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Steel Notes 01

steel Design

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
715 views

Steel Notes 01

steel Design

Uploaded by

hgor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE Types of steel cross section _-Hiksestion:= Used for\beams and columns. - 2)Channel section:- Used for purlins and light beams C S€Candery Bee nes i 3) Angles:- 2 equal oe 7 ir angle _Used for axially-loaded rag members [truss members-ties] ly eld! : Pj) ao 4) Tubes (pipes):- 7 YY Used for truss members { russes] \ CY -ome some fail. |) Ma) ~_ be ae Se iz _-5) Plates:- — GY ro yas te ball it A \ > De FrUl t 3C Used for i er. st LJ c-Gusset plate of connection. — > Gas fl 7 > Strengthening of m ; irengtl hening of members._ ! DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE General layout | Given:- Area (L * B). Required:- Construct a factoryover the shown area. ing) e g vero! brasing () ing ® ° i ot + ene sna bra Neo NV ia 4 4 aN List @ a S i_ | oy & 8 a a é a I 5 a | i | a i — | 3 | | ' ay iN | | , 8 | IZN4 a 5 | ay pane roo - ane Nt Bs | NIN Wit Id IZANZLN 7 4 4.0-8.0m — a lal if —longibudiad bo ¢ corrugated steel vertical purlin Bs Elevation ent hor igontal: brar twg@ en) Jo CS DESIGN OF STEFL STRUCTURE 4) Elevation of end iruss (end gable):- = channel (end girts) + Corrugated sherle bo. : DESIGN OF STEEL SRUCTURE, He 'shructurdl elements of « fediary building: : (© Main system:- = ¢ - Main system (USD Gr fm ..etc.) Should be placed in the short direction, (e# Mea)! ol ¥! ) - S=spacing between main systems = 6.0 va russes tm big spams 4 Frames in Smell spems) a=Depth of main truss (H):- H= Stee=B 12-916 a] ( where B = span of main truss b-Sio ope of upper chord of truss (z: | = 5: 1+ 20: 1):- & take z:1=10:1 y0:} a — a. get h =H~-(slopex By wet] nh t125m & ifh<125m reduce slope to 20: 1 get h © ifh<1.25m BEE eee eee! take h= 1.25m & slope = 20: 1 wise B=? get H - 058 : ¢ ~ Panel length (a):- a= spacing between purlins a=(1.50-+2.00) m get N® of panels =n = es =..... (even number 10, 12,... & 16) 52.0 oe _ Ee (glee Prass SI v shop of) cr) ee a.= the slope of diagonal (30->60) to satisfy the angle (a), try to choose H > a>h CHE anal kp) DESIGN OF STEEL £fRUCTURE iG Different types of steel trusses:~ soe sippe ke NV Compression. “ee tension 7 all diogonale ae tl fen sie W-truss N-truss SS A=\5-> Zin ron slope. slope. 2ata74m | : | | sub-divided truss Ce (sub-divided & K-truss for long spans < 30 wm) a! (to satisfy the angle of ‘ciagonals 97! 0530-60) Fi spams ea $e os \ CC” 0 o* B<20m <_Einkc russ truss! K re A DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE Ea] (2) Purlins (secondary beams):- it is the direct support of covering material (steel sheets) and there are two types: : ce “aed! Jey! :/Rolled section:- ee pp Behe aye ney | own weight ee ob oe : wt. = (15430) kg/m’ oxde, calle, | as b= 7 Y : ot _. Coled formed section:- t own weight wt. = (7415) kg/m‘ vs 1 (7-515) keh aes lap — B Covering material:- corrugated galvanized steel sheets, which is two types:~ single layer:- LMI ‘ Lt own weight 1205 “aD mm single layer 58) kg/m? ofsheet Cell Buel LILLE or_- double layer:- x double layer own weigh 7 eft wt. Gat 3 im” “ Z SS \ sheets carried R.C. slab | DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE : (4) Bracing:- ‘ which are used to : (eat dbs el ys) paresis any horizontal force in longitudinal direction (wind load) Uz. 2)Main supporting element during erection. 2? 3yReduce the buckling length of members outside plane_> brs, __5)Brace the whole structure in the longitudinal direction go yy i 3 a\\ > a)Horizontal bracing:- CH te -usedevery -- 30 m in the longitudinal direction. - horizontal bracing works as a horizontal truss t ang transmit: the. vertical bracing} ee. 7 La f wi horizontal bracing : \ of #4 E longitudinal bracing dy y Go { iN 4 i a oT | (| | divided ws 1 N "estan betvoen horizontal bracing 30m | sikin fund —| ' ' ILI} | i f i I j | \ | oven number | i i l ey A ~~ inlanco betwen) _ longitudinal bracing + ——— every 2/3, of 4 Panels ; DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE fg] ® b)Vertical bracing:- - used at each horizontal bracing. fis the s support off hz, nz, bracing. | lit acts as a vertical truss to transmit the reaction of hz. bracing (R) to the foundation. LySt@el columns: - ZS iC = (30-60) S7-® . ( 2 We j—s—{ 2 I | ‘F av UY - if there is no vertical bracing, reaction (R) EEE had “< U of hz. bracing will be transmitted to pss 7 ae af \ Gare pte baseby R&My = ; ap Xo ut column section (J-shape) can not resist a, no vertical: My, because inertia I, is very small. ba eile | ~ so we must reinforce the column about <—" ye axis y axis by anodl another I- beam. 2oonerete crete columns:- - 7 we can not use vertical bracing between fi columns, because concrete columns cart | \ resist double moment M, & M, ® c)Longitudinal bracing:- - is used every 23) 0% 4 Pande ah ON lt fete tee eee = (30-60) ~ connect ect all trusses to work as space shuchuce ' to reduce deflection DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE 10} Calculation of Loads 1)Dead Load:- 1-a) cover:- own weight of corrugated steel sheets = we Titel ” for single layer : wo =5 > 8 kg/m? " Sa iE 0-Bmm 2 MZ» kein. = pMpatpaelddetitn Wet! insulatt 1-b) steel structures:{ as WM 3 wmaterial. own weight of steel structures (tru: Wes = 20 > 35, kg/m? Smell span = 20m span =35m for double layer : w. PaJ= We * 4- *S + *at Se... ton 1000 cosa 1000 PB 1 Eu. 7 i 2a e] | pee oP ! 1 IL . | 2)Live Loads:- 7 for accessible roof : wi, = 200-300 * tana=..... >20 kg/m? for inaccessible roof : wy, = 60 — 66.667 * tana=.....>20 kg/m? 4 PuJ= “4 *a*S=..... ton (emot = slope) Dae 1000 " Hh role Ee 2 f pa DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE fa) 3) Wind Load:- Ww =e *k*q=..... kg/m? U* : factor depends on hei ; 1 height (m) | 0 ->10/m 10-20 m | 20%30m | 30>50m k Ley 13, 15 q: factor depends on position of building position Aswan." Cairo Alexandria Matroh atkelm) | B0Kg/m™ [70 ke/m” 80 kg/m’ | 90 kg/m” c: factor depends ‘on shape 6f external surface area of the building - 08 curve used for ce ssure Jonly =... ton/m = * * Fee PJ= 08 a 7000? 08. : = * #70 )% @ eg PaJ= 0.5 *1.0* To) * oe Se... ton = 10) wy, =(0.5*1.0* 7) +8 =o. tom/n tale wo \ Wy ha foo DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE EXAMPLE anv Am | Bi 24m —ttp An exhibition hall has to be constructed over the fF “4 i area ABCD shown in figure. It is required to use ; i steel trusses to coyer-the hall. The clear height of 1 | r the used trusses is 7.0 m. Columns are allowed on : ' | solid lines only. =< : | : 1- Draw to scale 1:100 a complete general layout | | 35 for the building. | ! 2- Calculate the loads acting on the trusses due to | ! different cases i i i i te -+ of A c — Solution > Geneve Pooja S 55 7 Je Kits Se a Ti GENERAL LAYOUT Tae ‘Sesiar ia Date DESIGN oF STESL STRUCTURE _ 28.9.9. 9.8 09.98. Pon? + 22 S ssi 2 2 a 2 £ é io See lee ey + [ : oo Yan | Mes oon 3 Plan Jers ebb [> ‘ me Bat NEP 2 LH 8s zy mk 85m gen mot 2 KE Lad CoV tye 208 6) 55m Joes ae eC (Spm) ere cdlep oe SON EB EE ae y pee) Soh ALIS GE Tesectig) 208 7 I - (ERE S00) Sop debivw i + Cheuss) sold! + ES FESS ON Gp oae wP/S gas! VIE bbe ry & i [Ense20 DE ce SW iat pn fa 6 ade OI eS Et - GQ os2m) 2m 3 dlp tele 7 + Rerlins) pt Zee Lo “Ue cede) Gaba edtio- “| | eu & ade > Saale BY Cantilever 42 9!) os cteloatey J) Jl Sag yi G3 tenses 2! babe Dr 532m) bs ote Puvlins J) ne 2% fo a ay IZA geet teh gle ol Ot Ss 15m POMS (a3me422 Lol Fi, em = ge BLA & oe IS 6 . DESIGN of STEEL STRUCTURE {LAL tom ery blag! ee U) po le (Rovigantte® RS gary = yztonl 28S BI? LteSl E(Biogpne) es PT, sappoil orse E (Sionpner ENGNG Wyner, « ape h Ok (Atogeadler the - Ve Ed (ySin = NEG) Ds do! pL =P ase po [ ; We ol ee veh Ch NE 933 ie Na &4uce 6 Byb5 BZULI. 20m = BOI, gol oe AL x ~ 7 ous A OW E Cewd ga) Le OT Ceeuss2ede cs298 3589) lg] v0 ES. (God gabe)aok & el Cangitndinadl bo) eon» & ~ ~ Combi bre del é slo oF LS 1 pn deBdl Me, Geet lee) per, a ot ail ae (longi bnalinal br) Lot es (Sub-divided truss) Jt Vas OWE EE Pon) SE A oe CU, pod (Vertical mem ber) oS ps Bas ot ol ol WME dak) ole cfs WD pA Ced paa\ ALI> SLI oe 2S Veo) dell cedote ofe7 ae usd Vizee sj poe DESIGN oF STEEL STRUCTURE 15) (wt Aa a ee Ar) PR ead ERSAASOES CARIES NEREREA SO SESR SERED dl 5 Longitudinal bracing with height = 1531 @ ues (B & B),= 1812 @uxes(C & Dy | mt PTE EE { 700 | Veticul brucing @ uxes (A & §) bye ight sMediod Bros ater Sbebe GOEL aes K+ cdaar Peig ht) NB) BF) eT f TL! * GW, Pope Dl ale ap \ a5 pusaes\ tH aie dia Bigs - Ledeae RegWD | 82 SOM 4 ge Ca tls (WEE asi sit! ea f zit 4 check: d= tom! car Leight x03 660 ean LIAL Bie t: Sap ee ob sale e 9) petal Reba yt PRR OO GE se ees bot tl ely ee Se ac! ey (Nee Nae at G rw = % mye 7 nO ase yet BR ID EE rato oan er) > = si iC] Go) Ke tes Byyab28 Loge pe) GRAVE ole ongibudid bi) I pee 90) oh 2 Gerass) 3) Sle Geri dma) Gk erer SP ee epg a/éul / slets. te 6! asm 2 Ms 5 “ue wot = bp Sopet adv xe = ena + AL ASEH) = FEBS rm 6 1 POSIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURS { Jope 16:1 1000 1250 Slop’ = Sea ; 4 | + i 7000 i | W) 1750, + 4000 +. 