 8 1,00,000
+ 4 10,000 + 7 1,000
+ 2 100 + 1 10 + 5 1
9,76,45,310 9 7 6 4 5 3 1 0
9 1,00,00,000 + 7 10,00,000
+ 6 1,00,000 + 4 10,000
+ 5 1,000 + 3 100
+ 1 10 + 0 1
(a) Which is the smallest number?
(b) Which is the greatest number?
(c) Arrange these numbers in ascending and
descending orders.
(d) Write the number names of the above numbers.
Solution: (a) 4,75,320
(b) 9,76,45,310
(c) Ascending order: 4,75,320 < 98,47,215 < 9,76,45,310
Descending order: 9,76,45,310 > 98,47,215 > 4,75,320
(d) Number Number name
4,75,320 Four lakh seventy-five thousand three hundred twenty
98,47,215 Ninety-eight lakh forty-seven thousand two hundred fifteen
9,76,45,310 Nine crore seventy-six lakh forty-five thousand three hundred ten
Face VaIue
The face value of a digit is the number or a symbol it represents irrespective of its position in the
numeral. For example, the face value of 5 in 3,76,451 as well as in 57,869 is 5.
PIace VaIue
The place value of a digit in a number is its face value multiplied by its position value in the place
value chart. The place value of a digit depends on its position in the number. For example, the place
value of 5 in 6,285 is 5 1 = 5 and 5,41,008 is 5 1,00,000 = 5,00,000.
hundred = c tens
thousund = c hundreds
lukh = cc thousunds
crore = cc lukhs
kemem|ec
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The face value as well as place value of the digit 0 is always 0, irrespective of its position in
the number.
InternationaI PIace VaIue Chart
BILLIONS MILLIONS THOUSANDS ONES
Lets learn to write numbers according to international place value chart and their corresponding
number names.
Writing Numbers in InternationaI PIace VaIue Chart
Number
BILLIONS MILLIONS THOUSANDS ONES
34,561,675,891 3 4 5 6 1 6 7 5 8 9 1
46,738,190,325 4 6 7 3 8 1 9 0 3 2 5
6,494,383,501 6 4 9 4 3 8 3 5 0 1
Number Names of the Given Numbers
Number Number name
34,561,675,891 Thirty-four billion five hundred sixty-one million six hundred seventy-
five thousand eight hundred ninety-one
46,738,190,325 Forty-six billion seven hundred thirty-eight million one hundred ninety
thousand three hundred twenty-five
6,494,383,501 Six billion four hundred ninety-four million three hundred eighty-three
thousand five hundred one
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Use of Commas in Writing Large Numbers
In Indian system of numeration, commas are used to mark thousands, lakhs and crores. The first
comma is used after hundreds place, i.e., three places from the right, which marks thousands. The
second comma is used two digits later, i.e., five digits from the right, which marks lakhs and the
third comma is used further two digits later, i.e., seven digits from the right, which marks crores.
In International system of numeration, commas are used to mark thousands, millions and billions.
The first comma marks thousands, second marks millions and third marks billions, etc. It means
the first comma is used three places from the right, the second comma is used three digits later,
i.e., six digits from the right and finally the third comma is used further three digits later, i.e., nine
digits from the right.
While writing the number names, we do not use commas.
Example 2: Fill in the blanks:
(a) 1 lakh = __________ thousand (b) 1 lakh = ________ ten thousand
(c) 1 million = __________ lakh (d) 1 million = ________ hundred thousand
(e) 1 crore = __________ lakh (f) 1 crore = ________ million
Solution: (a) 100 (b) 10 (c) 10 (d) 10
(e) 100 (f) 10
Example 3: Write the numerals for the following with commas at correct places.
(a) Seventy-two lakh thirty-five thousand four hundred eight
(b) Eight crore ninety-four lakh five hundred two
(c) Seventeen million three thousand four
(d) Twenty-nine billion one hundred seventy-one million four hundred two thousand
three hundred seventy-two
Solution: (a) 72,35,408 (b) 8,94,00,502 (c) 17,003,004 (d) 29,171,402,372
Example 4: Insert commas suitably and write the number names according to Indian system of
numeration:
(a) 87595762 (b) 7013121 (c) 63432701
Solution:
Number
Number with
Number name
commas
(a) 87595762 8,75,95,762 Eight crore seventy-five lakh ninety-five thousand seven
hundred sixty-two
(b) 7013121 70,13,121 Seventy lakh thirteen thousand one hundred twenty-one
(c) 63432701 6,34,32,701 Six crore thirty-four lakh thirty-two thousand seven hundred
one
Example 5: Insert commas suitably and write the number names according to International system
of numeration:
(a) 78921301 (b) 7452283 (c) 148049831
5
Solution:
Number
Number with
Number name
commas
(a) 78921301 78,921,301 Seventy-eight million nine hundred twenty-one thousand
three hundred one
(b) 7452283 7,452,283 Seven million four hundred fifty-two thousand two hundred
eighty-three
(c) 148049831 148,049,831 One hundred forty-eight million forty-nine thousand eight
hundred thirty-one
Example 6: Write the following numbers in expanded form:
(a) 3,45,892 (b) 6,90,39,283
Solution: (a) 3,45,892 = (3 1,00,000) + (4 10,000) + (5 1,000) + (8 100) + (9 10)
+ (2 1)
(b) 6,90,39,283 = (6 1,00,00,000) + (9 10,00,000) + (0 1,00,000) + (3 10,000)
+ (9 1,000) + (2 100) + (8 10) + (3 1)
Example 7: Find the difference between the place values of two 5s in 4,65,73,89,507.
Solution: The place value of 5 at crores place = 5,00,00,000
The place value of 5 at hundreds place = 500
The difference between the two place values = 5,00,00,000 500 = 4,99,99,500.
Hence, the required difference in place values of two 5s is 4,99,99,500.
Example 8: How many six-digit numbers are there in all?
Solution: To find the number of six-digit numbers, we need to know the largest and smallest
six-digit numbers.
Largest six-digit number = 9,99,999
Smallest six-digit number = 1,00,000
Total number of six-digit numbers = 9,99,999 1,00,000 + 1 = 9,00,000
Hence, there are 9,00,000 six-digit numbers in all.
