A matrix is a collection of numbers, variables or functions arranged in rows and columns that can be manipulated as a single entity according to mathematical rules. The document defines several types of matrices including square, rectangular, column, row, unit, zero and diagonal matrices. It also discusses matrix operations such as addition, subtraction and multiplication by a scalar. Key concepts are the order of a matrix, its principal diagonal, trace and rank.
A matrix is a collection of numbers, variables or functions arranged in rows and columns that can be manipulated as a single entity according to mathematical rules. The document defines several types of matrices including square, rectangular, column, row, unit, zero and diagonal matrices. It also discusses matrix operations such as addition, subtraction and multiplication by a scalar. Key concepts are the order of a matrix, its principal diagonal, trace and rank.
collection of information stored or arranged in an orderly fashion. The mathematical concept of a matrix refers to a set of numbers, variables or functions ordered in rows and columns. Such a set then can be defined as a distinct entity, the matrix, and it can be manipulated as a whole according to some basic mathematical rules.
A matrix with 9 elements is shown below.
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == =
= == = 8 1 9 6 4 7 2 5 3 A 33 32 31 23 22 21 13 12 11 a a a a a a a a a
Matrix [A] has 3 rows and 3 columns. Each element of matrix [A] can be referred to by its row and column number. For example,
6 23 = == = a
A computer monitor with 800 horizontal pixels and 600 vertical pixels can be viewed as a matrix of 600 rows and 800 columns. In order to create an image, each pixel is filled with an appropriate colour. ORDER OF A MATRIX The order of a matrix is defined in terms of its number of rows and columns.
Order of a matrix = No. of rows
No. of columns
Matrix [A], therefore, is a matrix of order 3
3.
COLUMN MATRIX A matrix with only one column is called a column matrix or column vector.
3 6 4
ROW MATRIX A matrix with only one row is called a row matrix or row vector. [ [[ [ ] ]] ] 6 5 3
SQUARE MATRIX A matrix having the same number of rows and columns is called a square matrix.
9 4 2 4 3 5 7 4 2
RECTANGULAR MATRIX A matrix having unequal number of rows and columns is called a rectangular matrix.
13 1 4 5 8 2 9 2 1 7 3 5
REAL MATRIX A matrix with all real elements is called a real matrix PRINCIPAL DIAGONAL and TRACE OF A MATRIX
In a square matrix, the diagonal containing the elements a 11 , a 22 , a 33 , a 44 , , a nn is called the principal or main diagonal.
The sum of all elements in the principal diagonal is called the trace of the matrix.
The principal diagonal of the matrix
9 4 2 4 3 5 7 4 2
is indicated by the dashed box. The trace of the matrix is 2 + 3 + 9 = 14.
UNIT MATRIX A square matrix in which all elements of the principal diagonal are equal to 1 while all other elements are zero is called the unit matrix.
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
ZERO or NULL MATRIX
A matrix whose elements are all equal to zero is called the null or zero matrix.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
DIAGONAL MATRIX If all elements except the elements of the principal diagonal of a square matrix are zero, the matrix is called a diagonal matrix.
9 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2
RANK OF A MATRIX The maximum number of linearly independent rows of a matrix [A] is called the rank of [A] and is denoted by Rank [A]. For a system of linear equations, a unique solution exists if the number of independent equations is at least equal to the number of unknowns. In the following system of linear equations
2x - 4y + 5z = 36 (1) - 3x + 5y + 7z = 7 (2) 5x + 3y - 8z = - 31 (3) all three equations are linearly independent. Therefor, if we form the augmented matrix [A] for the system where [ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 31 8 3 5 7 7 5 3 36 5 4 2 A
the rank of [A] will be 3.
Consider the following linear systems with 2 independent equations.
In the above set, Eqn. (3) can be generated by adding Eqn. (1) to Eqn. (2). Therefore, Eqn. (3) is a dependent equation. Therefor, if we form the augmented matrix [A] for the system where [ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 43 12 1 1 7 7 5 3 36 5 4 2 A
the rank of [A] will be 2. MATRIX OPERATIONS
Equality of Matrices Two matrices are equal if all corresponding elements are equal.
[A] = [B] if ij ij b a = == = for all i and j
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 8 7 3 1 5 9 3 4 2 A
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 8 7 3 1 5 9 3 4 2 B
Addition and Subtraction Two matrices can be added (subtracted) by adding (subtracting) the corresponding elements of the two matrices.
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] A B B A C + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == =
ij ij ij b a c + ++ + = == =
Matrices [A], [B] and [C] must have the same order.
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 33 32 31 23 22 21 13 12 11 A a a a a a a a a a
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 33 32 31 23 22 21 13 12 11 B b b b b b b b b b
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == = 33 33 32 32 31 31 23 23 22 22 21 21 13 13 12 12 11 11 C b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a
Multiplication by a scalar If a matrix is multiplied by a scalar k, each element of the matrix is multiplied by k.