24000 ————-——- aun J Main system @ axes (2,3,...0511) velevation ter Ohh Om L-lot truss) ot gs5 ASR) cu “eb Netemss or Mictuss for Spoms < Bom | Sub-divided truss fey Spams 2 Bam : f Parallel Choed beug) a ©» | es (smi spon's © 20mm) = "PR ne iw eu Amst Doe £2y > 30m) | Leyte (Hrugs) Jee Ge 220\Gh Cemmbifaser) mete". glean ap «(ease talght) sW) ete 9 gplitw (lower chee!) 3! Lee = eight L Meyicepa (Gy a) (W289 bl Vawter Chord) I) et ~* | sah gy EUnet acd LE) a Felek Copper chord) 1 rm - h spo ) FEA Csusz0iy) du dpe CUewed Je He ET etl saoBlolel ae os 8 . ye e731 it (CR Ai 25g yea Le Chras NW ee el Dod ~1 if Re 125 (RE Ves\usk ae Upped! a Es Candee fa esl) dbl obi he cle (Atego) Dpricts (seen) Leg (vertied vtimba) D1 aad os « (Peusion) Hol Ap Bod pw 29B) pe i slope 16:1 1900 1250 pe t q | J 1 , H=2000 i I A Stet 1750 le i) SE ipo L ; 150 } + ee as00 sua eat fe aso sk aso ab End Gable @ axes (1 & 12) Ena fable I pr Slehy Ble & (moda tenss) shes! Celevedion) OF ot ore & OW ary KF UL ot (Gnd gabe Glumns) a 7 ee MeL ee Cals gts ue Ye Bai ct (sub-divided) ot C1 Ep vee «(Ema Qatble) ook Fae (lengitadind bn) ere & C3. (182m) f To) CULL (endl Sivts) Ye | Oe oe &- FEO WI GU oS Ge (Side diy) ew le OE aah oo el ok (84) AEN ate pele er & G2 bay ones By & Os te PLN GLARE G2 cowed) ez Qed ELLE = “ol (1S 2m) RAS 3 a I [rom OL pom Sabb DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE Pr Ps Bs 7 P,P oF TET LECULAR EAELL LL ED poss 1990 "eso slope 16:) tg A 7 1 Nr Fr RS eal | 4h + Ea 000 333 1500 Tpo Ketan 26 ip 1730 J * | 4000 + 2400» ———————- 0 J for o=tSm take Wee Eglin? (ing. \oyer) Wes 24 Fg Jt for Bezym tale ~ 5%! “lisad * jaoo™ Gest * teas = 8024 tet Wutve. = (60~ 66-34 Ee gg = 01056 tn? Cfer tnaccessibl, veo) uve Pie 0393 t Pao we (BBLS) as => R= Wei33845 > | Pee We 1525 ob Wind lead: Kero height idm © 4z 70 kp Ss we ani) 28 O28 tlw vy, 2) 20.175 t/ni Fhe @.ga 13 \ 4 cas pages = 0.04 t Poo cr *(BIS a Saatee soup ste p aan ee O54 BB) a psa = EBD, on payee P, OA ta PRERNNNes fe 7 Ce 20-5 PeaG@sais AS) UBS ase, am so25t Rye a BBA saz ! DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE EXAMPLE (mid-term, Noy.-2004) ZS steel car shed has to be constructed over the Be rea ABCD shown in figure. A system of steel -——~“trusses of clear height 4.0 m is used to cover the area, Columns are allowed on solid line (AB) only. | 1- Draw to scale 1:100 a general layout of the car shed 2- Calculate the loads acting on the trusses due to 3- Calculate the design force in all of the truss members 7h —_ 24m different cases. |__ bt Se NI 7 | 1 1 | ni 2ito fa +——K 2000 |] SO” ath LS 2000 MSN by dbo Longitudinal bracing @ Sec (a & b) 18 —»_ tO] 4000 A 6000 —K— 6000 —E— 6000 —— 6000 ae Vertical bracing @ axis (A) \S, Ae 8000 a Elevation @ axes (1,2,...,5) Til GENERAL LAYOUT OF ACAK SHED Ware Sealant ae Dine Via whi DESIGN oF STEEL STRUCTURE he Ms ne MS ERSUI EY Oy DESIGN CF STEEL STRUCTURE Bal a PoP Prasp, BP POS ose, | 0.5P, i 05 t 1 yA. AN. be + tf { : ae oe 7 y PATA | 1 feats wind daft i 2000 wind vight Aston pat _#— 8000 _| ; ule) = ~ Coltnlotion. of loads 6 + Dead lo. for an@m Wee B kg/mm © Ws = 20 kg/m fis Betamts + ioe 246 5 oB3aet Live lead take it accossibl, reek for Small eight Wis 200-2004 = 162.5 Ky ln? Fis 28a eno = bgt ‘ Wind food |e ft Pees lp ale 2) Cava Gable) aps) S93 (Cop dad) Ge) Mae es. Mae OM Gk NSU zh dlel YE Sts for toms 0125 —» Ga ~0-8 (Sudien) Re » 70 Zz 1 2 (B% rox 30 * tb = 067? b Wind dood ctl SAL a (uthon) pl Lap AEN OIE RL MOe I gh cs (Wied ood) wo JU) Kae Zs > VER (members) PrsNCL pice EL USL Stomdary load Cease T oB) ME Ga Job U0 8 be NO Na sae AN ate -r_ DESIGN oF STESL STRUCTURE naan (22) et al ot HIE IE gst AD ole ab Gus 1 de te “y db a cdsetl uO b, Uy Yeu Ex ! Av Prom joint @ | Lys Vy = Sere Tbe te From Joint @) | ost te re 1 ost Uy dae Tes (Joint i ws ZF jog DMR 3 ls pugs + 0626 Fece Sl EU (Cu) ted | Eo 151. From jeint@) Sree Compression Etta — (members) IF U35 4062 V3 jeNge= -14 dey! om From foint @) Ly 0K sae dy Gos 34 +099 G32 4lLaso0 {+044 Sim 84 — dz Sin3q=0 Pdgs 4288b 2 bye ose Prom oi) 7 We. las 246 £ Ver Serr al ie From doi) v | #228 SMm3q +dz2 Simaq =O Po Ure p—s 0.42 > do=-3.44t dak Saag Uz, + dz Cos31—2:38Cos34— 0.62 =¢ > das 4 555¢ o oe from oint@) uy en} —s cas > Ups SSS 6 Va “1 Frere Jout@) a cl J qh 43-4 Singq —d) Singq =o Ly = Loans Ly 4 dj @s39+34+ G83 4+2-46=0 —> djatssGt ¢ bLy=-as7t uss membeS DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE: [ { Fey ces fi Rue -069Ft < Rupe +oeFte ‘ = 956 eR fue saat BIT DAI TVET ee: Pirke PIND Eyer Ut jog rere Ws VD ay — Qe 21K G81 * swiry Ziay We FYB asi az eye oe Slav @)er FHAvo - Pd yr REY eons 2) ACD EELS @P507 qe esd - —_—_—s (DCA WEA EST #7 Onl (prae Jeg ~ FR LAY oI (Pam) aka av (D7517 Ca; ae — Bat Pace ine? pre A Tae (Por) 1" eee ee eee Pf = = fe Ain oe th] 19%] gtA- [ao [he-oF febi-]290- 890%} bs] Heol | Spain g0-7~ | 25°! |9o°t— [ool | agro~ | g7z-0+ [es] eso-/ 2504] FE-fezo-| Guo] ap j+ | 854 [big+ ews [her] 1g-o- [ast] ig] 19H [BES+/ oo+) Beer] ep i | STE Hel | yr — | corte | 41 + |57-L-]492-] a2 ¥] R9-| FIP aes-| ep | ER | Rooveleirae [obo least] pa [oit|oes+ |9es-|eat|eete| oser] tp eeg-| HEM | [ng | ere fos z— [tao [eer_[Eot-] tere] [be] €8--] GH2-| 5% PE feo Lese—| fea] loo] sas¥ pou] 399-| goat bos-|eee 4] eet] 5 Ease] ait foot ]3eo+ |ego+ | ize | zit] chet] ziro-|bbot [IZ0F] Z9-0+ | tytn @ Behre [hme] 67 ferns |sb9* [ers* | ya l—| by or 984] Jee [zas+ [es 1H] Sse | enon ™bA dv | pe q 4 me Sra | ame | rer | rep [TEP | HP A FEN ron] eo fa © @ 8 9 @ Allowable tension stresses:- FE = 0-38 Fy F=l4tem> fo st37 = 2.4 tom’ DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE ESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS RAST / F=16tcm? fy st44 Ba28vom os Gie F=21 tem? for st.52 Three checks should be satisfied in the design of tension members:- FO ped Onde bo Dey! woo face ke Check depth:- L — length P 4, pl (1)Check stresses:- Allawa ble. shress, = Foe tm cE < F) Copitel Leiter net area actud staess nn < 60 CO Smule “ller ad depih 7@ Check stiffness (rigidity):- a, = Lin = _ buckling length _ i a <.. 300 "iy raduis of gyration buckling length __ raduis of gyration Lin = distance between joints of truss Lou = distance between bracing (for lower chord) < 300 = distance between purlins (for upper chord) = length of member (for verticals or diagonals) "" pesign oF srect srRucTURE Bs] % (A) check minivan moos — for welded member —> win. amgls LYS*4S*5 a Say bolted wember 7 aS a tise an one row of bolts oe - min S BP Id Say twe rows 4 bolls + tse ae + 4 +39 eet Amine 6b tt +18 Ei Example; Foy bolts $16) min angle = SXLEEI-] = SB em Fin argle =(35 45545) y | q yl \ | fine O dine g Mots) Paks 2b Longitude’! lorie BLA ie Peat so fc JI a ated 3 ee Eee OW ore, 2 ([eeatiforee touss)| Dod pS -Chesion amber). 2 lupper chord) ov B Gp ol) o nes be CU wpa ad ips Goo o£ be AL ( diag) Sk Zenp. Cenp.) » if oEn, ¢ ee vk ls € {. les back Fr be Farin ( peer cho - Shoeaks & $ (Chae) LZ WESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE + A\. | Nertica Position o : : pitudinal be, Calunave | roangls lower chord (4- section) sod ray shape! (2-aualas lonek ti back) - a “ aL Singhs /oue btavshops — o i a Dee aie ce Le ny: EU ee) a (9) chord members Cupper & lowev) must be it, 2) vertical member 9 Position 4 longitudinal beating fl . 7 e 3D amy verbicn) & diogonal Lor J or PP fe Yisk sa H Pr if Amat > 5m —> 4, [> id ome forte Cisk %& Small th Sam —s Lb 9 buck ling Bente implame (Lom) << Looe os - 1 "DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE Le member __ Sh és Lp) o fost for design truss members x belted or welded welded bolted members Menloens vA \ ro = t U { AL RR field connection q field conection every distance <12.0m 4 ! { J a om 2st SPE BS aad Goll St was Pees -#40m ————f anastbb 22) | NUM NORPRE T a PB eCAm) | trem yp shee | 2" ; (ne Gale slo rleio | whist — Before the design of tension members, the- position - of field connections should be determined, where the transmitted par: of truss from the factory to the field < 12.00m. (traffic requirements) — All connections will be designed as welded connections except the field connections, will be designed as bolied. : ‘ — The tension member which has at least one field connection at one end will be designed as bolted using Ane , otherwise will be désigned Zhe as welded using Agross. 2 = After the design of all truss members (tension & compression) sy ‘should unit the cross sections and use only 4 or.5 types of angies. — + (Field connection) ie # Fetus Estig Gop ¢ ) ee (Shep Conner) GUUS» 8 ut nly go phe Wt Cet “DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE %& 1) Symmetric section:- (c.g. of member coincide with | Design Procedure 2 [28] t Gusset Bate ep Wan seus xD of gusset plate) Tin = Kas 03a Ty = 0.38 Tin Tout “Ty a = 0.45 a i Tout = Ty a¢ = a or d=a d= 2atte pt. d=h ~ (1)For bolted connection:- Choice of sec";- Ao = O.15Ag = Aner = 0.85 Agro Ag = P=... om? 085 4 afew = Age o choose IL a*¥a*t min. angle = 3@+t, = 30*1.1 check:- Aret = 2"[ Ag -(O40.2) "ty ] Nha FE =< (2) For welded connection:-. Choice of sec":- Anot = Agross choose IL ata*t min. angle = 45*45*5 check:- Aneta = 2°Ag, Df SE =< R < 60 <, 300 < 300 | "+ DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE % 2) Unsymmetrical section:- | ty = 6.2a d=a Design PreCedurd : due to the eccentricity between Anet = Ai + Aa(; 1)For bolted connection:- choice of sec*:- the area of unconnected min. angle= check:- area of connected part Ay = [a(©+0.2)}*t, area of unconnected part A= Gt Ana = Ai + Ap G45) Dig BES ce § at < 60 < 300 2 Gasser Di Jip Wiel ae Glee) the memb ber and G.pL., we will reduce the tember by the equation:- 2) For welded connection:- - choice of sec". — Force _ 2 ORE . cm choose L a*a*t where min. anglé= 45 check:- area of connected part Ay =a*ty - St area of unconnected part Ao = @-t)*t. Aue Art Ao & 4] I)fy= Bm < Le 2) 5 < 60 < 300° DESIGN CF STHEL STRUCTURE Notes:- Dike ah 5 ty = Paes, i 2 Fo.pty2 KEKE 5 yu VC, 7 Z : : cox tat Typ Tue (Blt gabe) \(Be Le a+ Ae e+ fo] 2) ried (e ca tne y buckling inside Sess about i wonis x fe Mp5) eS SES lyin > Tx ft Ty out Ty Wo 3) if cross section of member is one angle L or two angles star shape ab there is only buckling out side plane (about the min. axis) for Loa, 300 where rt, = 0.24 for ab ow = 300 where 1, = 0.38 a 4) we always use IL for chord members tid & 1 diagonal beside column. L_ for verticals & diagonals. 0c for verticals at the position of longitudinal’ bracing & for long length members. 