Comparison of Numbers
We have done comparison of small numbers in our previous classes also. We were not only finding
greater or smaller of the two given numbers, but also arranging the numbers in ascending and
descending orders and finding the greatest or smallest amongst them. A step-wise method to
compare two numbers is given below:
Procedure:
Step 1: First check the number of digits in the given numbers. The number having less number
of digits is always smaller than the number having more number of digits.
Step 2: If the number of digits are same in the given numbers, then start comparing the digits
from the extreme left of the given numbers.
Step 3: If the corresponding digits at the same position have unequal value, then the number
having the bigger value is greater than the number having the smaller value.
6
Step 4: If the value of digits at the same position in two numbers is equal, then move to the next
digit from the left and continue repeating steps 3 and 4 till you arrive at a set of unequal
digits and hence are able to ascertain a greater or a smaller number.
Example 9: Which is greater?
67,83,45,810 or 67,79,89,783
Solution: First, arrange the given numbers in a place value chart as shown below.
Number
67,83,45,810 6 7 8 3 4 5 8 1 0
67,79,89,783 6 7 7 9 8 9 7 8 3
Step 1: The number of digits in both the numbers are same, i.e., nine.
Step 2: At ten crore and crore place, the corresponding digits are of the same value.
Step 3: At the ten lakh place, the digits have different values, i.e., the first number has digit 8
while the second has digit 7.
Since 8 > 7, therefore, 67,83,45,810 > 67,79,89,783
Example 10: Arrange the following numbers in ascending order:
13,45,678, 43,56,120, 2,35,67,890, 34,52,678 and 1,45,62,187.
Solution: First, arrange the given numbers in a place value chart as shown below.
Number
13,45,678 1 3 4 5 6 7 8
43,56,120 4 3 5 6 1 2 0
2,35,67,890 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 0
34,52,678 3 4 5 2 6 7 8
1,45,62,187 1 4 5 6 2 1 8 7
Step 1: The numbers having minimum number of digits, i.e., seven are 13,45,678; 43,56,120 and
34,52,678. Now their extreme left digits can be arranged as 1 < 3 < 4. Therefore, the three
numbers in ascending order are 13,45,678 < 34,52,678 < 43,56,120.
Step 2: Now we have two numbers having 8 digits each, i.e., 2,35,67,890 and 1,45,62,187. Their
extreme left digits are unequal and can be arranged as 1 < 2.
Therefore, the numbers in ascending order are 1,45,62,187 < 2,35,67,890.
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Step 3: Now every number with less digits is smaller than every number with more digits.
Therefore, the given numbers in ascending order are as follows:
13,45,678 < 34,52,678 < 43,56,120 < 1,45,62,187 < 2,35,67,890

Fxercise 1.1

1. Write the numerals for each of the following with commas at correct places:
(a) Ninety-five lakh three hundred twenty-two
(b) Forty crore one thousand thirty
(c) Two billion three hundred sixty-five thousand seven hundred twenty-eight
(d) Two hundred twenty-five million seven hundred sixteen thousand four hundred two
2. Insert commas suitably and write the number names according to Indian system of numeration.
(a) 68754329 (b) 73987021 (c) 93754081 (d) 26000786
3. Insert commas suitably and write the number names according to International system of
numeration.
(a) 98765434 (b) 76382949 (c) 45654670 (d) 14367856792
4. Fill in the blanks.
(a) _________ lakh = 100 million
(b) _________ lakh = 10 crore
(c) 1 billion = _________ million
5. Write the following numbers in expanded form:
(a) 2,43,45,892 (b) 6,78,92,831 (c) 45,73,910 (d) 2,34,56,410
6. Find the difference between the place values of two 7s in the number 2,85,73,89,507.
7. How many seven-digit numbers are there in all?
8. Find the difference between the place value and face value of 8 in 67,85,90,213.
9. Which is smaller5,67,34,523 or 5,67,35,587?
10. Arrange the following numbers in ascending order:
34,56,678; 78,46,120; 3,49,67,880; 73,62,678 and 8,97,62,187.
11. Arrange the following numbers in descending order:
34,56,658; 78,98,120; 49,67,890; 79,02,678 and 7,97,62,187.
5tandard Units of Measurement
A. Length
The standard unit of length is metre. There exist smaller as well as bigger units of length. Their
relation are as follows:
1 centimetre (cm) = 10 millimetres (mm)
1 decimetre (dm) = 10 centimetres (cm)
1 metre (m) = 10 decimetres (dm)
1 decametre (dam) = 10 metres (m)
1 hectometre (hm) = 10 decametres (dam)
1 kilometre (km) = 10 hectometres (hm)
Some commonly used relutlons:
m = cc cm
m = ,ccc mm
km = ,ccc m
Lxteuolou
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. Mass
The standard unit of mass is kilogram (kg). There exist smaller as well as bigger units of mass. Their
relation are as follows:
1 centigram (cg) = 10 milligrams (mg)
1 decigram (dg) = 10 centigrams (cg)
1 gram (g) = 10 decigrams (dg)
1 decagram (dag) = 10 grams (g)
1 hectogram (hg) = 10 decagrams (dag)
1 kilogram (kg) = 10 hectograms (hg)
C. Capacity
The standard unit of capacity is litre (L).
There exist smaller as well as bigger units
of capacity. Their relation is as follows:
1 centilitre (cL) = 10 millilitres (mL)
1 decilitre (dL) = 10 centilitres (cL)
1 litre (L) = 10 decilitres (dL)
1 decalitre (daL) = 10 litres (L)
1 hectolitre (hL) = 10 decalitres (daL)
1 kilolitre (kL) = 10 hectolitres (hL)
Example 11: A book exhibition was held for four days in a school. The number of tickets sold at
the counter on the first, second, third and last day was 1,094; 1,812; 2,050 and 2,751
respectively. Find the total number of tickets sold on all the four days. (NCERT)
Solution: Number of tickets sold on the first day = 1,094
Number of tickets sold on the second day = 1,812
Number of tickets sold on the third day = 2,050
Number of tickets sold on the final day = 2,751
Total number of tickets sold on all the four days
= 1,094 + 1,812 + 2,050 + 2,751 = 7,707
The total number of tickets sold on all the four days = 7,707
Example 12: In an election, the successful candidate registered 6,83,400 votes and his nearest rival
secured 3,48,700 votes. By what margin did the successful candidate win the election?
