Scribd
Upload
264 views

Thermodynamic Cycles (Power Plant Engineering)

The document discusses different heat cycles used in steam power plants, including the Rankine, reheat, regenerative, and reheat regenerative cycles. The Rankine cycle operates between two constant pressures and is universally adopted. The reheat cycle extracts steam after expansion to reheat it, improving efficiency. The regenerative cycle uses steam bled from the turbine to preheat feedwater, slightly improving efficiency while reducing power output. For pressures over 8.5 N/mm2, reheat is combined with regeneration for greater economy.

Uploaded by

Ravjit Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
264 views

Thermodynamic Cycles (Power Plant Engineering)

The document discusses different heat cycles used in steam power plants, including the Rankine, reheat, regenerative, and reheat regenerative cycles. The Rankine cycle operates between two constant pressures and is universally adopted. The reheat cycle extracts steam after expansion to reheat it, improving efficiency. The regenerative cycle uses steam bled from the turbine to preheat feedwater, slightly improving efficiency while reducing power output. For pressures over 8.5 N/mm2, reheat is combined with regeneration for greater economy.

Uploaded by

Ravjit Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

Chapter

HEAT CYCLES
6.1. GENERAL The function of a heat cycle (power cycle) in a steam power plant is to convert a part of the total heat into work and discard the remaining to the receiver or heat sink. The heat is produced by burning fuel in the boiler furnace and it is converted intci work with the help of a prime-mover (steam turbine). The condenser acts as the heat sink. Now, Amount of heat converted into useful work = Heat added - Heat rejected Now thermal efficiency of the heat cycle

=-= Input
_

Output

Workdone
Heat added

Heat added

Heat rejected

Heat added

...(5.1)
as

It is well-known that the highest thermal efficiency is given by Camot cycle,

\tn

Tr-Tz
y,

where T, and 7, are the temperafure rimge over which the working fluid operates. Now increased temperatures cause more difficulty with the materials of the

plant components than increased pressure. Moreover irreversibility of Carnot cycle cannot be obtained in acfual practice. Due to this, the Rankine cycle, which operates between two constant pressures rather than two constant temperatures, is universally adopted for steam power plants.
6.2. RANKINE CYCLE Fig. 6.1 shows the flow diagram and the total heat-entropy. I, - $, diagrams for the steam power plant working on the Rankine cycle. This cycle can be studied with the help of p - o ant T - $ diagrams shown in Fig. 6.2. We start with point 3 which corresponds to the state when steam, after it has expanded in the turbine, is condensed in the condenser. The condensate is at pressure p, and temperature Tr. (a) Process 3J: The condensate or the feed water is raised to pressure p, by adiabatic compression by the feed water circulating PumP or.feed pump. The temperature of feed water may increase by few degrees. It is represented by tine 3 on T { diagram, the equivalent pump work -3 4 being shown by pz --4 -p1 on p-o diagram.

148

HeatCycles//749

ls

Water circulating pump

>$
Fig. 6.1. Rankine cycle.
Dry

Fig. 6.2 Rankine cycle on p<t and T-g diagrams.

(b) Process 4.-5: The feed water received sensible-heat in the boiler. (c) Process $-1.: More heat in the form of latent heat is given to the feed water in the boiler. The point 1 may be in wet zone, dry safurated zone or superheated zone depending upon the heat supplied by the boiler. Processes 4-5 and 5 * 1 take place at constant pressure. (d) Process 1-2: It is the adiabatic expansion in the steam turbine. (e) Frocess 2-3: It is the condensation process at constant temperature and. constant pressure (isothermal compression). Now workdone = Irt _ Isz Feed pump also is given some input to the water to the boiler. Therefore, net work done will be, New work done = (Isr Pump work - Isz) Heat supplied in boiler - Irr - lon = [Is1 - (kre + Pump work)] Now Irrl, = 10, .'. r11 (Rankine cycle)

'(sr--rsz)-$mpwort - (1s1*ft02)-Pump work

6.3, REHEAT CYCLE


As discussed above there are two reasons for the use of reheat cycle. One is that there is a limit to the degree of superheat due to metallurgical conditions, so that it is not possible to get all superheat in one stage. And secondly, the inevitable effects of higher pressures is that the saturation line is reached earlier during isentropic expansion and most of the turbine stages operate in the relatively undesirable saturated steam region. Due to the impact of particles of suspended

152 /

Power Plant Engineering

water on turbine blades, there will be blade erosion. The safe maximum limit of moisture in the exhaust steam should be of the order of 12 per cent. Therefore, reheating is necessarily practised in high presspre plants. The reheating is accomplished by constructing the turbine so that all of the steam may be extracted at a suitable point, resuperheated in the rehedt boiler and then readmitted to the remaining stages of the turbine for further expansion. Or the superheated steam can be expanded in a high pressure turbine and its exhaust reheated and then er.panded in the low pressure turbine.

Is

.+0
(b)

.Blg. 6.5. Reheat cycle.

Fig. 5.5 (a) and (b) show the flow diagram and I, diagram of the cycle. - S The advantages of the Reheat cycle are: 1. The rlgiq$,{gin the exhaust steam is greatly-redrregd and due to this the -i*uir," erosi6il of tfr utaaeC'ii redtiild' iilihenaousry. 2. The the:ma.l"p,"f,fjqi-e3py.o._f the t1qline is ingr-easq{ by 4 per cent to 5 per cent if the reheat temperature is equal to the initial throttle temperature. 3. C.ondenser.si4e is reduced by 7 per cent to 8 per cent. . 4. The si-29 ,9f the- p.gilgr -is lgdqqgd because the steam flow is reduced by about 15 per cent to 18 per cent. 5. The size of the low Brgssure. turbine rp qed.uc-ed due to reduction in specific volume by about 7 per cent to 8 per cent.

6.4. REGENERATIVE CYCLE In this cycle, the feed water is Pteh""tg{ by means of steam taken from some sections of the turbine, before llEffii-tfre boilers from the condenser. This process of draining steam from the turbine at certain point during its expansion and using this steam for heating the feed water supplied to the boiler, is known as "Bleeding". The effect of this process is to supply the boiler with hotter water while a small amount of work is lost by the turbine. There is a slight increase in efficiency but there is also a decrease in the power developed. The incidental advantages of 1-ry3rgyg{J}"e31g1_eJ,fj5iSlSy"_11*_S*::::4__'*te+S*flow to the

condenser are: (a) Smaller condenser and boiler. (b) The difficutty of passing large volumes of steam through the last stage in the low pressure furbine is lessened. (c) Improved turbine drainage, hence less trouble from erosion. (d) Increased blade heights in the high pressure turbine to accommodate the initial increased steam consumption. Fig. 6.9 shows the flow diagram for the regenerative cycle.

Feed Pump

L.P.

Heater

-{ig.

6.9. Regeneratiac cycle.

6.5. REHEAT REGENERATIVE CYCLE Modifications of the basic vapour cycle have occasionally been used in the interest of greater economy of operation. We know that for cycles with a throttle pressure less than about 8.5 N/mm2, reheat is not applied. Howeveq, for pressures higher than this value, reheat would be employed and invariably combined with a regenerative cycle as shown nFig. 6.17,

4ig.

6.L7. Combined reheat and regeneratioe cycle.

You might also like