5) we always use the I" thickness in the table 70*70"7 Vv ES Cougs Jolig BE WIC! 7087089 X 70"70"1L X DESIGH OF STEEL. STRUA TURE 7 oo “NE =a | f NL sh tepsten the - ede ip | ‘ a NY SL nye O84 ge a ze ro sowsa \ Fore. [ = : 2AL sani a DEAL Cn? gh AL= ~-- cm? romdables ch cose Lay+d | Prem tables Choos La,xty | firem fables Choose Len rty r “ae set ane - | 7 7 & debae=-- | eo =_fout 238 as sa inin avi ay (45*S = choox He laiggeat angle Ay Aap -- AY win Onqle ds (ys*5)=4S Chee se the by iggeat aude ? e Penn Cy, Ay hoe ub sireccos: as =e Dp key Mave Aiute 2An H chucle, bel? Wing : u “check bak brag Chee! wae ted ope | lp sok ol ledienn 7 ad x- p60 chick sheasses wea) HEC] REI om tuys tere 548A Seb Ans + on™ Frominbles Cheese Lait | from tables choo L-ay+t} | 6 £ ‘an zg ak Gat dbs ion Z ge az il fee = oat Och age Secs fad. Get Oy =- Famgle as = 3% I-12 --. ree The Biggeak angle WA By) Aa pos is Peay dal dh Lh Pans Aug le Ay =3 a [=e Shee 5 %& the ‘gget angle ry chease te biggest ana, [ from ercday- ty win ongle Gy = 3941 : aa sob Bee) p ded 2 ben ad ms Wt erlsy |] 1 Chock buck: ling + nade Loot» Wy, 2 def ledien : check deflection: Check, dePiec = ~-- $60 =-+ tbo Ze... + 60 | sani ba _Shresser + Check elvesses: Clock stresses ee eb yp F Botte ab by + Gite ae : = [Arno 402) €]x 2 olay - (pes i ae 7 3A [eho Ait Ae BO Rolted te, Tens} en WeMpET DESIGN OF STEEL S” Example (1):- Design the two marked members a)using bolted connection =16mm b)using welded connection Solution:- som t Ri 10:1 FI=+It 6*20=120m —} member (1) use 1L for chord members (F = +11 t, L=2.00 m) 1) For bolted connection:- Choice of sec":- Ag a= =9.24 om? omeia Ag, = ame =4.62 om? choose 1L 50*50*5 min. angle = 3*16*1.1=53 mm choose IL. 55*55%*5 omd check check:- Avnet a = 2*[5.32-(1.6+0.2)*0.5] = 8.84 cm? face = een =1.24tem? < 14 n= 2 =364 < 60 3) 2, = Se = 208 = 120.5 < 300 ae =,/(1.66) +(1.524+05) 2)For welded connection:- choose JL 45*45*5 min. angle = 45*45*5 choose 1L45*45*5 amd check cheok:- Avot 2. = 2*4.3 = 8.6 cm? 1) face = 32 = 1.28 tom? <14 £200, Qs 73 44.4 < 60 3) 4, = in = 20 = hag < 300 Ty 4. = v(l35)* + (1.28 + 0.5)? .23 om DESICN OF STEEL STRUCTURE member (2) use oL F=+8t L= J@P+assoa? = 1)For bolted connection:- Choice of sec*:- As Sareea al =8.8 cm’ choose _ 65*65*7 min, angle = 3*1.] = 3*16*1.1=53 mm choose 1 65%65"7 umd check check:- Ai = [6.5-(1.6+0.2)]*0.7 = 3.29 cm? Aa = (6.5-0.7)*0.7 = 4.06 cm? Anet = 3.29+4.06% = 6.17 om” Dif = = 1.297 vem? use -L’ 65*65*7 [54] for diagonal with small(fora B tergth) = 2.76 m 2)For welded connection:- Choice of sec’:- Ag. = aan = 6.72 cm? choose 60*60*6 min. angle = 45*45*5 choose 1 60*60*6' and: check check: = 6.0*0.6 = 3.6 cm? Aa = (6.0-0.6)*0.6 = 3.24 cm* - x(__ 3°36 Ager = 3.643.24 RES) = 6.09 cm? 1) feet = = 1.31 vem? < 14 ¢/cm? 23 =236 1.17 < 300 use L 60*60*6 DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE [5] Example (2):- Design the tie member shown in figure }-t+100m — using bolted connection ® = 16 mm F=H50t Solution:- use ab forlong members > 5m F=+15t L=7.00 m Choice of sec*:- Ag += ss = 12.6 om? Ag. = a =6.3 cm’ choose ~' 60*60*6 a wd 2) min. angle = 3*1.1 = 3*16*1.1 =52.8 mm Amin = 52.8 mm choose 4 55*55*5 3) d=2atte py =2a+1.0 S <60 =60 a=5.33 cm =53.3 mm choose ce 5 Ya 700 =300 = a=6.14em 7 0.38a a=6.14cem=61.4 mm choose ~+ 65*65*7 choose +b 65*65*7 aud check cheek:- vee 4+ = 2*[8.7-(1.6+0.2)*0.7] = 14,88 om? V) face = Tagg 7101 t/om? < 14 t/om? 2) d= 2atteg. = 2*6.5+1.0=14 om! ZL 700 _ ! tee 50 < i 60 a Los = 700 493 3) 4, me BAT 283 < 300 use {4 65*65*7 : 36 | “. DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE [5é] | anethey solution. usog Pile. Seclion_s- Ct HO choice ¢ Section :- ‘ ro Ai matin = Berm p oD Ags B07 eo choose O gant Qi ticeness = ine Choose © loge & choose dl Kil tem r= 2-B3an Choo se O Jox3 (d= Wem aw Bol uo!) 2) min. thickness = 5mm Ls Fou. ara ue - i) uk = 309 = 22700 ke © 1B%5 Fromtalole Check = And = Aaress= 20:1 coc? (welded) LD Rad = a = 975 tem << yey tla? sep DL. 2005 52.6 < 60 Sofp. aL igs 7 oO ° Ss D A= Boo. 155 < 80 soft. use BRe OC ies wadther Stution using hallow vechon gular Sechion :~ OG Ay = Baa Cm —> 100%6042.6 26 re win- C= Sam —> (00*b0%5 Yee oe IR. 6 — dk itan Le 7 LS) yep, Z 5) | dt 280% 150x693 Date pone lef > 120% 6043.6 ' 7G (20% C0%SE eg sth Cheosef} 2046035 and check Sy Foo ” ag jee. s8 < 60 eC recrn 288 < 800 2 » a 2 OF tlm * DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE : | Example (3):- Calculate the max. tension force which can be carried by, IC 400 Beer ee eer ets 16 team -Gusset plate thickness = = 14 mm Solution:- Trax = Anet min® ft from table for £ 400 Ac=91.5 om’, ty=14mm, t)=18 mm sec. I ey) Arnot = 2*[Ag 3*(0+0.2"))*ty] tal Si kp Med = 2*[91.5-3*(2+0.2)#1.4] = 164.52 om? SOE sec. I]-Ih:- Pee Zale Gael 7 seas Sd ; Ee wa 2 et = 2* a: D+0.27")*ty = *tw) not = 2*[Ar-Y [(@ Mod +L Go" fu veyen = 2*[91.5-4%(240.2)*]. A] = 171.16 om? | [ (240.2) 16 om? es it 7 4 2 sec. TILIh- (2 2) at cor at oad =2"[As—¥ [HOP] 4D ( ley = 2*(91.5-5*(240.2) mL aede #14] =177.8 om? Aget min = 164.52 cm? ane Trax = Anot min ff = 164.52" 1.6 =263.23 t f * . DESIGN OF SrEEL STRUCTURE GEA EE) design the tension members in Slred truss shown bos Example : cf ——} 1 U2 U3 Me | UU, + 14-45 (8) di bk mut @® 7 2 \ eae A Us ,Uy [+b 26 dz|+ +35 ® Ku E a * ( “Te 1 L, | +338 d3|tEA@® |v one Hus sta|to-84 Of 44 +026 ©) zm 4034 © nae Solution + otek ee SZ 1(Pidd Conn.) pel 4% \S La | aps) asB) <7 \ 1 truss aut he Bolted ton u f L Be} 12m so Uy, ¢ dy sl) bolted wembers ether member one weldgel 1 (long itudined) b) J! So wb CW £3 ¥ Fel cots! (ieusy & wf} jee (Camtiduter brass) “3fo orb) * Can CEASE ee pel SU weet & ol oe we Son tat 4 Cmrembers) SD) JK as et ar ar at -_ Roby 7 pper B lower 1. QL er ee ! a = oc VL 3 long, by. Ir l oS diagonal aL | ~ cther vl & dioqena if small Foy C2. B Small togth 3a] i 1, DRSIGN OF tee stRUCTURE CBeckliog) bbl ed > teh Dapper = Lbenser = 200 Cun Qvertical = 160 con F sieges a 1604200 = 256cm - —> Por lewer chard only Din & 200 cm © Louk= 1400'Cm b (prety Cengitndivad bipmeSA) Pall other members Aine Lot =L [ Cts > Loy See el NY design (4) IL Ps + i445 t CaseC&)! ( Bothed member) hy gia s Wes Avs S-low JL sses oBSe2A, 2 Case (3) hs 200 260 = dd 33cm 3 35%3 d fee as 222m yee eR ) d = ee Yaesa ) erin, cumgle Using odlts 16 amin = BALI] = 53 SIL SS 4S Chace. on biggest me L 55%5 D Aut = (5-32 -~(6402)g0s]x2 = TB a,” 663 tem Dea = Cee bbe * da £ abet i safe 5S tm KBE + OSs BB cm chooge I ssx5 fa (4y) ee DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE fo} @ design C42) al Pa. +la-gst Gisece) © Cweldadk wemloer) Choice af Sedion: 2 Dagai2 =o Meas Ava4¥R Cm sa JL ysxesS 2) 5 —s like before (A) Jk 3543 pose, SES De DY 34 — > like before (4) IL 30%3 Dethed or vealdast a) min angle. for welded memleers IK 4S*S chock on vigget one L 4sxS D Ard = Agrss = 2 4% = PE om Ks 2 6B tla _< (oslted member) . 2 = 14-4 OE eA aeas AveSlon —» aL ss*5 Ls256 _ 2 d = 60 ed 4 42an —> AL ys 48 = = 256 Pa cea > es 2sttm—» dhzex3 a) min angle using bolts d16 > aLssxs DBSGN OF sreel STRUCTURE ne check on btggect one L SS45 TD And = [532-64 02)K0SJ4 22 C84 Cu? \uQ e B68 tlad < b4Yar2s FER Wad ofl. 2) LE256 _ ? jess TRS 7 sf 2) mag = 42256 2 164 < 300 safe Ven 186 Da dtatet ssn f se6t0Sasaq, sae choose th. 58*5 For (dj) @ design (dy) of P= +617 t Cus B) « (reldadl momber) & D ryaras Ott Avs usa ans 4 Sox Ln Symes Xe, 2) Lease = 60 => 2 useb Af Y26 an 3 = = 256 ) N= 0 *Reeag TO te Wee Luck 4) min omg fo welded wambers Lysas Checle on loi ggect one bBo 4S I 2 koS= ne . ) Arps S08 = 2: Som 2A he Ao =(S~0:5) ¥ 0-5 = 2-25.06 : Inde25 4 220/382 ALS voelel eon JGussof 3e 2. 225, 2542-2 fake = 4-23 cor 7 —_ a4 » 16 tlie 100 \ L Shy B, = 0.682522 tem? s.37,44 & 52 | DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCT ORE 43) 3) _Mintmuin omglas— i? for welded member win. thickness t 4 Sms NS for equal) cmnales wi L4Se4s &) foy Belted member ; Onin KS tt L33P sys ¥ for bolls 16 f1s8 { mine LSS*SS #5 ops ne | ies iy tion oh) Heeb 1 Suu «Gol ere etl rb ( slender sein) et cd Yee ple - sob C yh Glendon) glist ole AD) ot etd, aa ttt I LL. ole ae A equal omgle [oe 23.) otD,a0d ee} pe SP Meaty et [ 4} ‘ DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE Ee] | —Comp- > Compression =P. mal F Fension eel ES Chonsion) » F esol (teuss) Whe & — L Agee Les pe” & (Compress) )\.> (benching mows)! = comps Kw x Lp C conti Laver truss) Plo e oO HH cen + pose po (bordlivg momed)) r Cte) pe asl poe wba ate hy Te s 22! oe eamp. Come a= (- cree oi © (Ne aheuss) Qe Ce ow Gere AME, Cnty 6 5 odes) oY (w-teus) Qo et) = using tic plates (for members composed of two angles):~ | Gh. er. aaangles 2202 “Wout Te jue Jp et “Ss the Pate ¢ eK) : 7 He Pate GB geel Cusp uF > = + Sai ole omgle ¢ Seary ced © mehr) ete member length = L,, “te anpe m > —— een dy must be less than dmax if max > dy no need to use tie plates if Dey > Panax > 3 hy use one tie plate at the middle if ; Dy > Danae > + by use two tie plates Note:- Jats we can use one tie plate at the middle of the tension member i =. { composed of two elements DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE Buckling length of compression members:- 1) Chord members:- a)_comp. in upper chord (simple truss, aide Loin = Lox = L 7 \ wae : where L = distance between joints of truss a7 ‘ Lp out = Ley = L Elevation where L = distance between purlins oS . b) comp. in lower chord (cantilever truss Ly in = Lax = Le where L = distance between joints of truss Ly out = Loy = 2*Leanitever = 2*(3*L) where L = distance between joints of truss Jap Sele bucbling deb <—~ Se cose weve w Bod ataes es ewe Buck Aap es Op (Combi Movers) sate oo ole CFRU jhe) eee Ne Elevation DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE 46 to reduce the buckling length outside plane (Ly) we may use one of the following steps:- a) Using longitudinal bracing:~ Cong. re member (1 Lop in = Lox = Le Ly ou = Loy = L = 3*L where L’ = distance between long. bracing (iN g ied fe SO ile BIS ~ pe 7 five | fate Ds 2b b) Using lower horizontal bracing:- Elevation member (1 ok Heeb lid} Loin = Lox = L + Clower chord) ¢° Ly out = Lty = Le where 2*L = distance between points of hz. bracing member (2) Cy 4 Lyin = Lox = Le oo Lyon = bay = L' = 4°L- where L’ = distance between longitudinal bracing ’ | : F DESIGN OF STERL STRUCTURE 2) web members (vl & dl*):- member (1) Loin= L Loouw = L member (2 N 0 L Ly in = O.5*L y dad) ed cued b>sp a4! (ost sidd) Lap, pate OSLO, (ate bb tes Lo ow = bis Lo out (loud) ab 007 said) eae At K-truss:- —” ~ - 7 Lomb 7p pp 4 vertical 0 27 Lo out = 1.2*L UF nfs teas LowerBupper vette tens. ov Compe a> fins oc MeS 8% cross-members:- |= 0.5% Lyin = 0.5 _ bah eM Loom = 0.75*L —~ (ok slope —= (Ain Lock eso NX DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE Design procedure of: i 1) Symmetric section using two angles (back to back Jt_):- & Choice of sec": 1) From stresses:- 2) From buckling:- assume f, = 0.7 tom? assume 2. = 180 on? ' Aga = 2 Age cane cm choose JL ay* ay*t | 3) min. angle ay = 3@+t, = 30*1.1 (for bolted connection) : min, angle = 45*45*5 (for welded connection) > check on biggest angle from aj, a, as. and ay:~ a, =" < 180 Tea Shey Bel bY dl Feat . dg = Ate 18D fy « are ve orc oer” sie les 2)fesa™ aege < Pe : , = Fo = 1.4-6.5*10°#2 pag = oe om? for Mmnay < 100 F.= ~ t/em? fOr Janax > 100 3) Local Buckling — Axi = Ia =... < Ama if unsafe, use one tic plate at middle then check 5h, ae 7 . sAlocaty = O5ln =< Amax 5 if unsafe, use two tie plates > Noite:- if & Fae <0.8 the section is waste and must reduce it if omg check is vrs ofp —s increase the angle & necleck. DESIGN OF STEGi_STRUCTURE [43] Design procedure of: 2) Symmetric section using L two angles (star shape 4 __)i- > Choice of sec":- “ZA 4 1) From stresses:- 2) From buckling:- tgp & 0.4m assume f, = 0.7 t/om? assume 2 = 180 force Ag = 07 som? Ag. = a =.....em? choose a ay* ay*t 3) min. angle ay = 3@+t, = 30*1.1 (for bolted connection) min. angle = 45*45*5 (for welded connection) > check on biggest angle from a), a2, and a3:- V) Arve = < 180 Ty thay 2) fos FEE ae