Solution: Number of votes registered by the successful candidate = 6,83,400
Number of votes registered by his nearest rival = 3,48,700
Margin of votes by which the successful candidate won
= 6,83,400 3,48,700 = 3,34,700
Therefore, the margin of votes by which the successful
candidate won = 3,34,700
Example 13: Royal bookstore sold books worth < 3,85,891 in the first week of August and books
worth < 4,00,768 in the second week of the month. How much was the sale for the two
weeks together? In which week was the sale greater and by how much?
tonne kllogrum grum mllllgrum
,ccc ,ccc ,ccc
Lxteuolou
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!,8!2
2,050
2,75!
7,707
1o convert u lurger unlt to smuller, we multlly by c
F
.
1o convert u smuller unlt to lurger, we dlvlde by c
F
,
where F ls the number of stes from one unlt to the
other.
lor exumle, to convert kllo lnto hecto, decu, und so
on, we multlly by c, c
z
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mllll lnto centl, decl und so on, we dlvlde by c, c
z
und
so on.
c
hm mm
c
mL
c

km cm L
kemem|ec
6,88,400
- 8,48,700
8,84,700
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Solution: Sale during the first week of August = < 3,85,891
Sale during the second week of August = < 4,00,768
Total sale for the two weeks together
= < 3,85,891 + < 4,00,768
= < 7,86,659
Therefore, the sale for two weeks together = < 7,86,659
The extreme left digit of the number representing sales of the
second week is greater than that of the first week. Therefore,
the sale in the second week is greater.
In the second week, the sale is greater by
= < 4,00,768 < 3,85,891
= < 14,877
Example 14: Find the difference between the greatest and the least number that can be formed
using the digits 8, 2, 7, 4, 3 with each digit coming only once.
Solution: The greatest number which can be formed using the digits 8, 2, 7, 4 and 3 with each
occurring only once is 87,432.
The smallest number which can be formed using the digits 8, 2, 7, 4 and 3 with each
occurring only once is 23,478.
The difference between the greatest and smallest numbers so formed
= 87,432 23,478 = 63,954
Therefore, the difference between the greatest and
smallest numbers using the digits 8, 2, 7, 4, 3 = 63,954
Example 15: A machine, on an average, manufactures 3,215 screws a day. How many screws did
it produce in the month of January 2009?
Solution: Average number of screws manufactured in a day = 3,215
Number of days in the month of January = 31
Number of screws produced in the month of January 2009
= 3,215 31
= 99,665
Therefore, the number of screws produced in the month of January 2009 = 99,665
Example 16: A merchant had < 88,592 with her. She placed an order for purchasing 40 video games
at < 1,200 each. How much money will remain with her after the purchase?
Solution: Cost of each video game = < 1,200
Cost of 40 video games = < 1,200 40
= < 48,000
The merchant had < 88,592 and she placed an order for
< 48,000.
Money which will be left with her after the purchase of
40 video games = < 88,592 < 48,000 = < 40,592
Therefore, the money left with her after the purchase
of 40 video games = < 40,592
< 8,85,89!
< 4,00,768
< 7,86,659
< 4,00,768
- < 8,85,89!
< !4,877
87,482
- 28,478
68,954
8,2!5
8!
8,2!5
9,645X
99,665
!,200
40
0000
4,800X
48,000
88,592
- 48,000
40,592
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Example 17: To stitch a shirt, 2 m 15 cm cloth is needed. Out of 40 m cloth, how many shirts can
be stitched and how much cloth will remain?
Solution: Cloth required to stitch a shirt = 2 m 15 cm = 215 cm (3 1 m = 100 cm)
Total cloth available for stitching shirts = 40 m = 4,000 cm
Number of shirts that can be stitched
= 4,000 cm 215 cm
Since the quotient is 18 and remainder is 130 therefore, 18 shirts
can be stitched and 130 cm or 1 m 30 cm cloth will remain.
Example 18: A medicine is packed in boxes, each weighing 5 kg 300 g. How many such boxes can
be loaded in a van, which cannot carry beyond 800 kg?
Solution: Weight of each box of medicine = 5 kg 300 g = 5,300 g (3 1 kg = 1,000 g)
Maximum load which the van can carry = 800 kg
= 8,00,000 g
Number of boxes which can be loaded in the van
= 8,00,000 5,300 = 8,000 53
Since the quotient is 150 and remainder is 50 therefore, not
more than 150 medicine boxes can be loaded in the van.
Example 19: The distance between the school and the
house of a student is 1 km 875 m. Everyday
she walks both ways. Find the total distance
covered by her in six days.
Solution: Distance between the school and the house = 1 km 875 m
= 1,875 m (3 1 km = 1,000 m)
Distance covered by the student everyday = 1,875 2
= 3,750 m
Total distance covered in 6 days = 3,750 6 = 22,500 m
Therefore, the total distance covered in 6 days = 22 km 500 m
Example 20: A large tanker of capacity 15 kL 500 L is full of petrol. How many petrol pumps can
be supplied each with a capacity of 720 L of petrol?
Solution: Total petrol in the tanker = 15 kL 500 L = 15,500 L (3 1 kL = 1,000 L)
Capacity of each petrol pump = 720 L
Number of petrol pumps that can be supplied with petrol
= 15,500 720
= 1,550 72
Since the quotient is 21 and remainder is 38 therefore, 21 petrol
pumps can be supplied with petrol.
2!5 4,000 !8
- 2!5
!,850
- !,720
!80
58 8,000 !50
- 58
270
- 265
50
8,750
6
22,500
72 !,550 2!
- !44
!!0
- 72
88
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Fxercise 1.2

1. Add 3,45,634; 2,37,854 and 1,23,00,870.
2. A businessman earned a profit of < 2,34,561 in the month of January, < 1,95,467 in the month
of February and < 3,44,560 in the month of March. What is the total profit earned in these
months?
3. A multinational company imported 78,000 cars in the year 200405; 81,347 cars in the year
200506 and 90,189 cars in the year 200607. How many cars in all were imported during the
period of three years?
4. A man bought a piece of land for < 18,70,900. He paid < 13,45,670 for the construction material
and < 2,25,000 to the labour who constructed the building. How much money did he spend in
all?
5. Fill in the blanks with suitable digits at each place.
(a) 100 million = ______________ crore (b) 1 billion = ______________ crore
6. The population of a city is 30,54,678. If the number of males in the city is 17,11,987, find the
number of females.