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 33 32 31 23 22 21 13 12 11 A ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka k
Matrix multiplication
Two matrices can be multiplied together provided they are compatible with respect to their orders. The number of columns in the first matrix [A] must be equal to the number of rows in the second matrix [B]. The resulting matrix [C] will have the same number of rows as [A] and the same number of columns as [B]. [ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 23 22 21 13 12 11 A a a a a a a
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 32 31 22 21 12 11 b b b b b b B
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ][ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = = == = 32 31 22 21 12 11 23 22 21 13 12 11 B A C b b b b b b a a a a a a
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == = 32 23 22 22 12 21 31 23 21 22 11 21 32 13 22 12 12 11 31 13 21 12 11 11 C b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a
= == = = == = m k kj ik ij b a c 1
where m is the number of columns in [A] and also the number of rows in [B]. Example: [ [[ [ ] ]] ]
Transpose of a Matrix The transpose [ [[ [ ] ]] ] T A of an n m matrix [ [[ [ ] ]] ] A is the m n matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of [ [[ [ ] ]] ] A . [ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == =
= == = 6 9 2 7 1 3 2 5 4 A 33 32 31 23 22 21 13 12 11 a a a a a a a a a [ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == =
= == = 6 7 2 9 1 5 2 3 4 A 33 23 13 32 22 12 31 21 11 T a a a a a a a a a
Transpose of a sum [ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] ( (( ( ) )) ) [ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] T T T B A B A + ++ + = == = + ++ +
Transpose of a product [ [[ [ ] ]] ][ [[ [ ] ]] ] ( (( ( ) )) ) [ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] T T T A B B A = == =
Numerical example of the product rule [ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 1 5 4 0 3 2 A
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 3 5 1 2 1 0 3 4 B
[ [[ [ ] ]] ][ [[ [ ] ]] ] ( (( ( ) )) )
= == = 8 12 11 5 20 15 16 4 9 22 8 14 B A T
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] ? A B T T = == =
Symmetric Matrices A matrix [ [[ [ ] ]] ] A is said to be symmetric if ji ij a a = == = for all i and j. [ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] T A A = == =
Example:
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 0 7 2 7 5 3 2 3 4 A
DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX
Why determinants? In some forms of solutions for systems of linear equations, determinants appear as denominators in a routine manner.
In a system with 3 unknowns, the determinant may appear in the solution in the following way. D D z D D y D D x z y x = == = = == = = == =
33 32 31 23 22 21 13 12 11 a a a a a a a a a D = == =
33 32 31 23 22 21 13 12 11 a a a a a a a a a D = == =
33 32 31 23 22 21 13 12 11 a a a a a a a a a D = == =
33 32 31 23 22 21 13 12 11 a a a a a a a a a D = == =
23 22 13 12 31 33 32 13 12 21 33 32 23 22 11 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a + ++ + = == =
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) 22 13 23 12 31 32 13 33 12 21 32 23 33 22 11 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a + ++ + = == =
1. The value of a determinant is not altered if its rows are written as columns in the same order. 5 1 4 0 2 1 7 6 3 5 0 7 1 2 6 4 1 3
= == =
2. If any two rows ( or two columns) of a determinant are interchanged, the value of the determinant is multiplied by 1. 5 0 7 4 1 3 1 2 6 5 0 7 1 2 6 4 1 3
= == =
3. A common factor of all elements of any row ( or column) can be placed before the determinant. 3 3 1 2 1 5 1 2 3 4 3 3 4 1 2 1 4 5 1 2 4 3 3 12 1 2 4 5 1 8 3
= == =
= == =
4. If the corresponding elements of two rows ( or columns) of a determinant are proportional, the value of the determinant is zero. 0 8 7 2 10 4 6 5 2 3 = == =
Meaning: Row 2 ( Row 1) is linearly dependent on Row 1 ( Row 2). Therefore, the linear system with three unknowns does not have a unique solution. 5. The value of a determinant remains unaltered if the elements of one row (or column) are altered by adding to them any constant multiple of the corresponding elements in any other row ( or column).
5 0 7 1 2 6 1 2 4 2 2 1 6 2 3 5 0 7 1 2 6 4 1 3
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
6. If each element of a row ( or a column) of a determinant can be expressed as a sum of two, the determinant can be written as the sum of two determinants. 5 0 2 5 1 2 3 3 4 1 4 1 5 0 7 1 2 6 4 1 3 + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
5 0 2 1 2 3 4 1 4 5 0 5 1 2 3 4 1 1
+ ++ +
= == =
= - 49 7. Determinant of a product of matrices [ [[ [ ] ]] ][ [[ [ ] ]] ] ( (( ( ) )) ) [ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] B A B A D D D = == =
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 1 2 4 3 1 1 4 3 2 A
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 4 1 3 5 6 4 3 2 1 B
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ][ [[ [ ] ]] ] B A C = == =
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 26 3 15 10 11 6 37 10 26 C
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ][ [[ [ ] ]] ] ( (( ( ) )) ) 1505 B A C = == = = == = D D
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] 35 B and 43 A = == = = == = D D
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] 1505 35 43 B A = == = = == = D D
Download War and Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust (Critical Issues in World and International History) 3rd Edition, (Ebook PDF) ebook All Chapters PDF
Download War and Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust (Critical Issues in World and International History) 3rd Edition, (Ebook PDF) ebook All Chapters PDF