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Matrices Basic Concepts

A matrix is a collection of numbers, variables or functions arranged in rows and columns that can be manipulated as a single entity according to mathematical rules. The document defines several types of matrices including square, rectangular, column, row, unit, zero and diagonal matrices. It also discusses matrix operations such as addition, subtraction and multiplication by a scalar. Key concepts are the order of a matrix, its principal diagonal, trace and rank.

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Aitazaz Ahsan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
651 views

Matrices Basic Concepts

A matrix is a collection of numbers, variables or functions arranged in rows and columns that can be manipulated as a single entity according to mathematical rules. The document defines several types of matrices including square, rectangular, column, row, unit, zero and diagonal matrices. It also discusses matrix operations such as addition, subtraction and multiplication by a scalar. Key concepts are the order of a matrix, its principal diagonal, trace and rank.

Uploaded by

Aitazaz Ahsan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATRICES: BASIC CONCEPTS

A matrix, in general sense, represents a


collection of information stored or arranged
in an orderly fashion. The mathematical
concept of a matrix refers to a set of numbers,
variables or functions ordered in rows and
columns. Such a set then can be defined as a
distinct entity, the matrix, and it can be
manipulated as a whole according to some
basic mathematical rules.

A matrix with 9 elements is shown below.

[ [[ [ ] ]] ]










= == =










= == =
8 1 9
6 4 7
2 5 3
A
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
a a a


Matrix [A] has 3 rows and 3 columns. Each
element of matrix [A] can be referred to by its
row and column number. For example,

6
23
= == = a

A computer monitor with 800 horizontal
pixels and 600 vertical pixels can be viewed as
a matrix of 600 rows and 800 columns.
In order to create an image, each pixel is
filled with an appropriate colour.
ORDER OF A MATRIX
The order of a matrix is defined in terms of
its number of rows and columns.

Order of a matrix = No. of rows

No. of
columns

Matrix [A], therefore, is a matrix of order 3

3.

COLUMN MATRIX
A matrix with only one column is called a
column matrix or column vector.










3
6
4


ROW MATRIX
A matrix with only one row is called a row
matrix or row vector.
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] 6 5 3

SQUARE MATRIX
A matrix having the same number of rows
and columns is called a square matrix.












9 4 2
4 3 5
7 4 2

RECTANGULAR MATRIX
A matrix having unequal number of rows and
columns is called a rectangular matrix.












13 1 4 5
8 2 9 2
1 7 3 5


REAL MATRIX
A matrix with all real elements is called a real
matrix
PRINCIPAL DIAGONAL and TRACE
OF A MATRIX

In a square matrix, the diagonal containing
the elements a
11
, a
22
, a
33
, a
44
, , a
nn
is called
the principal or main diagonal.

The sum of all elements in the principal
diagonal is called the trace of the matrix.

The principal diagonal of the matrix












9 4 2
4 3 5
7 4 2

is indicated by the dashed box. The trace of
the matrix is 2 + 3 + 9 = 14.

UNIT MATRIX
A square matrix in which all elements of the
principal diagonal are equal to 1 while all
other elements are zero is called the unit
matrix.











1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1


ZERO or NULL MATRIX

A matrix whose elements are all equal to zero
is called the null or zero matrix.










0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0

DIAGONAL MATRIX
If all elements except the elements of the
principal diagonal of a square matrix are
zero, the matrix is called a diagonal matrix.










9 0 0
0 3 0
0 0 2

RANK OF A MATRIX
The maximum number of linearly
independent rows of a matrix [A] is called
the rank of [A] and is denoted by
Rank [A].
For a system of linear equations, a unique
solution exists if the number of independent
equations is at least equal to the number of
unknowns.
In the following system of linear equations

2x - 4y + 5z = 36 (1)
- 3x + 5y + 7z = 7 (2)
5x + 3y - 8z = - 31 (3)
all three equations are linearly independent.
Therefor, if we form the augmented matrix
[A] for the system where
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]













= == =
31 8 3 5
7 7 5 3
36 5 4 2
A

the rank of [A] will be 3.

Consider the following linear systems with 2
independent equations.