7. There was a stock of 2,75,67,890 sacks of wheat in a godown of Food Corporation of India
(FCI). During drought and flood situations in Orissa and Assam respectively FCI sent 87,89,045
and 96,73,500 sacks of wheat to these states. What is the remaining stock with FCI?
8. The difference between two numbers is 8,67,593. If the smaller number is 6,34,289, find the
greater number.
9. A container contains 15 L of oil. 345 mL of oil drained out of the container due to leakage. How
much oil is left in the container?
10. The cost of a steel almirah is < 5,495. What is the cost of 345 such almirahs?
11. The cost of a flat is < 21,35,690 in a colony. A company decided to purchase 18 such flats for
its executives in the colony. What will be the total expenditure of the company?
12. A Maruti showroom sold 456 Zen cars in the month of March at < 3,13,495 each. What is
the total sale of the showroom with respect to Zen cars?
13. A student multiplied 8,355 by 89 instead of multiplying by 98. By how much was his answer
less than the actual answer?
14. A steel wire of 100 m is divided into 8 equal pieces. What is the length of each piece?
15. A vessel has 8 L 280 mL of curd. How many bowls each of 1 L 35 mL capacity can be filled?
16. A tank holds 1,000 L of water. If the capacity of a bucket is 12 L 600 mL, find the maximum
number of buckets that can be filled by the water tank.
17. To stitch a trouser, 1 m 30 cm cloth is needed. Out of 15 m cloth, how many trousers can be
stitched and how much cloth will remain?
Fstimation
You might have heard statements like:
Nine hundred people enjoyed Shahrukh Khans movie in a theatre.
Thirty thousand people witnessed Sachin Tendulkars century in a cricket match between India
and Pakistan.
12
Five thousand people gathered for a political meeting.
A mob of six hundred armed people attacked the police station in Chhattisgarh.
In fact, no one counted the exact number of people present for the particular event. It is only a
general idea about the gathering in each case.
Nine hundred could be 876 or 908 or thirty thousand could be 29,034 or 30,136.
If exactly 30,219 workers attended a political meeting, we say that about 30,000 people were
present for the said meeting. If 193 teachers from Delhi attended a workshop then, it may be said
that about 200 teachers from Delhi attended the workshop. The exact number could be a little
less or more than the number which we have stated. This process of getting a general idea of the
number is called estimation. Estimation of numbers is done to the nearest tens, hundreds,
thousands, ..., i.e., 10, 100, 1,000, ... .
The estimation of numbers is also known as rounding off numbers.
Fstimation or ounding Off Numbers to the Nearest 1ens
Procedure:
Step 1: In the given number, examine the digit at ones place.
Step 2: If the digit at ones place is less than 5, i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, replace it by 0 and rest of the
digits remain unchanged.
Step 3: If the digit at ones place is 5 or greater than 5, i.e., 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, replace it by 0 and add
1 to the digit at tens place.
Example 21: Using the above mentioned procedure, estimate the following numbers to their
nearest tens.
(a) 74 (b) 163 (c) 3,421 (d) 46,785
Solution: (a) In the number 74, the digit at ones place is 4. As per the procedure, we need to
replace 4 at ones place by 0. Therefore, estimate of the given number is 70.
(b) In the number 163, the digit at ones place is 3. As per the procedure, we need to
replace 3 at ones place by 0. Therefore, estimate of the given number is 160.
(c) In the number 3,421, the digit at ones place is 1. As per the procedure, we need
to replace 1 at ones place by 0. Therefore, estimate of the given number is 3,420.
(d) In the number 46,785, the digit at ones place is 5. As per the procedure, we need
to replace 5 at ones place by 0 and add 1 to the digit at tens place, i.e., add 1 to
8. Therefore, estimate of the given number is 46,790.
Fstimation or ounding Off the Numbers to the Nearest Hundreds
Procedure:
Step 1: In the given number, examine the digit at tens place.
Step 2: If the digit at tens place is less than 5, i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, replace the digits at tens and ones
place by 0 each and rest of the digits remain unchanged.
Step 3: If the digit at tens place is 5 or greater than 5, i.e., 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, replace the digits at tens
and ones place by 0 and add 1 to the digit at hundreds place. The rest of the digits remain
unchanged.
13
Example 22: Using the above mentioned procedure, estimate the following numbers to their
nearest hundreds.
(a) 374 (b) 143 (c) 3,421 (d) 46,785
Solution: (a) In the number 374, the digit at tens place is 7 which is greater than 4. As per the
procedure, we need to replace digits at tens and ones place by 0 and add 1 to
hundreds place. Therefore, estimate of the given number to its nearest hundreds
is 400.
(b) In the number 143, the digit at tens place is 4 which is less than 5. As per the
procedure, we need to replace digits at tens and ones place by 0. Therefore,
estimate of the given number to its nearest hundreds is 100.
(c) In the number 3,421, the digit at tens place is 2 which is less than 5. As per the
procedure, we need to replace digits at tens and ones place by 0. Therefore,
estimate of the given number to its nearest hundreds is 3,400.
(d) In the number 46,785, the digit at tens place is 8 which is greater than 4. As per
the procedure, we need to replace digits at tens and ones place by 0 and add 1 to
the digit at hundreds place. Therefore, estimate of the given number to its nearest
hundreds is 46,800.
Fstimation or ounding Off the Numbers to the Nearest 1housands
Procedure:
Step 1: In the given number, examine the digit at hundreds place.
Step 2: If the digit at hundreds place is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, replace the digits at hundreds, tens and ones
place by 0 each and rest of the digits remain unchanged.
Step 3: If the digit at hundreds place is 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, replace the digits at hundreds, tens and ones
place by 0 and add 1 to the digit at thousands place.
Example 23: Using the above mentioned procedure, estimate the following numbers to their
nearest thousands.
(a) 1,374 (b) 3,621 (c) 46,785
Solution: (a) In the number 1,374, the digit at hundreds place is 3 which is less than 5. As per
the procedure, we need to replace digits at hundreds, tens and ones place by 0.
Therefore, estimate of the given number to its nearest thousands is 1,000.
(b) In the number 3,621, the digit at hundreds place is 6 which is greater than 4. As
per the procedure, we need to replace digits at hundreds, tens and ones place by
0 and add 1 to the digit at thousands place. Therefore, estimate of the given
number to its nearest thousands is 4,000.