100 3) Local Buckling dye = fae, < max E if unsafe, use one tie plate at middle then check O.SL Dettecaty = . < — Dmax | iP unsafe, use two tie plates > Notes: i TR <0.8 — the section is waste and must reduce it if amy check is wwnsee => increase St 2. of Ha omgle & vecheck- DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE: Design procedure of: 3) Symmetric section ee unequal two angles (back to aorta wk a it is recommended to use unequal angles instead of ¥ equal angles when Ly in << Ly ow (case of cantilever) 1) From si assume f, = 0.7 t/om? M = Aen = 2 Age +1 =... em choose + ~ a;* b)*t 3) min. angle a3 = 3@+t, = 30*1.1 min. angle of thickness fyi, = 5 mm > check on biggest angle from a), a, a3 and b;, by:- 3) Pacteeay = > Note:- i & Am <08 180 .. Vom? 2) From buckling assume X= 180 In = 180 = L, =180= ut a dy = 18 Ste bo=..cm (for bolted connection) (for welded connection) pel AUB Ea = ie able aa as for Amax < 100 for Manax > 100 dmax if unsafe, use one tie plate at middle the section is waste and must reduce it if omy check Is wnSaf2 > incre $2. the omgde B vechede- EI) DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTUPE vi tow, 260 on Design procedure of: 4) Unsymmetric section using e : 7 & single angle Lz : Choice of sec":- ak v 1) From stresses:- 2) From buckling:- assume f, = 0.6*0.7 assume 4= 180 = 2 = 0.4 t/em dy = 180 = = force _ 2 Age Fogg To om a=... cm choose Lt aj* ay*t 3) min. angle ay =3@+t, = 30*1.1 (for bolted connection) min. angle = 45*45*5 (for welded connection) > check on biggest angle from aj, ap. and as:- T) Arve < 180 2) fe act

100 3) no local buckling t because it is only single angle Bb Note:- if fot & & Fs * <(0,8 — the section is waste and must reduce it iF omy ne is unsafe, — tworease theomgle Rrechack. 1 pte Ané= byrhe SARS rena LAL gs < = Const on) Abo hi ate Fas aghe Shy w\ ES SF (Compression) Db & we GR OL Ls gost Bf SEA ue Cat repo MIN Wo Has, =S=S=—= DESIGN OF STEFL STRUCTURE Notes:- 1) Design of zero members:- ' it is designed as comp. & tension member. | Choice of sec":- a) min angle Amin =3®*1.1 (bolted connection) = 45*45*5 (welded connection) b)—Amac = 8% =o... < 180 for IL t= 03a geta=..... ry =0.45a geta=..... for a ry = 0.38a geta=..... for L dy = =0.2a geta=... c) nin = aaa for JL &L d=a geta=..... for a d=2*a + (tgp, = 1.0 cm) geta=..... from (a), (b) & (c) take the biggest angle. 2) If the design is according to case (Ii):- case (II) means that the force in member is due to secondary loads like wind or seismic load, We mustin ije~allowable stresses by 20% i for tension carers P= 14*1.2 t/om? ae — for compression member #[TA-6.5® 102 yay |= eee Vom? for Anas < 100 Pom 1.28208 = vem" FOF Rass > 100 DESISN OF STEEL STRUCTURE. y “ fn ws 63) wh bees Lem = fore ot aAL PM Ay = + Cun? get Ave --. em® From tables choose Layety getag= 2 lo wt gel a 1805 se Set qg=--- min (a. As 24S Wweldod) cya4ySan welded (ere ) = a4) Qolfed) =3¢4h] Cholted) 4324S cm dveldocl) =3hall old) 08 th biggeat angle [elkeose te biggeah ands [chaose the biggeat anata rom Fy 27+) Ay Grom pCa ty on, A yy ,A2 wack buck ling elucle buckles clo buck ing : vein, sb 180 8B fe fot piso | Mod pees ~--Dptgo Mead = owt... blexo Mac Na We ; ‘eve a i eck Sfresses (ru -bsaefechock shyecsect check cheese: cheeses: er See [ee ae RS bys 6.5410 Ny “--- : ‘ Min. Qugle iin angle t azteson (welded) J G22 Gem (welded) [gg a YeSom (ose hel | zadah Cbeltel) 23h th) (belted) aahat (bolted) gl heoSe iggenh ongle |] clans Phe biggesbauqly |} ohaose Ne biggoat ong Vvern Oy Qa. y+ 3 Ay Laem Ob rle 742 Fram Qa 149 s b bucklyngs Check bac Wad? check Fou big tat ee ob Igo shove He ABE Gr) sh a4 ection, hack deflection? heck deflection : sh eo g_ =... 60 Bs. pé6o0 & Saat a ede ora) Louch le Check lood Louk liens Ge i + Drag 4 pA Ss Tumsedi age ble Fuk O Paste use fie i. wil tnchele YE Dou niile Hen dhudh Ep ina if Lingth of member D | 1 DESIGN OF STEEL S7RUCTURE [ss] I Example (1):- For the shown truss, design the marked members as bolted member with bolts a A = 103m 16 mm, and using Fue ite st.37, to.p.= 10 mm. Fos -b8¢ Fax f7? Solution:- member (1) use two angles back to back for chord members:- WI (F=-17t & L=1.8m) Lyin= 1.8m Lyon = 1.8m Choice of sec": 1)From stresses:- 2) From buckling:- assume F, 27.0.7 them’ 7 assume = 180 Ayes 2h =243 om? dy = 180 = oe, Agu = 2 =12.2em? | = 180= ian a3=2.2cm choose IL 80*8 ad eS 3) min. angle ay =3O+t, 3*16*1,.1=53 mm > check on biggest angle from aj, a, and a3.( 1L_80*80*8): 7 SS Tyo Mk = 2.42 om oo ly = Gy +e er Hteys (2.42)? +(2.26 +05) =3.67 om 1) 4, = 5 =75 < 180 safe a,= 8 =49 << 180 safe =-_l7_ = 2 2 fact = >> = 0.69 ten < 1.03 fem safe 2712.3 2 < 23 a ye (non-Gm acl) W fea FC ; > class a} sechion DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE | Ly, = 180 I 3) Local Buckling — dyiicay = = 116 > Anax =75 use one tie plate at middle then check Acar 5*180 _ 5g <75 safe % & the last example is solved and we can use JL 80*80*8 but the best engineering is the one who get the most economic section. > Note:- Loss =0,69/1.03 =0.67<0.8 & Fae = 75 / 180 = 0.42 < 0.8 the section is waste and we must reduce it b check on angle( JL 70*70*7): Hao < aus | check on angle 4b Ys > ot Yeu oh Iya = Fx = 2.12 em Ww By c= feat eH = VIDE +C.97+0.5 = 3.26 om 1) ay 555 85 <(180 sale ‘en Le 55 < 180 safe 3.26 2) Fe = 1.4-6.5#10%#85? = 0.93 tiem? fe act a =0.91 tem? < 0,93 them? safe 3) Local Buckling using one tie plate at middle O.5"180 _ 66 < g5 safe ch d, NECK gay = yg b& Note:- =85/180=0.47<0.8 this cheek ig waste. 180 but Ze = 0.91 /0.93 = 0.98 = 1.0 sq the sectior = == is very econor DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE member (2) use single angle for verticals or diagonals w =o force & small length:- (F=-1.81 & L= fas +06) =2.41 m) Lyin =2.41 m Leon =2.41 m Choice of sec": 1)From stresses:- 2) From buckling: assume f, = 0.6*0.7 assume 4 = 180 = 0.4 thom? dy = 180 = 24! 0.20, _ 18 _ 2 Agu = “vi 4.5 om a. = 6.7 cm choose tL 60*60*6 3) min. angle a3 = 3+t, = 3*16*1.1 = 53 mm > check on biggest angle from a), a, and a;( L 70*70*7): 1a,=—~1 =176 < 180 safe =137 2) Fy = 0.6% 582 = 0.15 fem? 176° =0.19 Vem? > 0.15 vom? unsafe try another one( tL 80*80*8): 241 1) Ae = 156 < 180 safe 7500 2 2) F, = 0.6* = 2 2)F, = 0.6 136 0.185 them fe act = =0.15 /em? < 0.185 tlom? safe = 156/180 = 0.87 > 0.8 the section is economic —> Class d Soci ern. ae Os & = In Cron —Compadt) Sechin DESIGN OF member (3) use star shape for member at position of long. bracin: (force = zero & L = 1.6 m) Ly in = 6m Leow = 1.6m > Choice of sec’:- -- stresses requirements:~ no stresses in the section because it is zero member -- construction requirements (tension & compression are the same):~ I)minangle a, = 3@*1,1 =3*16*1.1 = 53 mm (bolted connection) -- stiffness requirements (compression is critical than tension) 2) Ay = 180 = 1 ry = 0,889 = 0.38a a) = 2.34 cm -- check deflection (for case of tension members only):- 3) 60 = L=160 a3 = 0.83 cm 2a+lem > check on biggest angle from ay, a. and as ( at 55*55*5): Da,=—1&_=77 << 180 safe = 2.09 2) check deflection a1 = 14 < 60 safe 2*5.541cem L,, = 160 3) Local Buckling — dvucaty = 150 > dinax =77 use one tie plate at middle then check Avoca = 95"160 95 .<77 safe 1.07 use at 55*55*5 with one tie plate at the middle class op Seclion 2B 54) < fares (von Gomgadt) CnoneCompad) EUS lye Nak OST oe vital FL oda ANE LIL aap I Pein | “Rn 2, (Compacr) local buckling » Flange wd we j Plastic. section HB Stewder |-section a ¢ + kK nor-Compack 1 “aaapoeh or var Gmpadé Gmp oct Seclton, | & he ie Rue UTB Se There is LTB o | ©. © allowable stress allowable shrect lloualle cress Che= 064 Fy ) Fi. =0-58 fy ). Foce Fun) yY = 193; \oced butting) SS pu ietined LET (1) according to limitations of width to thickness ratio == (pages 9.10.1! and |2 EC-2001): 20) FAM ep Flange rolled welded web we C169 C153 a, 127 t| €53 78 >sS —“< compact] Sh Se | ae | a Ie Non [16-9 6. 23 [153 C21 | 127 dy 190 compact Ve & JA 4 JAG & VA : € slender t ddan de =h~2€ (Biver) 4 uo i Sa welded & —» If the section \s compact: : © Meee tfez 06h FG Pages veo Ge Ger dus) a25-J Sy Pocky —» If the section 1s non-compact: CIAL) ILL do GAR b Ole bse d Flange a) web” St s\zos f: nn tlen® ob Ose —» If the section 1s slender: <—— (GP HIAT SVilese ) taking the effect of reduced section into consideration BO cee GH b ol bt Mx... tad pose fy Moge Ad web Ai show Sy veduced lateral) torsionel) buckling of Gnf: Flogosl LAS S Fs) Suns GS 4 oP) (2) according to-lmitations of lateral unbraced length = : 7 pio (lateral torsional buckling pups L, ace = actual laterally unbraced (unsupported) length of the A compression flange of the beam - oe or r= bi —7, section te : aw ER (E2 ee [* 7 L tb; + Yaak, se (ies) Ha... tee fp St there 16 no lateral torsional buckling (LTB) ** osaly And the moment 1s calculated according to compact or non- compact section +: i es there 1S LTB, thus .7* - «>, pos hy castle eum + Fan > ese 7 to ade ol where Figg = «|FiZs, + Fis, $0.58R, = | Atlomt at tomgeel “bl ae oe 00466) LTB, 4, d Aad Gf Cus Pupp 7 Glual ela Yad 14t/om? on yl Furi aagculs iy sal) LTB oll 905 allis gS) o lly | 4t/em” sets Cs Jiglices an Boles Ldtfom? eUaill Aa lie vs << ~ where A, = byt Fig, = O.56F, Was < 84 ee | hh. KF, =[0.64- Cee. Fire, =F 1.176x1O(G) F188. Se & >84 qe If 186 | Ge, FB ba a ; C.