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JPR 01

The document discusses static members in Java including static variables and methods. It provides examples of using static members by defining a MyWork class with static variables and methods that are accessed without creating an object. It also contains examples demonstrating call by value vs call by reference and using recursion to calculate factorials. Finally, it shows an example of an inner class defined within an outer class.

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126 views

JPR 01

The document discusses static members in Java including static variables and methods. It provides examples of using static members by defining a MyWork class with static variables and methods that are accessed without creating an object. It also contains examples demonstrating call by value vs call by reference and using recursion to calculate factorials. Finally, it shows an example of an inner class defined within an outer class.

Uploaded by

api-3728136
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.

10 Static Members

static int cal;


static float min = 1;
static void display(int x)

• They can only call other static methods.


• They must only access static data.
• They cannot refer to this or super in any way. (The keyword super relates to
inheritance and is described in the next topic).

//Demonstration of static members


class MyWork
{
static int x = 10;
static int count = 1;
static void display()
{
System.out.println("Static has initialized...");
}
static void increment()
{
System.out.println("Function call : "+count);
count++;
}
}
class StaticMember
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
MyWork.display(); //statement1
System.out.print("Value of x: ");
System.out.println(MyWork.x); //statement2
MyWork.increment(); //statement3
MyWork.increment(); //statement4
MyWork.increment(); //statement5
}
}
Program 2.9 Program using static variables and methods

// Call by value.
class Test
{
void meth(int i, int j)
{
i++;
j++;
}
}
class CallByValue
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Test ob = new Test();
int a = 22, b = 93;
System.out.print("a and b before call: ");
System.out.println(a + " " + b);

ob.meth(a, b);

System.out.print("a and b after call: ");


System.out.println(a + " " + b);
}
}
Program 2.10 Example of Call by Value

// Objects are passed by reference.


class Test
{
int a, b;

void meth(Test o)
{
o.a++;
o.b++;
}
}
class CallByRef
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Test ob = new Test();

ob.a = 22;
ob.b = 93;
System.out.println("ob.a and ob.b before call: " +
ob.a + " " + ob.b);

ob.meth(ob);

System.out.println("ob.a and ob.b after call: " +


ob.a + " " + ob.b);
}
}
Program 2.11 Example of Call by Reference

//A method returning object


class Square
{
int n;
Square(int x)
{
n = x;
}
Square change()
{
Square temp = new Square(n);
temp.n = temp.n * temp.n;
return(temp);
}
}
class ReturnObject
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Square s = new Square(8);
Square t;
t = s.change();
System.out.println("Square of 8 is: "+t.n);
}
}
Program 2.12 Method which returns object

//Finding factorial using recursion


class Factorial
{
int fact(int n)
{
if(n==1)
return 1; //statement1
else
return(n*fact(n-1));
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Factorial f = new Factorial();
System.out.print("Factorial of 4:");
System.out.println(f.fact(4));
System.out.print("Factorial of 5:");
System.out.println(f.fact(5));
System.out.print("Factorial of 6:");
System.out.println(f.fact(6));
}
}
Program 2.13 Calculating factorial using recursion

Nested and inner classes

// Demonstration of an inner class.


class Outer //Outer class
{
int out_x;
Outer(int x)
{
out_x = x;
}
void test()
{
Inner inner = new Inner();
inner.display();
}

class Inner //Inner class


{
void display()
{
System.out.print("Value: out_x =");
System.out.println(out_x);
}
}
}
class InnerClass
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Outer outer = new Outer(15);
outer.test();
}
}
Program 2.15 Inner and Outer class demo

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