(c) In the number 46,785, the digit at hundreds place is 7 which is greater than 4. As
per the procedure, we need to replace the digits at hundreds, tens and ones place
by 0 and add 1 to the digit at thousands place. Therefore, estimate of the given
number to its nearest thousands is 47,000.
epresentation of WhoIe Numbers on a Number Line
To represent whole numbers on a number line, follow these steps.
Draw a straight line.
14
Mark a point O on it.
Label the point O as 0.
Now mark points on the right hand side of 0 at equal distances as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... and so on.
The line shown above is a number line representing whole numbers. We observe that the number
on the left hand side is smaller than the number on the right hand side. For example, since 2 is on
the left of 5 on the number line therefore 2 < 5.
ounding Off the Numbers Using Number Line
Lets learn the concept of rounding off the numbers with the help of number line.
(i) Estimate 43 to its nearest tens.
Step 1: Lets draw a number line including numbers from 40 to 50.
Step 2: Now, observe whether 43 is nearer to 40 or 50.
Step 3: Clearly, 43 is nearer to 40. Therefore, estimated value of 43 to its nearest tens
is 40.
(ii) Estimate 478 to its nearest hundreds.
Step 1: Lets draw a number line including numbers from 400 to 500.
Step 2: Now, observe whether 478 is nearer to 400 or 500.
Step 3: Clearly, 478 is nearer to 500. Therefore, estimated value of 478 to its nearest
hundreds is 500.
(iii) Estimate 2,500 to its nearest thousands.
Step 1: Lets draw a number line including numbers from 2,000 to 3,000.
Step 2: Now, observe whether 2,500 is nearer to 2,000 or 3,000.
Step 3: Clearly, 2,500 is neither nearer to 2,000 nor to 3,000. Actually, it is in the middle
of both. In such a situation, as a rule we do not take the smaller estimated number.
Therefore, estimated value of 2,500 to its nearest thousands is 3,000.
Fstimation in 5um or Difference
There is no rigid rule to estimate a number. We can round off a number to any place (tens, hundreds
or thousands) depending upon the degree of accuracy required. The most important aspect of
estimation or rounding off is that the estimated value should make sense.
0 400 478 500 100 200 300 600
0 4,000 5,000 1,000 2,000
3,000
6,000 2,500
0 40 43 50 10 20 30
0 1 2 3 4 5 ...
O
15
Example 24: Estimate each of the following using the general rule:
(a) 730 + 998 (NCERT) (b) 891 244
(c) 12,780 + 2,888 (d) 28,292 21,496 (NCERT)
Solution: (a) 730 + 998
Lets round off to the nearest hundreds.
730 is rounded off to 700.
998 is rounded off to 1,000.
Therefore, estimated sum of 730 and 998
= 700 + 1,000
= 1,700
(b) 891 244
Lets round off to the nearest hundreds.
891 is rounded off to 900.
244 is rounded off to 200.
Therefore, estimated difference of 891 and 244
= 900 200
= 700
(c) 12,780 + 2,888
Lets round off to the nearest thousands.
12,780 is rounded off to 13,000.
2,888 is rounded off to 3,000.
Therefore, estimated sum of 12,780 and 2,888
= 13,000 + 3,000
= 16,000
(d) 28,292 21,496
Lets round off to the nearest thousands.
28,292 is rounded off to 28,000.
21,496 is rounded off to 21,000.
Therefore, estimated difference of 28,292 and 21,496
= 28,000 21,000
= 7,000
Example 25: Give a rough estimate by rounding off to the nearest hundreds and also a closer
estimate by rounding off to the nearest tens:
(a) 439 + 334 + 4,317 (b) 3,25,215 25,370 (c) 4,89,348 48,365 (NCERT)
Solution: (a) 439 + 334 + 4,317
On rounding off to the nearest hundreds:
439 is rounded off to 400.
334 is rounded off to 300.
4,317 is rounded off to 4,300.
Therefore, estimated sum of 439 + 334 + 4,317
= 400 + 300 + 4,300
= 5,000
400
800
4,800
5,000
28,000
- 2!,000
7,000
!8,000
8,000
!6,000
900
- 200
700
700
!,000
!,700
16
On rounding off to the nearest tens:
439 is rounded off to 440.
334 is rounded off to 330.
4,317 is rounded off to 4,320.
Therefore, estimated sum of 439 + 334 + 4,317
= 440 + 330 + 4,320
= 5,090
(b) 3,25,215 25,370
On rounding off to the nearest hundreds:
3,25,215 is rounded off to 3,25,200.
25,370 on rounded off to 25,400.
Therefore, estimated difference of 3,25,215 25,370
= 3,25,200 25,400
= 2,99,800
On rounding off to the nearest tens:
3,25,215 is rounded off to 3,25,220.
25,370 on rounding off remains the same, i.e., 25,370.
Therefore, estimated difference of 3,25,215 and 25,370
= 3,25,220 25,370
= 2,99,850
(c) 4,89,348 48,365
On rounding off to the nearest hundreds:
4,89,348 is rounded off to 4,89,300.
48,365 is rounded off to 48,400.
Therefore, estimated difference of 4,89,348 and 48,365
= 4,89,300 48,400
= 4,40,900
On rounding off to the nearest tens:
4,89,348 is rounded off to 4,89,350.
48,365 is rounded off to 48,370.
Therefore, estimated difference of 4,89,348 and 48,365
= 4,89,350 48,370
= 4,40,980
Fstimation in Product
Lets estimate the product 74 189.
If we approximate both to their nearest tens, we get 70 190 = 13,300. This is a reasonable estimate,
but is not quick enough. If we approximate both to the nearest hundreds, we get 100 200 = 20,000.
This is quick but not a good estimate.
To get a better estimate, we try rounding off 74 to the nearest tens, i.e., 70, and also 189 to the
nearest hundreds, i.e., 200. We get 70 200 = 14,000 which is both quick and a good estimate. The
440
880
4,820
5,090
8,25,200
- 25,400
2,99,800
8,25,220
- 25,870
2,99,850
4,89,850
- 48,870
4,40,980
4,89,800
- 48,400
4,40,900
17
general rule that we follow is, therefore, round off each factor to its greatest place and then multiply
the rounded off factors.
