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Hydrocarbon Notes

The document discusses hydrocarbons, which are molecules composed exclusively of hydrogen and carbon atoms. Hydrocarbons can contain single, double, or triple bonds between carbon atoms. They are organized into homologous series with prefixes indicating the number of carbon atoms and suffixes for the bond type. Common hydrocarbon groups include alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Structural isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms. Systematic naming of branched hydrocarbons involves identifying the longest carbon chain, side groups, and lowest possible number for carbons in side groups.

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225 views

Hydrocarbon Notes

The document discusses hydrocarbons, which are molecules composed exclusively of hydrogen and carbon atoms. Hydrocarbons can contain single, double, or triple bonds between carbon atoms. They are organized into homologous series with prefixes indicating the number of carbon atoms and suffixes for the bond type. Common hydrocarbon groups include alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Structural isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms. Systematic naming of branched hydrocarbons involves identifying the longest carbon chain, side groups, and lowest possible number for carbons in side groups.

Uploaded by

Mark Anid
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HYDROCARBONS

Hydrocarbons are molecules that are exclusively composed of hydrogen and


carbon atoms. Hydrocarbons can come with single bonds (ane), double bonds
(ene), and triple bonds (yne). All of these groups come as a homologous series,
where the prefix indicates the number of carbon atoms and the suffix indicates
the type of bond.

Number
of carbon
atoms
Prefix
Alkane
C
n
H
2n+2

Alkene
C
n
H
2n

Alkyne
C
n
H
2n-2

1 Meth- Methane CH
4

2 Eth- Ethane C
2
H
6
Ethene C
2
H
4
Ethane C
2
H
2

3 Prop- Propane C
3
H
8
Propene C
3
H
6
Propane C
3
H
4

4 But- Butane C
4
H
10
Butene C
4
H8 Butane C
4
H
6

5 Pent- Pentane C
5
H
12
Pentene C
5
H
10
Pentane C
5
H
8

6 Hex- Hexane C
6
H
14
Hexene C
6
H
12
Hexane C
6
H
10

7 Hept- Heptane C
7
H
16
Heptene C
7
H
14
Heptane C
7
H
12

8 Oct- Octane C
8
H
18
Octene C
8
H
16
Octane C
8
H
14

9 Non- Nonane C
9
H
20
Nonene C
9
H
18
Nonane C
9
H
16

10 Dec- Decane C
10
H
22
Decene C
10
H
20
Decane C
10
H
18




STRUCTURAL FORMULA

C
4
H
10




SEMI STRUCTURAL FORMULA

C
4
H
10

CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3




ISOMERS

Structural isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different
arrangement of their atoms.

C
4
H
10




butane methylpropane


RULES FOR NAMING HYDROCARBONS

The name of the hydrocarbon ends in:
-ane if all carbon carbon bonds are single bonds
-ene if one of the carbon carbon bonds is a double bond
-yne if one of the carbon carbon bonds is a triple bond

In unsaturated (double or triple bonds) bonds the multiple bond is
identified by numbering all carbon atoms so the multiple bond has the
lowest possible number.














ALKYL GROUPS

These are smaller hydrocarbon groups that branch out from the main chain.
Alkyl groups are named according to the number of carbon atoms they contain:

-CH
3
methyl
-CH
2
CH
3
ethyl
-CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
propyl

etc..


SYSTEMATIC NAMING OF BRANCHED HYDROCARBONS

Identify the longest continuous carbon chain
Identify the side group that forms the branch of the chain
Number the carbon atoms from one of the ends of the longest chain so
that the side group is attached to the carbon atom with the smallest
number possible

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