-23 os 2S poo Simple 1.0 13 p= 113 As coor} | I i Simple 1.0 ee) 7 Fixed o5 ; bah3 By | Simple Lo 35, Bx a Fixed $6 (| Ler 1 a b= b3S. | i Al Simple 1.0 1.70 Cye1d Bixed os Let Oi | Ir | Warping Chas 40 1.5 ooo te eee Restrained. +6 21 AY WH lel 3 Sol Sel yale 3 EB AGI eas) sable dete Sapall pe Nilo : oe} fe, § Pes Sato 0 20) wldt poo! U Gleatale Nx #9 Ej choice 4 Section ky } o-6uFy = AY Se Sy tebe, (GE) Eew)) , & ossh. se Get ty tae TPE o TPN : 7 yr { yA Se Camp ression Plot op ute 3 >* & : Lt eo ort “Se _B chede. toca buckling Conpect a von- Comped) cled@ LTB C Hereis LTR os ae LTR) oe abuty os _& cho cle wap. stresses ee + allowable Fre 088A) or Ee) Checle. deay aeeses | 9.25.65 Fire “oe es AE} check deny detses (La [BD oste dePlection A Balance By 4 5 | b for Ree slab Soo L Ig cher beims 200 phe : ' =p A a ohio aa US D0 Game) 4 & SOMES I EPS EES) a ee» aD” Bot CU BSS Load) Bs Ck (Comp Py + (ura) Got EF op Geo Walled a? AL, Upper vs AV? yt pn eb Gm asST She ee ee poe | oe ws. (sued 9s (0 8G) 20) FIFoy) Hee (Bead Boos Wh (LO DALE (Feed CAE @ for desi Pleor b-eoms cof c slab is Supported on Secondary, hanmn eet Sec. beame are supported Om main bem tr fb SAN phe G ymin berms ane Seppertel on the Gluing

how te Caloadade, lumay, or ee Sa nil ~ Hh 8 Lyeppre Ctote p Gale eH eNO Ne 20 be ab Lawn = min Value of Vy tor “de B80 Ar oy ot "oy" From| table @2) Fage (20) inthe Cocke . | sr WV | Example} design. an TPE ce tr be used ds -¢ beam & Bayport DL=|.2t/m & LL = 4 tle tyice, baking Gonprestion Flonga Foaly laler ably Suppected F-amd Folly fal elly anSuppocted « 4 laterally unsupported): (1) calculation of loads: 1.2x5?. M, = = = 3.75 mt nn) 7 wl=0.4t/m\ 2 M, = 2482 = 1.25mt was | 2t/rm 9 LBS wie od Fs Qa 5 -— 5.0m —~ 28%8 Q= =/m Ine = B.7S+1.25 = Smt , Qn = S41 = AE (2) estimation of the section: because the section is laterally unsupported (Laod= siz 5m) assume Fy, = O.58F, = | Aticm? 14s a 3, = 357m? > choose IPE270 x (3) classification of the section: iT. 3-a) width to thickness ratio: So = Fag 8-2 < Bg e1355 4 : | ayfio23 = compact web C _1B.5/2-.66/2— Le. 24.82 270 ae! 1.02 ee 10.2 -> compact flange | i“! IPE 270 so the section 1s compact, 20} 3-b) lateral torsional buckling I T-sect: lyse = 500m ot 35-1 section | 2 20k, = 208.5 746m 102 &270=45 7 VF = 2.4 Be ay dB USI Cosi Ge SI Ly aot OY 9 ogi Glaal Gel ¥ Gldllky LTB Cass 6.6 itl ie 13604, G I ye NA dF, 7 1360x13.5x1.02 | 13 = 33 lem 27x24 s 7 ROPER whee Ge = |.1'8 for-distributed load on simple beam (EC page20) Cseancty bea) because (L, = 174) < (lg = 500cm) there 1s lateral torsional buckling (A) check the safety of the section: (‘4-a) check bending moment: 600K, _ 600x13.5x1.02 Fire, = C, = LOOMS BAO? 413 = 0.92t im Pd? SOOKE cee to calculate Firs 2: A, = byt, = 13.51.02 213.77 6m" 1.02x13.5° + BETO. 66° 12. A Re ; bie = 90? _ yyy 54 [G = 3.5385 1, = 500 Fie = POF 2141 > 188 7% = 3.535 a So for /88. Ce Fp 7 Hus tet iso i Sx 2g | (a b) check shear force: oe easy ea 105, e Ay! ’ widep woes > 4 =0.35F,, pp —_ , 2h Spy TAR 018 8% Aagill 381 Sey cllttlyy « cy sill Ide Latta Se rolled J) cle Lbs Alle (8 0.35F, m3 yile ttl cum safe... Ws ‘Cine ‘4-C) a keeleflection: ~ ema 5. wp eA O™ X5OO™ 4x10 x500 = 357" Fl, * 384% “21 0QX57% =2/00%5790 span = 500 00 3 .268em < =1.67cm Ae Met EO bod - ce . odes! > (laterally supported): (1) calculation of loads: Mra = 3-75+ 1.25 = Smt Qa = B+ 1-= At (2) estimation of the section: because tl en 1s laterally supported (luad= Bere) c assume ne oes) = 1.54t/om* c xT LL 1.54 = Sa 325cm? - choose IPE240 | \ 5 a a 7 (3) classification of the section: TZ 3-a) width to thickness ratio: =-120- _4 9.64 d, 129 127 Sw = = 80.6 Latadl = 120 cm 20%e eats hak. BON RA SS Fem ons LTB oY 4 AA FSA CHO ack. Gonpackvess —> compact gec. ag before. i206 fede pewchina stressecs BBA CO W 123 < 1S36 thew (fe) 2 reaclionS of See beam =CrxByer= FP (sox B)a2= Ge Ewe O-Be | = — 66x00 Ske Ane TF |.S86 = ae add = 250 Cm aX = fae = 248 cm f 2Rem > LEO Cm = Reo KlZexS24) “Asem 2 * 60 “4, cel ae : ack @mpachness i | 282-324 _ 9 lo. 60 Hl 2a < log jf onpect “ewe | | _Co~4xs2 22 <2 3.24 ft . BEROO 2 < 626 (Safe : 1ch bendhng “T6s0 4d Cl (sof) ails wk shea: whe os < on bp ne AY 600 ok deflection + > Rue Bsagt VM % As Sy + east aaa ell < 109 23.3 un (Safe) 8e4 2100 +1340 oH BY o a Gukiauous Aa Ars design on OSH aad OB osu 9M by 329" = O28 {0m Wy design on 22ul>'? : “ee Bul lew, i sTan- 2603 Cust. (3) peta ae os a F rm =| 4629/12. PVT yerl9-47S £044 4 = B00 = 163 oi B= 54 \ jae t | ; | 4° 2pm be OF z (Secti on) a (Fan) UE \ 4 Ne ( : Le peat we if a. 6 1S aU a Beck : / dd AL |” | t bracing Mt Desi Schwan taken Geto) | p= 208 lo& gt Ors oat 4 Slime 4 loupe 4 & 20-8100 lowe Sx rasycuk Ss laost = Boo em = LORE . QS em Jangp = Re 1380 AGB 24D 4 192. 950 aR 2A 410= 354 cn lama = 24Sem < Quact=800cm S& the js TB Fity,= = Boa anid) x44 S00 + US Fir, < oseky | Cal oat “Fp i | 168. > 1895 88 [e oe = af < 121 =12) “Fina = 12099 2009 (0 Barney i there is () (TB ithere is CYB I sx tate Fix = -.- the brewous value) |) S> Bagel the brevious Value and Caleuhate a new Fix = Fry o6y Fy =FS% 0 O-SBFY= ty Compact Ron~Compack Frege viru Ge --- l ee & Fina | yf ery value of fi inn ts Bigger than (| I asa =hy —> take Finzhy Cem mmo. stress: check may shress | Hoa Ge Fi ase Fe Sie eT Chade shear tees’ * deck sheay Shracs. Qe 2. boas hy =o. 84 thas Qx_ 2... PoaBhy = 0-94 elem Bien ctembeem ht | i chest Check de fleclten: check deflection: ‘Sfan bo + ee an FS a, FLa act € tumor) 25. thave te Ne ire Bel Column — LES gt) sedi So ull Foy= CY oe (636¢/eu> ches, MX Fog hed Guh G Slee T i tele a BMD. » L Lup Cotinnous Sec. beam : mu atte huod = dist of Eve H) at ad CS 2 comp. Plage w ep Auack © § Spon a as ag yeSiot G8 Oomnkwas Design e& Beams - a 4 length « cP Grntifever ben | h 10 Pifective Buckling Length of Compression Flange of Cratilever Beams pW ‘ithout Intermediate Lateral Supports ae Restraint Conditions L_ Vading Céfditions \ At support l Attip [Normal Destabilizing | [Free 3.06 73st | Laterally restrained on i | 2S Continuous with lateral __ | top flange onl 270} 758 | restraint only (see Fig, 8.7) | Torsionally restrained | 2.4 6 ast only Laterally and torsionally restrained 21E Free 1.0£ Taterally restrained on Continuous with lateral | top flange only 0.96 and torsional restraint {see [Torsionally restrained | 0.8 Fig. 88). ~~ only Laterally and | torsionally restrained OE Free {08 ¢ Lateral restraint on top flange only O.7E Built-in laterally and i torsionally (see Fig. £.9) | Torsionally restrained | 9. ~ i only Laterally and torsionally restrained ost | (ontibover em) Sete Dy dots Ww ~~ €), 2 par pod Cede Tse necmall ‘ oD Ayre destebibiging De Needing Condi on 1 Splat (Lact) Free i" 7 Lede /eFerally necteaiveol Condition 3 a i bP abs on 8p Plode dies) MS LL oe regain yoy pT ee ey cerdilien J Szeat of Web & (obi ile) . Cantilever Built-in Laterally and Torsionally v ¥ Pe % ae Ah a oe pest Hea se oe ‘Type of Restraint Provided to the Cantilever Tip feiz| gen Exam phos af ok JPY] P35 he 28) > OF pe Spe a Caestabiliging load) | (Top Flange Jaberably cclund, Cem Qeyer Vrestear ied sh hip 4) beam J @Grmcles iG Column ey) A131 ° epper bee Ji “senafs ay Aare “gor let lovtee lange 2 (te eLilyrae Bla on Cpe ant oS ne < destabs0, \3inq) ¢ rabi igog ce recnel 1) x laterally anol te J wstrained. oat) ) Le 4-2 : Se i eI at GbE) coding Grdittor destabillging load Stab idiging lod Cree on Restraint Codition | Jadirellly amd torsiorally | tak wok tarsionall of su poet wars a ae ie traint Godition | Top Plange lala Ret tip °? ved ivained ty Free, | sgpelel feagth, 250 10h 4a Tz Senate » \ Conf} ver a ty ye Citon) pais (pet tie r Mele 3) (ede. J See et aso “Siffonee ¢ slab 4 m [4 | 2 gi) ( Sedtabiliging toad. (7%? dedlabidizing eacl at suppect aa (diclly : cl cest rains. | (normal) wns ee leact ul Suppe AD che mt “epeeded a GnppecD oy ae Soa yk + Gatle We ew at} fips > eee t i i AT 7 tip => Top Fnge rally at sapport => “aly ayy ived , at tipep, top Plooge talirrabby restraited » (mocmal) sta bidiaind load. at Suppect D> la Grally and. (sti fend ape t Hp op Bee Top ge (1) (Lecture Notes) “Third Year Civil (2905-2006) Example 8-3 For the shown cantilever beam find the maximum shear and maximum bending that can be resisted by the section St. 37 Py=2.4 Vom? Section is an IPE 300 Solution The cantilever is free and loaded at the top flange at the tip and is laterally and torsionbily restrained at the support, so 1y=25L=4.75m. Checking of section class Web subject to bending +-Table 8.3 7 ‘Web is compact \g? A OF Prof. Dr, Abdelrahim Khalil Dessouki i’ Sfeet Structes Desize (1) ‘third Year Civ Compression Flange Flange (unstiffened) under compression £750.72 -1,07 _ 16.9 7 S57< Table 2.3 tr i Flange is compact he beam is thus compact. Ly=475 om ye * Considers noa—compact —> (there is LT 8) Fb 4 then = Fin, Fusl4 tem? ... Bq 86 Peopert f compression lange 7 Ly=1.07x 28 =301 om 35) A=15 x 1.07 + G0-2x1.07)x 0.71 / 6 = 19.35 om? 3.94 om 00 > Foo= Cy cl tedT Ay Prof, Dr. Abdelrahim Khali eee _Thied ear Zivil a 205-2006) THE] 7 sou 475x30 /(15x1.07) x15=135 vem*<0.58 Fy 7 i : 84 ge | VF 188 a 188 4 = 148.6> Lal sunt on 76x10" Cy J) 13 oF tao =[0.64- Bape BG, BIS s)2. = [0.64 - Li203)"24.5 x24=1,06 vom? <0.58 Fy LUTOXIO™ HLS ¢ 5, 9 FP teF?np2 = V135? +106? =1.72 vem? >0.58 Fy Yell ap r Ea poi 2 Tod, 3) |) Fue=058Fy= 140 vom? bap a ENON u “A \ f+ Maximum moment that can be resisted by the section is: Felhe 7 Mx Fe *Sx= 1.40 779.8 tom tree [pxresco eh ysl # = 7:79tm Maximum shear that can be resisted by the section is: sus Q = gan b*d=0.35x2.4.x 0.71x 30= 17.892t S eee °-35fy gu Se ac: 2 ¥ marzimura dePlection Thel Gin be shew ; De _ PE. PxUQo* sg. 4 a+ gen 7 gar me ISP cok > Ddleantle = Yeentiessere bosG Cm 180 To M2247 mbes PHI4e Pa 4d et Qe 389 =P P17 take Smallic A= bOSG ems old P Po bit CsHit Prof. Dr. Abdelsabim Khalil Desssuki Fleor Beam Convec ions || fer} CONNECTION BETWEEN SIMPLE SECONDARY BEAM & MAIN BEAM:- main o feon © 1 ordinary T > (c)— t seconda bot ‘beam oan rey SIDE VIEW ELEVATION —— I. Secondary beam “\ Lo a ' SEC. (C-C) aye? <4 omgleg te [Ri] bots between amgtes and Secndor becint botis belween Onagles dud main beams & OR Ry. eee. beam fo Oe 2 Rash vss So eS ori eeae ARS, ap de ——— (gipsces ewe 219 CONNECTION BETWEEN CONTINUOUS SECONDARY BEAM & MAIN BEAM:~ secondary beam i L fa) i 1 | o] pat een! ry r Iv my | + ' : 1 main. ' * 18 ren secon = ' ! i Coy ' 7 a lower a a ys ode te plate IDE VIEW by? 5? ____ SIDE VIEV wet ae te 7 Frate, XY 1 2 aes t See 6 o! ie SEC. (8-3) Peet TA ond [Ra] as bePeve Tele —- o Pate {he}= ge shoe upper tie Pate. beaving d ZS Fikosns, Been ee ] Ae height = Mone | Gi 25 eight \ Nive L C= i les ye I Pbigit ay Se Orne Lao Je Jower te Pate Inewer Plague hele oo {c= oo bey) Gyrob ot Shear Pps GWitl keels { \ Connection between Floor beams and column [219 clays (simple) ciel (Baa Sige) ee 7 La Sec. A-A roe we ao Ve See leoe = OVO SG Ky OC 1800. “ear Civil (Structures) -Ist Term. 2004-2005 (end) 2 | Column | Man ae SEC Cea sde) 7 oe Seéendary bean r I | i coupe IPE300 Side view lp 2L80X80X8 | P8400 7 MAIN DA Detail 1 “ind Veur Civil (Stenctures) Ast Tevin, 2004-2005 N Column 4 Mea 4 CiooSite ; Ga ! | IPE400 & so" Ht ao) ey! IPE300 4L80X80X8 |——IPE300 Detail 3 3rd Year Civil (Swucttres) -1st Term, 2004-2005 223 a we Meee Sew == Sees C en a) 2L80X80X8 a = 7 7 1PE300. / <= ; 7 Stevatis a —Zedany bdam wacdy “— IPE400 J 2L80X80X8 IPE300 Seendary | / beam / / eee i ey 4 es 0 {80 = —<——} pel ~—1pE490. ! Side view Waly Betws TPE400 Man beam 2L80X80X8 PE300 S¢amdary beam Detail 2° / / vil (Structures) -Ist Term. 2004-2005 Peso Pea KE = Chine < 7 22 (mull ) “ -]7~ aLsoxeoxs \ 7 I 1 1PE300 i ~— IPE400 ' @ | te I : | eo Me IPE300 1 | ib sie Plow Lies | i Cee) “\—peioo a. 4L80X80X8 Af ns eens gy fame WA vel oo © Le eS Ww ie i wy | eq | _ IPE300 / OF ) oF elle] Zoe 1PE400 Detail 4 i Bra Year Civil (Structures) -Ist Ferm. 2004-2005 Vase 3 2 Leele check Crippling in beam ( Pange) Jed pr Sad che le oF CP AL Lae Ob gpl SA) wear (web) Jicte (check cvpling ] gerlet eb . a + dub te 2d o* G1 oS oo =p (the) Nuodet cralates ¢L der fr. 0 be Paps Q baat diy : aq Ave, es Se Dy = (Pttaget 2b faaget 21) ¥ bw 7 sash a! 21 clad, Fags Het Pp mt8G = 18 tow (tH) 6 _Exam phe Hoy 99) lee) Check on main beam (5/10 May 74) LW) AS well aS Sec, beam Mi Reaction of Secondory beam = #5 € Se haan “TPE 220 © main baa “SPE BCO ¥ i] | FPE220 |. tire | t ; 4 | ae ng 3 die bus - — moatH haan iad 18 TPE R60 E Sho | 1B rT ~ Elevation side yee oe ; = pone Pp eee oe LE ra (sti Rate) rere rn i Gprer Hoge) tel BL, Mya! bate 2 Wor CSappett) ie Ile Bs Clalird ctor sione? veshearin Chek Caagh} 2Ary (a. fh) Jil &, = (ager Plope of resin Recsn) Pan (uc m1) | > check Mey Gah Ar nace Lunad=2-5he 25m gr Asi pp % eM a2 JAI 41, Wat ell Lama. ae = (IY cm = VB%o Us Hl 0H), 2) 2 646 am ae ey . qesanes — duad = 250 an > 144e ‘une is LTB Fino, 2-Bao Atel] ¢ 24 = = 3.54 ben > bY blem® we Hake Fig beet thom W_fvom stwss Ly = Heesos wo w 2[ISS) ef! SSH (2 from shar né cabiced beGuse Snaller than wid Spo @) Bram dilledion As uta F%% lool _ oo w =[Se}e/n geriaxgseo V8C tw20-F dm yogw LEIS gay => from caypind — Por See. beam bee btm 0. yosw [e+zcamngeent “TE. i] © fem age —> wali Sree Se Bega Wk —292w ngs Weffe Sle wi = ee Tete pe CIP 7 : —————— | Tolad olock shar Cuphune [ire cat] 2h Map EXam, WY, wr_eees! a ee, 61d Sern 05. tearyo main aoe + Ceara. Ja ~h-Bhek (42-25 \ ! } a Pitch CaGmn| =H)24 hr 06Zem) 1 fen ; Peet tension adr i L Secondary Maa rena Check. [ tension area % 6-725h4 ) + Gheay, rea x of] ; Mane fore ath mt he Gmrcton, —¢ Qseerdary beam) Check : [ur+96 = 15 €19) #062 -* 0442-4] (5-04) #060 ¥ 0.725% 2-4 J 5424 4 Ose team? Fo E Se we . [Gi oad Sagan won] lo Cald Lormad Compression membey~ oo e Bramplt | ddermine the mazlimuan Gompression ford Hat the Sqasa ve, tubrlar -ampcesSion member Shawen in a Rgune Cam Supper the Loagth of coburnn is ym BR K=10 - wlubon lead . by ouh = Aouk Caleskali, Yin-= fin & out q Soaps MA ed bee bol LO Ve Tel ore uy pdid Bex Pee | 2 Nov Corner 7 7 ; Se tt-a RE Rak = 84h =lO0rmm = 1 Om CG “Tt BL 2152 R= 187-410 = 1S- Fine = LSE Cm ew © = 0.639 R's 0.699410 = 6-34 mm = 634m cate As Lb = 15:24 4 = 628 in = 0.628 Cun? io a Tx=Ty = oda y2 + ovoya(Z2-28) 42 2 + 6.605 x(B—o Y= 6B +0634) % 4 > 1939 Cunt Ais 'POROURY 4 o.G29%Y > 306% Gm Vea ty -/E, = 2.95 cn budeliug, ~ Ny = 10% YOO 2 soy Dh» Ry > BORE = S04 eee for Aéueo Fos ky 65810 4 0-Y= 1.23 theme sheost fore = shes & Area Reat2s “Adffdive lie. (How Gmpression womber) 7s ke=82s-s(2) keseud kp20s k. = == Ke-= 4 Kesou? 4 a bp [TD Ke= S.2s-s() Ke =0-U2 a P=10 all, Parts the Same Aba, £ Bet 6b =!Fbmm $ Ee Hmm ~ 26/ou Pa2- = ott ha Below Tou ° pr tin elS—o0841 20.96 C10 nat ofReckine area fe GP b= (0: W419 <0.D1,6m Nef = 00.62 —0-Foyx0.44if = 24.54 Cn alowable mpreSion ne xAef’- 2/23 ¥27-SY> 36.3 ¢ _ odvedloge | composite Gast vachion —= 15 Saving ia std - suaket Linenease ia Sioa SO smollor dbf Secon os nel es Soa enero Ho applied loacl . LENG cli oe tedackion tw depth. UG fk | _ ge more resiston Ce. of Fire, pL wep. Gm pe Composite beams Re. Slab . 28) o£ ¢ (Re slab) J! gat (shear peel 1 2. - lreahtancet aCe TF FANLS Sports halle 5 Shepping malle, large ay sheds, - -- - adv: Sof Space Pramac ligt weigh . wet 2 a. Covering large areas « oleae 3- No~ bracing System vequired- Gonvecliom M ~ Types af Spnce Frames Ha bey sy steum - 2-node (Ball) Sy:hem Be Flanged System ¥K — draw te Grmechion between Corrugated shubs & 2- Section 7 Shed's ez -Sechion Cote Parlin —_drow he cnnachion bebe T-Sechion Perkin & house ace). Cord aoe r Fl AIG_LRED tension and compression DESIGN OF MEMBERS USING LRFED ' INTRODUCTION: (64 | ® Comparison between ASD + LRFD philosophies Point of Comparision ERED Stands for Allowable Stress Design Load & Resistance Factor Design Q <(b/y)Rn ZnGS HR, where where Basic Formula @ is the working load a is the working toad Ry isthe nominal resistance “his the overload factor corresponding (8/7) _is a constant factor of Saféty for each (Bu) (0 Q; aa type of failure é Ra Design _ —-Actual Overload Force Force Factor Rage ag “kas pom Design Actual Resistance Strength ~ Resistance * reduction Factor Kee GLEE ae Maximum stress Actual stress $ = Factor of Safely Concept Actual stress << ~ Allowable stress SU tga Cgeuuall Chala) uli ea Asay fla} Gun, AY ASD JI la (4 lal As BUI: (0.56F,)« 1/0.58 = 1.7 ullss gle factor of safety F.0.5. | .2dead, | Clive, } .3w Vue cle Sen] Aa ay ji J} ta 8 > Why Should LRFD be used ? |-_Economy due to using different Load factors % | ss) 2D, 1.6L, 1.3W,... daatl Areal ques fe Jlat) AaB ast ob das yl A ashe gh US JUST cyan! Gals Bi aly daa! F343 BY daa Ga isl egy Lake « (different load combinations) (Lath Atsy 38) 2- LRFD provides a flexibihty options for the designers. . Aagliall ply laa 2H cdlales goo) | bi prev od Ly ya bas 3-_Easy, changing yd in LRFD 1s easier than changing allowable stress in ASD 2D tension aint compression 4-_Economy in tension with low (Live Load / Dead Load) ratios BS 3 04 Heal dead JI us hve Jl Au O3S Late EU La yall chothill 4 i. (cB) SSM Bail) Aysled} GLdubal] ales (68 tga gall 5- Safety ( Ul ) due to better awareness of its Structural behavior (Wada plas (© 9) 6-_Using different materials 1s easier-in LRFD gall list slash (of Ages day yb & Different Load Combinations in L.R.F.D. : ° 14D ° 1.2D41.6L+05L, Dead Load ° 412D+05L+16L, Live Load * 42D +1.6L,+0.8W Roof Live Load e 12D+05L+05L,4+1.39W Wind Load ° 1.2D205L + 1.0E Earthquake Load ° 09D+ +43W ° 09Dz £1.0E > Different Resistance Factors be 0.85 (Yielding in gross section ) $ = 0.7” ( Fracture in net section ) dys = 0.7 ( Block Shear Rupture ) $. = 0.6 (Compression ) 2416 LRED tension end compression all sU8 pads Ch pas ill Chis yell (yan * nominal load (P,) = stress x area (without any factor of safety’ Dots go peal aoe EU din Oy oh da gel + F.O.S, OY dates ° ultimate load P= px stress x area OLY ales OLSY ai Cus areca 8 GL EID gag « CURE (pareuat Jan cai (1.2D04i.6L+ ... (welded members) Avet = Agess ~ (bolt diameter+clearance) xt > (bolted members) cS i I->5..<0.9 mI * = connection eccentriaty (angle C.L. 9 (plailly atacal L& Cyos Able! ) L = length of connection in direction of loading A.= A,xU (Effective tension area) 2 Very Important notes to consider before design: ~ Fracture (ehill) (F,) 15 always associated with (+ outs ) effective section (A, ). - Yielding (F) 1s always associated. with gross section (A,). - From Materials, shear stress (4) = tensile stress (f) (V3 ~ 0.6 f, so ultimate shear stress q,=0.6F, and yield shear stress 4y=0.GF,. sAgsle) aps 1B gata q=f/fh> (beam A.S.D., allowable q = 0.58F, /V3 = 0.6x0.58F, O.35F, ). (non-pretensioned bolt A.S.D., allowable q = 0.33F,/¥3 = O0.2F,). q=F/BoOf= BxqoP = 3q? > on (weld A.S.D., combined stress shear + normal = ./f* + 34”). DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS (BEAMS) USING LRFD eUsall le x8 ll a ell Ge 2S capacity EUaBI dad 34 Os OI Vas tall a 1.2M,+1.6M, x M, or |.4M, SS nominal moment M, depends on class of section NA gan ole VM, ous oth resistance factor 6=0.85 S_- compact or non-compact section with no LTB or there 1s lateral torsional buckling LTB (1) class of section: compact Non-compact _— Cyr Rolled [C 16.9 ]16.9 C . 23 |t~ | wt] v 72> i glade ee] whl wb & Welded|C 15.3 [15.3 _ c a i 7 I dw | t Wry | Fe i | ij | dy 127 ae ats ote nee » We \JR t ~ JF, | welded rolled * compact section J (Ly for non-compact section iM, =M, = ZxF,] iM, =M, = SXF, where: Z = plastic section modulus ( 4/ ed gadl® cjg)... bial 5 = elastic section modulus (given in the tables) ( 6 /*e4ge1l*u jell) FL = F,-F, 2 0.75F, F. = compressive residual stresses in the flange. 