Example 26: Estimate the following products using general rule:
(a) 9,250 29 (b) 5,281 3,849 (c) 1,291 592 (NCERT)
Solution: (a) 9,250 29
Rounding off each factor to its greatest place:
9,250 rounded off to the nearest thousands is 9,000.
29 rounded off to the nearest tens is 30.
Therefore, estimated product of 9,250 and 29
= 9,000 30
= 2,70,000
(b) 5,281 3,849
Rounding off each factor to the nearest thousands:
5,281 is rounded off to 5,000.
3,849 is rounded off to 4,000.
Therefore, estimated product of 5,281 and 3,849
= 5,000 4,000
= 2,00,00,000
(c) 1,291 592
Rounding off each factor to its greatest place:
1,291 rounded off to the nearest thousands is 1,000.
592 rounded off to the nearest hundreds is 600.
Therefore, estimated product of 1,291 and 592
= 1,000 600
= 6,00,000
Example 27: Estimate and compare with the actual sum:
(a) 870 + 986 (b) 10,866 + 2,368 (c) 2,345 + 5,679
Solution: (a) 870 + 986
Lets round off to the nearest hundreds.
870 is rounded off to 900.
986 is rounded off to 1,000.
Therefore, estimated sum= 900 + 1,000
= 1,900
However, actual sum = 870 + 986
= 1,856
On rounding off 1,856 to its nearest hundreds, it becomes 1,900.
Therefore, estimation is reasonable.
(b) 10,866 + 2,368
Lets round off to the nearest thousands.
10,866 is rounded off to 11,000.
5,000
4,000
2,00,00,000
!,000
600
6,00,000
9,000
80
2,70,000
900
!,000
!,900
870
986
!,856
18
2,368 is rounded off to 2,000.
Therefore, estimated sum= 11,000 + 2,000
= 13,000
However, actual sum = 10,866 + 2,368
= 13,234
On rounding off 13,234 to its nearest thousands, it
becomes 13,000.
Therefore, estimation is reasonable.
(c) 2,345 + 5,679
Lets round off to the nearest thousands.
2,345 is rounded off to 2,000.
5,679 is rounded off to 6,000.
Therefore, estimated sum= 2,000 + 6,000
= 8,000
However, actual sum = 2,345 + 5,679
= 8,024
On rounding off 8,024 to its nearest thousands, it
becomes 8,000.
Therefore, estimation is reasonable.
Example 28: Estimate and compare with the actual difference:
(a) 840 216 (b) 1,355 566 (c) 67,983 23,865
Solution: (a) 840 216
Lets round off to the nearest hundreds.
840 is rounded off to 800.
216 is rounded off to 200.
Therefore, estimated difference = 800 200
= 600
However, actual difference = 840 216
= 624
On rounding off 624 to its nearest hundreds, it becomes 600.
Therefore, estimation is quite reasonable.
(b) 1,355 566
Lets round off to the nearest hundreds.
1,355 is rounded off to 1,400.
566 is rounded off to 600.
Therefore, estimated difference = 1,400 600
= 800
However, actual difference = 1,355 566
= 789
On rounding off 789 to its nearest hundreds, it becomes 800.
Therefore, estimation is quite reasonable.
!!,000
2,000
!8,000
!0,866
2,868
!8,284
2,000
6,000
8,000
2,845
5,679
8,024
800
- 200
600
840
- 2!6
624
!,400
- 600
800
!,855
- 566
789
19
(c) 67,983 23,865
Lets round off to the nearest thousands.
67,983 is rounded off to 68,000.
23,865 is rounded off to 24,000.
Therefore, estimated difference = 68,000 24,000
= 44,000
However, actual difference = 67,983 23,865
= 44,118
On rounding off 44,118 to its nearest thousands, it
becomes 44,000.
Therefore, estimation is quite reasonable.
Example 29: Estimate each of the following products by rounding off each number to its nearest
hundreds:
(a) 377 432 (b) 245 598
Solution: (a) 377 432
Rounding off each number to the nearest hundreds:
377 its rounded off to 400.
432 is rounded off to 400.
Therefore, estimated product = 400 400 = 1,60,000
(b) 245 598
Rounding off each number to the nearest hundreds:
245 is rounded off to 200.
598 is rounded off to 600.
Therefore, estimated product = 200 600 = 1,20,000
Example 30: Find the estimated quotient for (a) 477 19 (b) 862 29
Solution: (a) 477 19
Rounding off each number to the greatest place:
477 rounded off to the nearest hundreds is 500.
19 rounded off to the nearst tens is 20.
Therefore, estimated quotient = 500 20 = 25
(b) 862 29
Rounding off each number to the greatest place:
862 rounded off to the nearest hundreds is 900.
29 rounded off to the nearst tens is 30.
Therefore, estimated quotient = 900 30 = 30

Fxercise 1.3

1. Estimate each of the following sum to its nearest tens:
(a) 67 + 40 (b) 78 + 43 (c) 881 + 728 (d) 567 + 432
2. Estimate each of the following sum to its nearest hundreds:
(a) 367 + 564 (b) 872 + 569 (c) 852 + 769 (d) 5,139 + 7,653
68,000
- 24,000
44,000
67,988
- 28,865
44,!!8
z lnches = foot (ft)
feet = yurd (yd)
decude = c yeurs
c decudes = century
o you kuow7
20
3. Estimate each of the following sum to its nearest thousands:
(a) 56,784 + 76,834 (b) 43,829 + 34,784
(c) 24,568 + 54,118 (d) 21,384 + 45,379
4. Estimate each of the following difference to its nearest tens:
(a) 67 43 (b) 689 432 (c) 564 321 (d) 856 672
5. Estimate each of the following difference to its nearest hundreds:
(a) 674 432 (b) 689 532 (c) 764 321 (d) 956 572
6. Estimate each of the following difference to its nearest thousands:
(a) 7,674 3,432 (b) 3,689 2,532
(c) 6,764 5,321 (d) 8,956 7,572
7. Estimate the following products by rounding off each number to its nearest tens:
(a) 58 45 (b) 67 33 (c) 78 32 (d) 23 98
8. Estimate the following products by rounding off each number to its nearest hundreds:
(a) 581 456 (b) 167 233 (c) 478 132 (d) 223 198
9. Estimate the following products using general rule:
(a) 345 46 (b) 3,427 456 (c) 2,192 479 (d) 9,876 32
10. Find the estimated quotient for each of the following:
(a) 567 24 (b) 861 29 (c) 347 13 (d) 691 18
rackets
Vani bought 5 sketch pens from a stationery shop for < 3 each. Vanis brother Nikhil bought 7 sketch
pens for < 3 each. Vani calculated that the total money spent by them is 5 3 + 7 3 =
15 + 21 = 36, i.e., < 36. Nikhil calculated it by a different method but got the same amount, i.e.,
(5 + 7) 3 = 12 3 = 36, i.e., < 36. Nikhil combined the total number of pens, i.e., 5 + 7 and treated
it as a single number by putting brackets and then multiplied it by the cost of 1 pen, i.e., < 3. The
rule is to first simplify everything in the bracket to a single number and then perform the other
operations outside.