2x - 4y + 5z = 36 (1)
- 3x + 5y + 7z = 7 (2)
- x + y + 12z = 43 (3)

In the above set, Eqn. (3) can be generated by
adding Eqn. (1) to Eqn. (2). Therefore, Eqn.
(3) is a dependent equation.
Therefor, if we form the augmented matrix
[A] for the system where
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]













= == =
43 12 1 1
7 7 5 3
36 5 4 2
A

the rank of [A] will be 2.
MATRIX OPERATIONS

Equality of Matrices
Two matrices are equal if all corresponding
elements are equal.

[A] = [B] if
ij ij
b a = == =
for all i and j

[ [[ [ ] ]] ]










= == =
8 7 3
1 5 9
3 4 2
A

[ [[ [ ] ]] ]










= == =
8 7 3
1 5 9
3 4 2
B


Addition and Subtraction
Two matrices can be added (subtracted) by
adding (subtracting) the corresponding
elements of the two matrices.

[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] A B B A C + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == =


ij ij ij
b a c + ++ + = == =

Matrices [A], [B] and [C] must have the same
order.

[ [[ [ ] ]] ]










= == =
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
A
a a a
a a a
a a a


[ [[ [ ] ]] ]










= == =
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
B
b b b
b b b
b b b


[ [[ [ ] ]] ]










+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
= == =
33 33 32 32 31 31
23 23 22 22 21 21
13 13 12 12 11 11
C
b a b a b a
b a b a b a
b a b a b a


Multiplication by a scalar
If a matrix is multiplied by a scalar k, each
element of the matrix is multiplied by k.

[ [[ [ ] ]] ]










= == =
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
A
ka ka ka
ka ka ka
ka ka ka
k


Matrix multiplication

Two matrices can be multiplied together
provided they are compatible with respect to
their orders. The number of columns in the
first matrix [A] must be equal to the number
of rows in the second matrix [B]. The
resulting matrix [C] will have the same
number of rows as [A] and the same number
of columns as [B].
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]






= == =
23 22 21
13 12 11
A
a a a
a a a

[ [[ [ ] ]] ]










= == =
32 31
22 21
12 11
b b
b b
b b
B


[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ][ [[ [ ] ]] ]
















= == = = == =
32 31
22 21
12 11
23 22 21
13 12 11
B A C
b b
b b
b b
a a a
a a a

[ [[ [ ] ]] ]






+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
= == =
32 23 22 22 12 21 31 23 21 22 11 21
32 13 22 12 12 11 31 13 21 12 11 11
C
b a b a b a b a b a b a
b a b a b a b a b a b a


= == =
= == =
m
k
kj ik ij
b a c
1

where m is the number of columns in [A] and
also the number of rows in [B].
Example:
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]






= == =
4 7 5
1 3 2
A

[ [[ [ ] ]] ]










= == =
6 5
4 1
3 2
B

[ [[ [ ] ]] ]






+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
= == =
6 4 4 7 3 5 5 4 1 7 2 5
6 1 4 3 3 2 5 1 1 3 2 2
C

[ [[ [ ] ]] ]






= == =
67 37
24 12
C

Try the following multiplication:
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]











= == =
5 2 4
2 3 1
4 1 2
A

[ [[ [ ] ]] ]










= == =
1 5
2 1
3 4
B


[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ][ [[ [ ] ]] ]










= == = = == =
13 39
11 17
12 29
B A C

Transpose of a Matrix
The transpose
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
T
A
of an n m matrix
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] A
is
the m n matrix obtained by interchanging
the rows and columns of
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] A
.
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]










= == =










= == =
6 9 2
7 1 3
2 5 4
A
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
a a a
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]











= == =










= == =
6 7 2
9 1 5
2 3 4
A
33 23 13
32 22 12
31 21 11
T
a a a
a a a
a a a

Transpose of a sum
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] ( (( ( ) )) ) [ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ]
T T
T
B A B A + ++ + = == = + ++ +

Transpose of a product
[ [[ [ ] ]] ][ [[ [ ] ]] ] ( (( ( ) )) ) [ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ]
T T
T
A B B A = == =


Numerical example of the product rule
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]










