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Format Modal Analysis: M - X - (T) CX - (T) KX (T) F (T)

This document defines key terms related to modal analysis and describes the properties of a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) mechanical system. It states that an SDOF system is characterized by an equation relating the mass, damping, stiffness, and applied force. The transfer function for an SDOF system is the inverse of its dynamic stiffness. While few real structures are perfectly SDOF, understanding SDOF properties is important because more complex systems can be modeled as combinations of SDOF characteristics.

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23 views

Format Modal Analysis: M - X - (T) CX - (T) KX (T) F (T)

This document defines key terms related to modal analysis and describes the properties of a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) mechanical system. It states that an SDOF system is characterized by an equation relating the mass, damping, stiffness, and applied force. The transfer function for an SDOF system is the inverse of its dynamic stiffness. While few real structures are perfectly SDOF, understanding SDOF properties is important because more complex systems can be modeled as combinations of SDOF characteristics.

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shabadinaga
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODAL ANALYSIS
Glossary
DOF: Degree of freedom.
FRF: Frequency response function.
GTLS: Generalized total least squares.
IQML: Iterative quadratic maximum likelihood.
IRF: Impulse response function.
LS: Least squares.
LSCE: Least squares complex exponential.
MDOF: Multiple-degree-of-freedom.
ML: Maximum likelihood.
MIMO: Multiple-input-multiple-output
SDOF: Single-degree-of-freedom.
SISO: Single-input-single-output.
TLS: Total least squares.
Single Degree of Freedom
A single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system (see Figure 4 where the mass m can only move
along
the vertical x-axis) is described by the following equation
m_x_(t) + cx_(t) + kx(t) = f (t) (1)
with m the mass, c the damping coefficient, and k the stiffness. This equation states that the
sum of
all forces acting on the mass m should be equal to zero with f (t) an externally applied force,
m_x_(t) the inertial force, cx_(t) the (viscous) damping force, and kx(t) the restoring
force. The
variable x(t) stands for the position of the mass m with respect to its equilibrium point, i.e. the
position of the mass when f (t) 0 . Transforming (1) to the Laplace domain (assuming zero
initial
conditions) yields
Z(s)X (s) = F(s) (2)
with Z(s) the dynamic stiffness
Z(s) = ms2 + cs + k (3)
The transfer function H(s) between displacement and force, X (s) = H(s)F(s) , equals the
inverse
of the dynamic stiffness
ms cs k
H s
+ +
= 2
1
( ) (4)
Figure 4: SDOF system.
The roots of the denominator of the transfer function, i.e. d(s) = ms2 + cs + k , are the poles of
the
system. In mechanical structures, the damping coefficient c is usually very small resulting in
a
complex conjugate pole pair
d = o ie (5)
with e 2t d d f = the damped natural frequency,
e 2t n n f = the (undamped) natural frequency where e = k m = n , and
, = e =o n c 2m the damping ratio ( = 1, 2 d n f f ).
If, for instance, a mass Am is added to the original mass m of the structure, its natural
frequency
decreases to k (m m) n e = + A . If c = 0 , the system is not damped and the poles becomes
purely
imaginary, n = ie .
The Frequency Response Function (FRF), denoted by H(e ) , is obtain by replacing the
Laplace
variable s in (4) by e i resulting in
e e e e
e
m c k k m c
H
( ) i
1
i
1
( ) 2 2 +
=
+ +
= (6)
Clearly, if c = 0 , then H(e ) goes to infinity for k m n e e = (see Figure 4).
Although very few practical structures could realistically be modeled by a single-degree-of-
freedom
(SDOF) system, the properties of such a system are important because those of a more
complex
multiple-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) system can always be represented as the linear
superposition
of a number of SDOF characteristics (when the system is linear time-invariant).

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