Fxpanding rackets
We will now see how the use of brackets allows us to make calculations simple and systematic.
(i) 13 1,013 = 13 (1,000 + 13)
= 13 1,000 + 13 13
= 13,000 + 169 = 13,169
(ii) 102 105 = 102 (100 + 5)
= 102 100 + 102 5
= (100 + 2) 100 + (100 + 2) 5
= 100 100 + 2 100 + 100 5 + 2 5
= 10,000 + 200 + 500 + 10 = 10,710
oman NumeraIs
We are well aware of the numerals 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. These numerals are used in Hindu-
Arabic numeral system. However, one of the old systems of numeration developed by Romans is
also in common use. This system is called Roman system of numeration. There are seven distinct
21
numeral symbols in this system. These symbols and their corresponding Hindu-Arabic numerals are
given below:
Roman Numerals I V X L C D M
Hindu-Arabic Numerals 1 5 10 50 100 500 1,000
Rules followed in the Roman System of Numeration
Rule 1: If a symbol is repeated, its value is added as many times as it occurs.
Examples:
III = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 XX = 10 + 10 = 20
CC = 100 + 100 = 200 MMM = 1,000 + 1,000 + 1,000 = 3,000
Remarks:
(i) A symbol can be repeated at the most three times.
(ii) Symbols V, L and D are never repeated.
(iii) The only symbols which can repeat are I, X, C and M.
Rule 2: A symbol of smaller value written to the right of a symbol of greater value always gets
added to the symbol of greater value.
Examples:
VI = 5 + 1 = 6 VII = 5 + 1 + 1 = 7
XI = 10 + 1 = 11 XIII = 10 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 13
LX = 50 + 10 = 60 CXI = 100 + 10 + 1 = 111
Rule 3: A symbol of smaller value written to the left of a symbol of greater value always gets
subtracted from the symbol of greater value.
Examples:
IV = 5 1 = 4 IX = 10 1 = 9
XL = 50 10 = 40 XC = 100 10 = 90
CD = 500 100 = 400 CM = 1,000 100 = 900
Remarks:
V, L and D are never subtracted from a symbol of larger value.
I can be subtracted from V and X only.
X can be subtracted from L and C only.
C can be subtracted from D and M only.
Rule 4: When a symbol of smaller value is written between two symbols of larger values, it is
always subtracted from the symbol of larger value, which comes immediately after the
symbol of smaller value.
Examples:
XIX = 10 + (10 1) = 19 CXIV= 100 + 10 + (5 1) = 114
CLIV = 100 + 50 + (5 1) = 154 CCIX= 100 + 100 + (10 1) = 209
Rule 5: If a bar is placed over a symbol, its value gets multiplied by 1,000.
Examples:
V = 5 1,000 = 5,000 L = 50 1,000 = 50,000
ln Romun system of numerutlon,
there ls no symbol for zero.
o you kuow7
22

Fxercise 1.4

1. Simplify:
(a) 7 (11+ 9) (b) 42 + (73 23) (c) 248 (300 152)
(d) (27 + 23) (68 58) (e) 287 90 (f) 105 95
2. Write the equivalent Roman numerals for the following Hindu-Arabic numerals:
(a) 22 (b) 28 (c) 32 (d) 45 (e) 47
(f) 55 (g) 64 (h) 81 (i) 93 (j) 97
(k) 326 (l) 548 (m) 991 (n) 1,207 (o) 3,919
3. Express each of the following in Hindu-Arabic numerals:
(a) XVII (b) XXIV (c) XLV (d) LI (e) XCII
(f) XCV (g) CLXXXVII (h) CCCLXXXIII (i) CDXLIX (j) MCDLV
(k) MDCCXXV (l) MMMDXXI
5UMMARY
1. The counting numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, ... are called natural numbers.
2. The natural numbers along with 0 are called whole numbers.
3. The ten symbols, i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 are called digits and a single digit or a group
of digits denoting a number is called a numeral.
4. The process of writing a number in digits is called notation and the process of writing a
number in words is called numeration. We can express numbers in two ways: (i) Indian system
of numeration or (ii) International system of numeration.
5. The face value of a digit is the number or a symbol it represents irrespective of its position in
the number.
6. The place value of a digit in a number is its face value multiplied by its position value. The
place value of a digit is the value of the digit because of its position in the number.
7. In the Indian system of numeration commas are placed after 3 digits starting from the right.
The other periods to the left of the ones period have two places each.
8. In the International system of numeration commas are placed after every 3 digits from the
right.
9. Comparison of numbers: Given two numbers, the one having less number of digits is smaller.
If the number of digits is the same then we start comparing the digits from the extreme left till
we get a pair of digits which are unequal and the one having first greater leftmost digit is
greater.
10. Every whole number can be marked on a number line.
11. In certain situations we do not need the exact number but only a reasonable guess or an
estimate. Estimation involves approximating a quantity according to the situation and accuracy
required.
12. In some situations, we have to obtain a quick estimate of the outcome of number operations.
We do it by rounding off the numbers involved and then applying the operations.
13. The Roman numeral system uses seven basic symbols to represent numbers.
I = 1, V = 5, X = 10, L = 50, C = 100, D = 500, M = 1,000
We also follow certain rules specific to the Roman numeral system.