0.7t/cm? (rolled) | Gt/ém? (welded) isfy f=Fy Abigale os S # plastic section modulus lua q Je Se ds (A.y) Euaitl ae che ‘ C.G, Ustil JASall stress cd 4’ (4 elbitl Nyt Ae gaze poll GUAR Jat Abad ea) ge Udil) aN (Dglsauall plastic 4 | { td 7 Lsection M=Mp M=My za ee _ (PH ad ~2t)* = ZFy = Sry 4 4 (2) according to limitations of lateral unbraced length (LTB): celal yma ple M, Aa8 slay ily Lp and L, do Atay L, .o, Hhae ob _- Plastic range p=Zry My+2 ! _ mnelastic range if | 2 iB | sees fs 4 r elastic range =S(Fy-Fr) | § ' ! | z | a \2 | | : | laterally unbraced length Lb ~ a lp Lr fFLl, L, (elastic range) | 1 380A 20700 2 e) iM, = Ma, = Cy Sy t : ’ TL “a TT 39 LEED beens ‘Where: | 4, = actual laterally unbraced (unsupported) length 60r, 1380, Ee : L= ans pit ise F,)°] nN nr, tadius of gyration of I-section about y-axis | —br 7 T-section 0.10414» —| — xX =(—a—) A, = byt; ue a rp = j++ = tb, + edt, Check shear: 1.4Q, or 1.2Q,+1.6Q, < VW=oxV, V, depends on the ratio hit, | V, = OF,,A, Pl2/ JF, V, = 0.6F,,,A,(——— hlty 9500 Vo= ee : A Gb, ¥ Taking A, = shear yelding : TI : mnelasbe bucking bw 4 1 In shear h If dlostic bucking Ld | PN f ee welded nominal shear strength Ve i --4- Ct ! ' i ! | | I ' L web, slencerness Iytw H2 | EXAMPLE-E Design an IPE section to be used as a beam to support machines in a floor of an industrial building. The beam carriés an equivalent uniformly distributed dead load of | .2t/m including its own weight, and an equivalent distributed live load of O.4t/m’. The beam span 15 5m, and 1s simply supported to other main beams. - Design the beam using LRFD 1) taking the compression flange of the beam 1s fully laterally unsupported. 2) taking the compression flange of the beam 1s fully laterally supported. - Redesign the beam using ASD. | Solution: Using LRED_ method (laterally unsupported): (1) calculation of loads: 2 2 12x5* 5 75me, M, = 2 =1.25mt . 6 4 M, = 1.4x3.75 = 5.25mt Or 12x38. 75+1.6x1,25= 6.5mt (controls) _ OAS wl =O.4t/m\ wa= | .2t/m\ |.2x5 =3t.V,= la 4 V, = 1.4x3 = 4.26 Or 1.2x3+1.6x1 = 5.2 (controls) : (2) estimation of the section: try any section from the tables or [1.4=(Ma+M,=5Smt)x | OO/S, 5,=357cm* > choose \PE270] 3) classification of the section: (3-a) width to thickness, ratio: A ~— 5.0m ——! a 28 : i =125 > compact web I i w 7 7 i C _13.5/2-.66/2-15 _ 4 5p Boe | t 1.02 lect | 1 < 13S = 10.9 > compact. ange | : L a v 30 the whole 1s compact. IPE 270 pri3sa.- T-section o | hole - &x270=45 to calculate L,: A, = byt; =13.5x1.02 =13.77.6m* [r.02x13.5° — '¢x27x0.66° a 12 7 12 = 1 ,02x1 3.5 + !¢x27x0.66 O.104x3.535x27 9 xX =( =0.52 13.77 Fi, = 2.4-0.7 = 1.7tfen L= pSeoxrs ce Lie | + (2x0.52x1.7)°] = 5 10cm 2741.7 2 because (L,=156)< (L,=500) < (L,=5 | O) section is inelastic range (4) check the safety of the section: (4-a) check bending moment: 2 = bd? |4-(b-s\d -2t)" 14 =13.5%277 /4— (13.5 - 0.66)(27 ~ 2x1 .02)* /4 = 460.5em* 5, = 429cm? from tables M, = 460.5 x 2.4 =| 105.2em.t M, = 429 x (2.4 -0.7) = 729.3cmt C, = 1.13 for distributed load on simple beam (EC page20) 500 -156 M, =|.13}1 105 —(1 105 ~ 729) ] } =635.6em.t 510-156 M, = GO5em.t < 0.85x635.8 = 710.4cm.t + safe (4-b) check shear force: 19 _33.2< ues =72.3 -66 V2.4 V, = O.6F,A, = 0.6x2.4x27x0.66 = 25.7t V, = 5.2t < 0.85x25.7 = 21.8t + safe (4-c) check deflection: 5 0.4x107 x500% 364” 2100x5790 = 0.266cem < ae 1.67cm + safe 300 Using LRFD method (laterally supported): (1) calculation of loads: M, = 6.5mt, V, = 5.2¢ (2) estimation of the section: try any section from the tables or [1.536=(MatM,=5mt)x | OO/S, 5,=325cem? > IPE240] 3) classification of the section: roe 120-4 3-a) width to thickness ratio: 9.64 d, 19 127 Sw 2 —*_ = 30.6 < SS =125 > compact web zt, 0.62 4 i 240 Cc 7 yD 6.2 _12/2-0.62/2 15 426 0.98 Le 169 Liog+ compact flange IPE 240 isl 1S t f < v so the whole section is compact. (3-b) lateral torsional buckling L, = zero the section 1s in plastic range (4) check the safety of the section: (4-a) check bending moment: Z = bd? |4—(b- sd - 28) 14 = 12"24? [4 — (12 — 0.6224 - 2x0.98)* 4 = 346em° M, = 346 x 2.4 =630.4em.t M, = GO5em.t < 0.85x830.4 = 705.8cm.t + safe ‘4-b) check shear force: O.6F.,,,A, = O.6K2,4x24x0.62 = 21 At oie 5.2t < 0.65x21.4 = 16.2t > safe (4-c) check deflection: =2 4 5 QAO #500" 0.4m < 500 _\ 67cm + safe 384 2100x3890 300 PYLKIED beens Continue the example Using ASD method (laterally unsupported): (1) calculation of loads: L.2x5* OAKS? M, = = 3.75mt , M, = —— = 1.25 mt wl=O.4t/m\ Z noe =3t.y,= 088 Eu wa= |, 2t/my Max = 3-75+1.25 = Smt , Qh, = 3+! =4t 5.0m | (2) estimation of the section: | assume F, = O.56F, = |.4t/cm? 1.422192 5, = 357m > choose IPE270 (3) classification of the section: r135—-4 (3-a) width to thickness ratio: d, 21.9 127 | w= SO § 33:2 < = 125 > compact web ~ 0.66 v2 13.5 /2-.66/2-1.5 _ ere t, jp ELIAS EW 6612719 4.82 6.6 ty i 1,02 16. E < ve = 10.9 — compact flange N24 IPE 270 _(3-b) lateral torsional buckling = 5 Lowe = 500m > 1, = ZOE 2ZONFS =/74em -135- ~T-section there 1s lateral torsional buckling Fgp = COON 8:54.08 1 130.92 1em? 500x27 2 to calculate Fizs 2: x13.’ GX27XO.66" 12 12 1.02x138.5 + !¢X27x0.66 L,, = 500 = at 2141 > 64 |GEL! 257.6 fy = 3.535 Fyne = 500 : = 141 > 168 (eel! — 129 VF, =24 = 3.535cm So for /88 bt fp = 12099 4) 13 = 0.682 /em* Foot TAL “ap = VO.682°+0.92* =1.145¢ /om™ {4) check the safety of the section: (4-a) check bendin: moment: Sxl 00 6s = “G9 =1.17 > Fizg =|.145 > unsate ; _safe Etna) Jute} CS Maly a | 17/1145 = 2% vee GG CY Ly ‘A-b) check shear force: - get = 0.22 < 0.35F, = 0.64 > sale 27x0.66 ia F 5 0.4x107* x500* A=——* 364 2100x5790 = 0.266em < 2 =1|.67cm -> sate 300 Using ASD method (laterally supported): (1) calculation of loads: Myx = Smt , Qua = 4t (2) estimation of the section: assume Fy = O.64F, = | .54t/em* 1.54 = 22400 5, = 325em? + choose IPE240 (3) classification of the section: -120~ 3-a) width to thickness ratio: ama 9 8 ad Togs Hes Hos se =30.6< a 125 > compact web | i t, 0.62 an | C 1212 -0.62/2 71:5 _ 4 28 6.2 -+ i 0.98 | ee < an 10.9 -» compact flange Pe V2.4 (PE 240 ‘3-b) lateral torsional buckling L, = zero No lateral torsional buckling (4) check the safety of the section: 4-a) check bending moment: = 0.64F, =| .536 > sate r ‘A-b) check shear force: 9 => = 027 < 0.35F, = 0.64 > sate 24x0.62 ; - (‘4-c) check deflection: 7 2 4 Ppa a DA OF 500" 6 gem < 22 = 1 67cm > safe 384 2 | 00x3690 300 SSS BS I gest draw the maximum bending stress distribution of i-section for different class of sections... compact (plastic) , i | ‘section Nominal Flexural Strength for Compact Sections For I~shaped members including hybrid sections and channels: | When Ly1 Ma = Mer Me, = CySy DESIGN FOR SHEAR = 0.85 For bt , < 112/ V, =0.6F Ay Forl12/ JF, ‘yw Take the bigger values from (a) or (b). Prof. Dr, Abdelrahirn Khalil Dessousi 8 ' Stee! Stustues Design (1) (Lecture Notes) Third Year Civil (2005-2006) (333 3- Wind Load Wind load acts perpendicular to the surface. WL =C.kq wWywt =C.kq (alcosa) ‘Where: { q = factor dependant on the location of structure, k = factor dependant on the height of the element, C. = factor dependant on the shape of structure and the angle a . If C, has a negative value (suction); - a NW Wawt has a negative value, hus wind ioad is neglected in the design of purlin. If Ce has a positive value (pressure) fv, LB Step 2: Combinations of Moment and Shear 1+ Case (A) Dead load + Live load) Mx = Myo + Matt fou + Myun Q& =Qort Qe Q = Qo. + Que 2. Case (B) (Dead load + Live load + Wind load) =Mort Mart Mazi My =Mypr+Myr +0 Step 3: Choice of The Section ‘The most cross section used in the design of purlins is the channel cross section which is a non-compact section, thus the allowable stress F, = 0.58 Fy. {,=MJS, + MJS, < 0.58 Fy Assume S,=7Sy (incase of channel) S, =6 Sy (in case of IPE) In case of using the channel, 0.58 Fy=M,/S,+ M,/Sy = M/S, + TMS Calculate S, and choose a suitable channel from tables. Prof, Dr, Abdelrahim Khalil Dessouki 9 Steel Structures Design (1) (Lecrure Notes) Third Year Civil (2065-2006) [ 23 2t| a Check class of section (compact, non-compact, slender) Chie & dt ’. Check flexural stress H=My/S+MyS, , Mat = 106.13 x 67/8 = 477.59 kgm me kgm wy ene Myt = 10.61 x 67/8 =47. Qa 18.39 kg, Que 1.83 kg b= 100 ke (Concentrated Load) A Prop = 100 cosa . 400 cos 5.71 = 99.5 kg Pyioo = 100sin a a) \ 4 100 sin 5.71 = 9.95 kg y ~—s Musso = 99.5 x 6/4 = 149.25 kgm KS Myo =9.95 x 6/4= 14.93 kgm 5 1 oe 3- Wind Load Tan a= 0.1 < 0.4 wind is suction. Neglect wind load effect. E-Coml ions of Moment and Shear M, = 143.55 +477.59 = 621.14 kgm = 62.11 tom My = 14.355 +47.75 Q = 95.74 318.39 . . Qy =9.57+3183 =41.4 kg =0.041t Die Choice of Section The proposed section to be used is the channel section. This section is a non-compact section,.so the allowable bending stress Fy is taken 0.588. [My 7M, }/1.4 = [62.1147 x 6.21/14 = 75.4 cm? Choose [140 (S,= 86.4 cm? & Sy= 14,8 cm’) of. Dr. Abdelrahim Kheti 13 Steel Suctures Desien (1) (Lecrase utes) Third Year Civil (2005-2006) (2 3g Iy- Check of Thé Chosen Section | a- Check class of section (compact, non-compact, slender) Clty 760.0 60< 14.8 Y dy =97 mm dy /ty = 9.7/0.7 = 13.85 < The section is non-compact. b- Check Stresses 1+ Check flexural stress §, = M/S, + MySy = 62.11/86.4+6.21/14.8= 1.14 Yom? Bka/m?, or for double layer w, = 12 + |&ka/m?, own weight of cold formed channel o.w. = 10 20kajm We =f) Ott 1000)" “cosa” 1000 note. Dead and live loads are vertical loads and the purlin is sloped, so there are two bending moment bent about (x-x 1 yy axis)... VS? xs M, =" cosas cmt. Ox =H cosa = t v8? Ms =r sino. =..umi 7 | -b)Live Loads: a) uniform load as a lve load for accessible roof LL, = 200 — 300tana. = ... kam? > 20 kam? or for inaccessible roof LL. = 60- 66,7tana = ... kgm* > 20 kg/m* W, = ee Wa) = thie s cosas. , O, = cos. =. _ xs? sin =...mt b) concentrated load_| OOkq for case of mamtenance “S COS. =...1mt O.1xS sin = ..unt [ |-¢)Wind Load: W.L. = Cexkxq = ..... kg/m? k : factor depends on height of building r height (m) [O->1Om 10->20m_|20+30m [30350m K [Lo Ll 1.3 LS : + factor depencis on positioi of building Position Aswan Cairo Alexandria_| Matroh Q (kaj?) | 50 kelm® | 70 kgim® [80 kajm® | 90 kam? C, : factor depends on shape of external surface area nd 7 “tir oy Te —— tae | | Gat08 i Fare Part a= 0 take Ce=0.5 for the suction part while for the pressure part get it from the figure wind load 1s suction for night part with C,= - 0.5, while wind load 1s pressure for left part with C, value taken from the shown curve. - if tana < 0.4, neglect the wind load because tt 1s with (-ve) sign (suction), - while if tana, > 0.4, take the wind load with the (+ve) sign (pressure). : Cxkxy W,, Ly 1000 cosa d=. note. ... wind load is perpendicular to the corrugated sheet, so the wind load bent about the horizontal axis of the section (x-x axis) only and no moment about (y-y axis)... W x§? | -d)Final straming actions: loads as primary load (case |)deadthve My = MactMu. My = Ma tMy, » Q. = Qu tQ, loads as secondary load (case II)dead-tlve-+twind My = MagtMuctM yes My = MaytMy, » Q, = Qu tQ.