Day 1

Module I

Introduction to Right to Information

Chapter 1
Evolution of Freedom of Information / Right to
Information:
An International Perspective
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Chapter Scheme

† List of Abbreviations / Acronyms.

† RTI – A Worldwide Occurrence.

† FoI / RTI in International Covenants.

† RTI and Good Governance.

† References on the Web.

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List of Abbreviations / Acronyms

United Nations
FoI Freedom of Information UNESCO Educational Scientific
and Cultural
Organisation
International Covenant UNGA United Nations General
ICCPR on Civil and Political Assembly
Rights
RTI Right to Information USA United States of America
UN United Nations - --

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RTI a Worldwide Occurrence…
† Legislations granting or facilitating ‘Freedom of
Information’ (FoI) or Right to Information (RTI)
are a fairly worldwide phenomenon today.

† As on date, over 85 countries have enacted

and are implementing such legislation(s) in
some form or the other.

† Many countries provide constitutional

guarantees for FoI / RTI. In some countries,
specific legislations further enable the exercise
of this right.
4
Contd.
RTI a Worldwide Occurrence...........II
† Such laws also referred to as “open-government-
laws” / “sunshine laws” ensure that prospective
requesters of information have access to it in a
simple, cost-effective and time-bound manner.

† Such access is provided as a matter of right.

Governments are made duty-bound to facilitate it.

† Information, thus, made accessible / available to

people is believed to, legitimately, be known by
them to make democratic functioning meaningful.

5
Contd.
RTI a Worldwide Occurrence….…...III
† Many countries like the United States of America
(USA), Canada and Australia, have laws
governing access to public documents at regional
(provincial) level in addition to having a law at
national / federal level.

† In many countries, privacy or data protection

laws are part of the FoI legislation / regime as
these concepts are believed to be closely tied
together.

6
Contd.
RTI a Worldwide Occurrence….…....IV
† A basic principle behind most FoI / RTI laws is
that the burden of proof falls on the body to
which information is asked, not the person asking
for it.

Thus, requesters do not usually have to give an

explanation for their request.
Moreover, if the information is not disclosed, a
valid reason has to be given.
This is also the case under the Indian ‘RTI Act,
2005’.

7
Contd.
RTI a Worldwide Occurrence……….....V
† FoI / RTI is expected to lead to an informed
citizenry and transparency of information, which
are vital to the functioning of a democracy.

It is also expected to contain corruption and

enable holding Governments and their
instrumentalities accountable to the governed.

8
Contd.
RTI a Worldwide Occurrence…..…...VI
Chronology of Some National FoI Legislations in the World

‰ Sweden 1766

‰ Colombia 1888

‰ Finland 1951

‰ United States of America 1966

‰ Denmark, Norway 1970

‰ France 1978

‰ Australia, New Zealand 1982

‰ Canada 1983

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FoI / RTI in International
Covenants…
† The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), in
its very first session in 1946, adopted Resolution
59 (I), which states:

“Freedom of information is a fundamental

human right and… the touchstone of all the
freedoms to which the United Nations (UN) is
consecrated”.

10
Contd.
FoI / RTI in International
Covenants.......................................................II
† Article 19 of the ‘Universal Declaration of Human
Rights’, a UNGA Resolution 217 (III) A of 1948
recognises Freedom of Expression (FoE) including
FoI and Free Press as a Fundamental Human
Right.

FoE includes the right to seek, receive and

impart information and right to access
information held by public authorities.

11
Contd.
FoI / RTI in International
Covenants ....................................................III
† Article 19 (2) of the ‘International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights’ (ICCPR), a UNGA
Resolution 2200A(XXI) of 1966 states:

“Everyone shall have the right to FoE;

(which) shall include freedom to seek,
receive and impart information and ideas of
all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either
orally, in writing or in print, in the form of
art, or through any other media of his
choice.”

12
Contd.
FoI / RTI in International
Covenants .....................................................IV
† Article I of the UN Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) Declaration on
‘Fundamental Principles concerning Contribution
of Mass Media to Strengthening Peace and
International Understanding, to Promotion of
Human Rights and to Countering Racialism,
Apartheid and Incitement to War’ [1978] states:

“The strengthening of peace and international

understanding, the promotion of human rights
and the countering of racialism, apartheid and
incitement to war demand a free flow and a
wider and better balanced dissemination of
information.”
13
Contd.
FoI / RTI in International
Covenants ......................................................V
† Article II of the UNESCO Declaration states:

“…the exercise of freedom of opinion,

expression and information, recognized as
an integral part of human rights and
fundamental freedoms, is a vital factor in
the strengthening of peace and
international understanding…”

14
Contd.
FoI / RTI in International
Covenants .....................................................VI
† Article 13 of the ‘UN Convention against
Corruption’, adopted by the UNGA on 31
October 2003 identifies:

‘(i) effective access to information for

public;

(ii) undertaking public information activities

contributing to non-tolerance of corruption
(including conducting public education
programmes) and…

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Contd.
FoI / RTI in International
Covenants ...................................................VII

… (iii) respecting, promoting and protecting

the freedom to seek, receive, publish and
disseminate information concerning
corruption…’ as important measures to be
taken by Governments for ensuring the
participation of society in governance’.