23
RLV|LW LXLRc|5L5
For Formative and 5ummative Assessment
M7612- CHOICF UF51ION5
1. The sum of the smallest whole number and the smallest natural number is:
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
2. The face value of 7 in the numeral 6,782 is:
(a) 7 (b) 700 (c) 782 (d) none of these
3. The difference between the place value and face value of 3 in the numeral 6,530 is:
(a) 3 (b) 27 (c) 33 (d) 0
4. The equivalent of 1 million in the Indian system of numeration is:
(a) 10 thousand (b) 1 lakh (c) 10 lakh (d) 10 crore
5. The greatest whole number is:
(a) 1 billion (b) 10 crore (c) 10 lakh (d) none of these
6. The total number of five-digit numbers is:
(a) 1,00,000 (b) 99,999 (c) 89,999 (d) 90,000
7. The largest four-digit number having distinct digits is:
(a) 9,000 (b) 9,867 (c) 9,768 (d) 9,876
8. The number 14,349 when rounded off to the nearest hundreds is:
(a) 14,000 (b) 14,300 (c) 15,000 (d) 14,400
9. The equivalent of 44 in Roman numeral is:
(a) XXXXIV (b) XLIIII (c) XLIV (d) IVIV
10. The smallest natural number which on rounding off to the nearest hundreds gives 400 is:
(a) 399 (b) 401 (c) 449 (d) 350
11. The sum of place value of all the digits of the number 6,001 is:
(a) 7 (b) 61 (c) 6,001 (d) 6,000
12. While adding two four-digit numbers the closest estimate will be obtained by rounding each
number to the nearest:
(a) ones (b) tens (c) hundreds (d) thousands
MFN1AL MA1H5
True or False
1. The place value of a digit is independent of whether the number is written in Indian system or
International system of numeration.
2. In Roman numerals, the digits do not have any place value.
3. In the Roman numeral system, the symbol VC represents the number 95.
4. In International system of numeration, a number having more number of digits is always
greater than the number having less number of digits.
5. For the Hindu-Arabic numeral 15, the corresponding Roman number can also be written as VVV.
6. Rounding off each number to the nearest tens before performing the required operation gives
more accurate estimate than rounding off each number to the nearest hundreds or thousands.
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Fill in the Blanks
1. A single digit or group of digits denoting a number is called a _____________.
2. The face value of digit 3 in the number 3,284 is _____________.
3. The place value of digit 7 in the number 6,721 is _____________.
4. In Roman numerals, X can be subtracted from _____________ and _____________ only.
5. The estimate of the number 764 when rounded off to nearest hundreds is _____________.
6. A number greater than or equal to 500 and less than 1500 on rounding off to nearest thousands
gives _____________.
Answer Orally
1. Which digit in the number 1,234 has the highest face value?
2. Which digit in the number 1,234 has the highest place value?
3. How many kilograms are there in 1 quintal?
4. How many centimetres are there in 1 km?
5. What is Hindu-Arabic numeral system?
6. How many distinct symbols (numerals) are there in the Roman numeral system?
7. Which symbol is used to represent 10,000 in the Roman numeral?
8. What number is obtained on rounding off 6,292 to the nearest hundreds?
9. What is a palindromic number?
LF1'5 FVALUA1F
1. Write the numerals for each of the following:
(a) Sixteen crore forty lakh ten thousand two hundred forty-nine
(b) Seven crore two lakh eighty-seven
2. Write number names for (a) 7,23,56,708 (b) 27,57,002
3. Write each in expanded form: (a) 5,35,23,981 (b) 34,49,28,876
4. Find the difference between the place values of two 7s in 78,65,49,756.
5. How many five-digit numbers are there in all?
6. Arrange the following numbers in ascending as well as descending order:
4,75,63,892; 56,45,389; 3,27,896; 5,64,585 and 45,87,692.
7. The population of a city in the year 2002 was 2,45,67,890. In the year 2007, population rose
to 2,45,69,923. What was the increase in population?
8. The construction cost of 18 duplex houses constructed by a builder is < 4,56,24,564. What is
the cost of one such duplex house?
9. A student multiplied 7,236 by 75 instead of multiplying by 57. By how much was his answer
greater than the correct answer?
10. A vessel has 5 L, 500 mL of ice cream. How many ice cream cups, each of 50 mL capacity, can
be filled?
11. Express each of the following as a Hindu-Arabic numeral:
(a) XXXII (b) XCV (c) DCCLXIV (d) CCXX
(e) MVI (f) LXXXIV
12. Estimate and compare with the actual sum: (a) 760 + 683 (b) 9,864 + 2,349
13. Estimate the product of 367 540 by rounding off each number to its nearest hundreds.
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14. Find the estimated quotient for 473 19.
15. Express the following numbers as Roman numerals:
(a) 446 (b) 341 (c) 66 (d) 227 (e) 49 (f) 999
H|CHLR ORDLR 1H|NK|NC 5K|LL5
1. Write the greatest four-digit number using 2 different digits.
2. The place value of which digit is always equal to its face value irrespective of its position?
3. Find the difference between the greatest and the smallest numbers each of which on rounding
off gives 5,400.
4. After some decades, Indias population according to a survey will be 1,329,854,134. Write this
number in words according to:
(a) International system of numeration (b) Indian system
5. Find the difference between the largest and the smallest four-digit numbers formed by the
digits 0, 2, 5 and 7.
6. The distance between two towns is 36 km 500 m. A bus makes 8 rounds between the two towns
in a day. How much distance will it cover in a week?
Group Activity
Make the Greatest Number
Objective: To learn about place value of digits
Material required: Flash cards numbered 0 to 9
Directions: Try to build the greatest number
The students of the class are divided into groups of 10 each. Each student of the group is
assigned a digit from 0 to 9, whose flash card they can hold.
Ten slips of paper with digits 0 to 9 written on them are folded and put in a box.
The teacher draws a slip and reads the digit. The digit called once is not repeated.
Students from each group holding the flash card bearing the digit called take positions of
their choice marked U (unit), T (ten), H (hundred), Th (thousand), T.Th (ten thousand) on the
floor designated for their group.
Group I Group II Group III
The procedure is repeated till all the five slots are occupied by the students. The positions
once taken cannot be changed or interchanged with others.
Result
The group with the greatest number formed wins the game and the one with the second
highest number comes second. The group with next number in descending order is third and
so on. The group with the smallest number comes last.
Note: The game can be played for few more rounds.
T.Th Th H T U T.Th Th H T U T.Th Th H T U