= == =
1 5
4 0
3 2
A

[ [[ [ ] ]] ]






= == =
3 5 1 2
1 0 3 4
B

[ [[ [ ] ]] ][ [[ [ ] ]] ] ( (( ( ) )) )












= == =
8 12 11
5 20 15
16 4 9
22 8 14
B A
T

[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] ? A B
T T
= == =

Symmetric Matrices
A matrix
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] A
is said to be symmetric if
ji ij
a a = == =
for all i and j.
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ]
T
A A = == =

Example:

[ [[ [ ] ]] ]










= == =
0 7 2
7 5 3
2 3 4
A

DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX

Why determinants?
In some forms of solutions for systems of
linear equations, determinants appear as
denominators in a routine manner.

In a system with 3 unknowns, the
determinant may appear in the solution in the
following way.
D
D
z
D
D
y
D
D
x
z
y
x
= == = = == = = == =

33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
a a a
D = == =

33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
a a a
D = == =

33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
a a a
D = == =

33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
a a a
D = == =

23 22
13 12
31
33 32
13 12
21
33 32
23 22
11
a a
a a
a
a a
a a
a
a a
a a
a + ++ + = == =

( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
22 13 23 12 31
32 13 33 12 21 32 23 33 22 11
a a a a a
a a a a a a a a a a
+ ++ +
= == =

6 5 3
2 4 1
4 3 2
D

= == =

2 4
4 3
3
6 5
4 3
1
6 5
2 4
2


+ ++ +



= == =

( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
76 30 38 68
4 4 2 3 3 5 4 6 3 1 5 2 6 4 2
= == = + ++ + = == =
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =

Find the determinant:
5 0 7
1 2 6
4 1 3

= == = D

Important Properties of Determinants

1. The value of a determinant is not altered if
its rows are written as columns in the same
order.
5 1 4
0 2 1
7 6 3
5 0 7
1 2 6
4 1 3

= == =


2. If any two rows ( or two columns) of a
determinant are interchanged, the
value of the determinant is multiplied
by 1.
5 0 7
4 1 3
1 2 6
5 0 7
1 2 6
4 1 3

= == =


3. A common factor of all elements of any row
( or column) can be placed before the
determinant.
3 3 1
2 1 5
1 2 3
4
3 3 4 1
2 1 4 5
1 2 4 3
3 12 1
2 4 5
1 8 3

= == =



= == =


4. If the corresponding elements of two rows (
or columns) of a determinant are
proportional, the value of the determinant
is zero.
0
8 7 2
10 4 6
5 2 3
= == =

Meaning: Row 2 ( Row 1) is linearly
dependent on Row 1 ( Row 2). Therefore,
the linear system with three unknowns does
not have a unique solution.
5. The value of a determinant remains
unaltered if the elements of one row (or
column) are altered by adding to them any
constant multiple of the corresponding
elements in any other row ( or column).

5 0 7
1 2 6
1 2 4 2 2 1 6 2 3
5 0 7
1 2 6
4 1 3

+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
= == =


6. If each element of a row ( or a column) of a
determinant can be expressed as a sum of
two, the determinant can be written as the
sum of two determinants.
5 0 2 5
1 2 3 3
4 1 4 1
5 0 7
1 2 6
4 1 3
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
= == =


5 0 2
1 2 3
4 1 4
5 0 5
1 2 3
4 1 1

+ ++ +


= == =

= - 49
7. Determinant of a product of matrices
[ [[ [ ] ]] ][ [[ [ ] ]] ] ( (( ( ) )) ) [ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] B A B A D D D = == =

[ [[ [ ] ]] ]










= == =
1 2 4
3 1 1
4 3 2
A

[ [[ [ ] ]] ]










= == =
4 1 3
5 6 4
3 2 1
B


[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ][ [[ [ ] ]] ] B A C = == =

[ [[ [ ] ]] ]












= == =
26 3 15
10 11 6
37 10 26
C


[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ][ [[ [ ] ]] ] ( (( ( ) )) ) 1505 B A C = == = = == = D D

[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] 35 B and 43 A = == = = == = D D

[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] 1505 35 43 B A = == = = == = D D

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