16
Contd.
FoI / RTI in International
Covenants ..................................................VIII
† Article 10 of the ‘UN Convention against
Corruption’ states:

“… to combat corruption, each (member

State) shall, in accordance with the
fundamental principles of its domestic law,
take such measures as may be necessary
to enhance transparency in its public
administration, including with regard to its
organization, functioning and decision-
making processes and take (certain)
measures (for adopting procedures /
regulations, simplifying administrative
procedures and publishing information…)”
17
Contd.
FoI / RTI in International
Covenants…....................................................IX
† Principle IV of the Declaration of Principles of
Freedom of Expression in Africa states:

“Public bodies hold information not for

themselves, but as custodians of the public
good and every one has a right to access
this information, subject only to clearly
defined rules established by law”.

18
Contd.
FoI / RTI in International
Covenants ......................................................X
† Principle III of the Recommendations on Access
to Official Documents adopted by the
Committee of Ministers of the Council of
Europe in October 2002 provides:

“Member states should guarantee the right of

everyone to have access, on request, to official
documents held by public authorities. This
principle should apply without discrimination on
any ground, including that of national origin”.

19
Contd.
FoI / RTI in International
Covenants ....................................................XI
† The World Conference on Human Rights, held
in Vienna in 1993 had declared that the Right
to Development adopted by UNGA is a
universal and inalienable right and an integral
part of fundamental human rights.

The declaration recognised that democracy,

development and respect for human rights and
fundamental freedoms are inter- dependent,
and mutually reinforcing. Right to FoE is
regarded as closely linked to Right to
Development.

20
Contd.
FoI / RTI in International
Covenants ...................................................XII
It goes on to say that:
The right to seek, receive and impart
information is not merely a corollary of
freedom of opinion and expression; it is a right
in and of itself.
As such, it is one of the rights upon which free
and democratic societies depend.
It is also a right that gives meaning to the
Right to Participate which has been
acknowledged as fundamental to the
realization of the Right to Development.

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RTI & Good Governance…
† These Covenants aim at making governmental
activity is transparent, fair and open

† These are based on the paradigm that except in

matters concerning the sovereignty and security of
a country, there is no room for secrecy in the
affairs of the Government.

† Every citizen who wishes to obtain any information

with respect to any other matters should be
entitled to receive it.

22
Contd.
RTI & Good Governance.....................II
† Information is crucial for good governance as it
reflects and captures Government activities and
processes.
† It becomes the oxygen of democracy. If people
don’t know of the goings-on in their society, and of
actions of the government, then they can’t take a
meaningful part in societal affairs.
† Access to information promotes openness,
transparency and accountability in administration
and facilitates active participation of people in the
democratic governance process.
23
Contd.
RTI & Good Governance ..................III

† Prof. Amartya Sen has identified five substantive

freedoms as being integral to the concept of
development, namely political freedom, economic
facilities, social opportunities, transparency, and
security.

“Transparency guarantees deal with the need for

openness that people can expect: the freedom to
deal with one another under guarantees of
disclosure and lucidity. When that trust is seriously
violated, the lives of many people - both direct
parties and third parties - may be adversely
affected by the lack of openness.

24
Contd.
RTI & Good Governance ...................IV

Transparency guarantees (including RTI) can thus

be an important means to achieve freedom. These
guarantees are instrumental in preventing
corruption, financial irresponsibility, and
underhand dealings”

Development As Freedom, Amartya Sen, 1999

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References on the Web…......................I
Note:

If you would be interested in perusing FoI / RTI legislations of

various countries, they can be accessed on the web. Relevant
links have been provided on the next slide.

However, knowing about these legislations in great detail is not

important from the point of view this Course.

26
Contd.
References on the Web.................II
[To access any of this resource, copy the link, open a new browser window
and paste it. Do not close the existing window.]

„ www.freedominfo.org
„ http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/1/ares1.htm
„ http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/033/10/IMG/
NR003310.pdf?OpenElement
„ http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml#a19
„ http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm#art19
„ http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-
URL_ID=13176&URL_DO=DO_PRINTPAGE&URL_SECTION=201.html
„ http://untreaty.un.org/english/notpubl/corruption_e.pdf
„ http://www.achpr.org/english/declarations/declaration_freedom_exp
_en.html
„ https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=1377737&Site=CM

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 End of Chapter 1

You must take the Quiz for this Chapter before

proceeding to the next Chapter!

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