+ Qh, very important note ... It 1s suitable to use tie rod in cold formed section ... 5. WGP 7 - fone tie rod 1s used, then M, = Me) M aa - if two tie rods are used, then M, =D ay = Types of sections: hot rolled section (not recommended) or cold formed section like .... ramon. LLJ ou Siiffened sections assume F, = 1.46 / em? = Mey My 3. 3, iN assume 5,7 S, for hot rolled channel, while for cold formed section take 3,~ 6 S, for channel, 3,~ 4 S, for Z-section, 2 S, for rectangular box section. S,~ | S, for square box section. Get S, =...cm* > from tables choose the section Cold formed sections subjected to bending moment: ite Iie fie? pp aD ESS GM st LB (G1 aSl) C8 Leal ye all Gail) b ceall ¢ jal of Badu esol) CUR Oye iid ¢ Sally « buckling Ld Gasy Gill Mall ol ja aa (effective section) a3 5) pstéy All se (dig! 3) How to Calculate the effective width... 3-a)Calculate y J\(stress in tension side(-ve) or smaller comressive stress) w = J, (bigger stress in compressive stress) 3-b)Calculate Ky... which depends on case of studied part "stiffened, unstiffened or partially stiffened", stress distribution "moment or normal" Stiff Aunye Unstiff Aignye . Partially stiff flange normal moment tf / Af rs 7 he | Sections subjected to Mx w_|Straining action| Ke Stiffened flange L.O | Compression | 4.0 | Unstiffened flange or lip L.O[ Compression [0.43 Stifiened web of beams -1.0 Moment 23.9 Partially stiffened flange 1.0 | Compression | PPP? Ke= 4.0 Ke= 043 __ Ke= 22pe7 O CL Or. Ky for the web = 23.9 3-c)calcvlate slenderness parameter..... = np = PLE | where b 441K, 3-d)calculate reduced factor... Ap -O.1/5-O.05 Poa a 3-e)calculate effective width... For flange... Be = Phage * By For web.. Poop XH, For lp "flange, ="h" web, ="a" lip note: . In case of partially stiffened flange, k, will be between | 0.43 and 4.0, and will be calculated as follow: ret) for 2 x2 no reduction, the flange 1s fully effective b, = b j® (2) tree es Bot trd calculate |, = FI, = 3992 Lt S if 250.25 k= 3.57 [b 0049 =...84.0 ‘s 0.33]? xt* If 0.25<2.<0.8 k= (482-5421 |b s049 =...<5.25-5x2 b Lp (3) for 235 3 caleviate > 1, =22 y= LISLE) | 5 yp 72 Ss le 2<0.25 23.97 fe 1049 =..240 b ie D lt 0.25<2.<0.8 K, = (482-5x 7] S.. <5.25-5x2 Bb Calculate S = 1.28) and S/3 — where E = 21 00t/em* y 4-a) Check bending stress... M Me sir) 4M Be) = Alem <1.4t/em? Yat A-b) Check shear stress... = =..t/0m? <0.35F, =0.84t/em? hxt 9 SW, cosa, S* 384 EL wee (for check the safety of the section). "p" for all parts 21,0, the whole section 1s fully effective an we can get |,, |, A, 9, and S, direct from tables, But if "p" of any part 1s <1.0, the section will be reduced, and the properties of the new section must be calculated Chass leis Gadi SELLE tae Ga yd (Sy Clea baal bik be reduced section J) use! inertia Ji | x ett = by torn tables — I, X of the reduced part: | cm = by form tables ~ hy ofthe reduced part A ett = A tormtaties — A ot tne cece always, the part which 1s not fully effective is the unstiffened flange, and we can calculate new properties ! of the section as: | Ie cit = le table — be et me neuer pt : ste — LEYTE 2 — Le(H/2-£/2)? Hoi Ivtatte — bret te ese | aoe ~ tL/ 1 2 — Lt(B-e-L/2)* xe Note... If the section is given and 1s not one of the tables section, we have to calculate properties of the section. #For corners ~» The given radius "R" 1s the mner radius unless otherwise mentioned. Radius of center line R=R+ 2 Area of the curve A=Lxt = /.57R'xt (t 1s the thickness of plates) Location of C.G, from center of curvature = 0.637R' Inertia of the curve 1=Ay where (y 15 the distance between C.G. of curvature and C.G. of whole section) 253 | 1H Bil) EXAMPLE |) Calculation of Loads..... Taking S=6m, a=! .33m, slope 1:10, re level of purlins<|Om, and use one tie rod No | -a)Dead ‘Load: corrugated sheets-town weight of section We F512 1,33m) 4 oe 9 0167 thm 1000)" “Zaeez~ 1000 eae My= SOIGTS 50055 71=0.075m1 ise M,,= CONSTI ein 5.71=0.0019m Og, = ANTS 6035.71 = 0.051 b)live Loads: uniform load as 2 lve load for inaccessible roof LL. = 60 - 66.7x0.1 = 53.3kg/m? > 20 kalm? 533 W,= : (To00 }x1.33=0.071 t/ nr 6" 085.71 =0.318mt De 1 jp = SOLD sin 5.71 = 0.0079m1 9.076 cos5.71 = 0.212 w b) concentrated load _|OOkq for case of M,, =2 ix €085,71= 0.149 < My, uniform load |-c)Wind Load: tana = O.1 < 0.4, neglect the effect of wind load |-d)Max. straining action: M, = 0.316+0.075 = 0.393mt M, = 0.0079+0.0019 = 0.0098mt > bP Design as unstiffened C-section with using one tie rod = 0393x100 60.0098:100 S, 45cm® choose C-| 60x75x4x6 14 3-a) Unstiffened flange subjected to compression w=, K.=0.43 and b=B-r-t=75-4-6=65mm Web subjected to moment 23.9 and h=H-2r-2t= 1GOmm =2.25> | (fully effective) as the flange 1s not fully effective, we must calculate new properties of section. eet = lx tapte — |y ot the reauced part = 606.25 — 0.747x0.49/1 2 ~0.747x0.4x(9-0.2)? =583.1 |em* Wet = betapie — Ivor the reduced part = 67.2 — 0.4x0.747°| 2 — 0.747x0.4x(7.5- | .9- 0.747/2) = 59cm4 4-a) Check bending stress... 393x101 583 0098x100 7 5p MX = B~e=75-19) M 7 oy = Sen) + off ay =0.7t/em? <1.4-> safe the section 1s waste and we must reduce it A-b) Check shear stress... 0.040 / em? <0.35F, = 0.84 safe A-c) Check deflection... IW, cosa S* _ §x0.071x10"x cos 5.71600" 384 384x2100x: S = 0.970n <= 600 «36m + safe > > P Repeat last example using stiffened (ipped) C-section S, = 45cm? from tables choose C| GOxB0x30x4x6 3-a) Partially stiff. flange subjected to compression w= 1, Ky=PP? b=80-2x4-2x6=GOmm 1 a [Fo 28, oe S= 7 1" =37, 66 b S/3=12.62<0 bit 1. 399-6 = 0.00296 cm4 ted? 0.4.2? 12) =0.266em* = 2215 4" t fully effective) 3-b) Stilf. Web subjected to moment w=-1, K=23.9 and h=140mm =2.4>1 (fully effective) 3-c) Unstiff. ly subjected to compression wel, Kg=0.43 and d=2O0mm 043 _ 0 07 _ Ae ~0.15—0.05y _ 0.27-0.15-0.05x1 ae 0.27 1 eds colts toa bystee bgil .26~1 (fully effective) ue b, for hyp calss baal gi Lalla fully effective As all parts are fully effective , use S, and S, from tables Lasla La Lt 4-a) Check benching stress. 0.0098x1 00 = 0.621 /em® <1.4 + safe Check deflection Ac 5_W, cosa 8" _ 5x0,071x10xcos5.71x600" 384 £1, 384x2100x476 00 =1,19ems =3cm — safe 200 because check bending 1s waste as well as check shear and deflection, so we must reduce the section, or use lipped channel without tie rod note ” DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE 14 . Design of connections ' The connection between the angles and the gusset plate is either bolted or welded. The welded connections are executed (i in the shop @—,,!) while the { bolted connections are in the field (except otherwise mentioned) [ All the connections of truss are welded because the weld is cheaper and easier, The only connections which are bolted are at the position of field casier Ly. eee connections. The field connections are with the column and inside the truss spaced maximum 12m (Not important to be at the position of longitudinal bracing). This is for the reason of transmission of the welded parts from the shop (sy to the field as one unit. « Bolted connections: ‘vpes of bolts In structural steel work, two types of bolts are available. Those types are non-pretensioned and pretensioned bolis. Grades of bolts : The values of the ultimate tensile strength Fy, and the yield stress Fy, for various bolt grades are given in the following table Boltgrade [74.6 | 48 | 56 | 58 | 68 3 ie 28 | Fup (/em") 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 Fy Wom) | 24 | 32 | 30 | 40 | 48 | 64 " DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE 158 NOTE: The first number is the ultimate while the yield is the shown percentage. i. for grade 5.6, the ultimate is 5 t/om* , while the yield is 0.6*5 = 3 tom? Ordinary bolts of grade (4.6, 4.8, 5.6, 5.8 and 6.8 ) and hight strength bolts of grade 8.8 and 10.9 can be used as non-pretensioned bolts, while only hight strength bolts of grade 8.8 and 10.9 can be used as pretensioned bolts. Bolts arrangement: 1- Non-pretensioned bolts: Gauge line: It's the line at which bolts are arranged. It lies at the middle of the clear angle (at “=! from the upper edge). ele fe |e | ety gage =f SS Non-pretensioned bolts should be arranged in gauge lines satisfying the limits of both edge distance, end distance () and pitch distance (p) where, 13d S05 12 bp 208 30d ps The minimum thickness of 14 tinin oF 200mm alas 6) Where tnin = thinner past ‘of the connected elements. o Difference between end distance and edge distance "ey" which is the distance between Center of 69 bolt & Edge Of angle in the direction of force . is called End distance DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE 76 "ey" which is distance between Center of bolt & Edge Of angle in the direction erpendicular to the direction of force is called Edge distance "e;" and "e)" have same limits for maximum and minimum Example: If 2 angles back to back 90*9 with a gusset plate So tain is 14*0.9 (minimum of 10 mm and 9mm) = 12.6 cm < 20 cm (200mm) So Pmax = 126 mm Minimum angle: From previous the minimum angle to be used in case of bolted connections is: Anin= 15d "2 + tangle 5 SiNCE tangle = 0.1 2 80 apg = 3d+0.1la 0.9 amin = 3d Amin 2O FU a > Onin = 3d * 11 —— For boli Mi6, d=16mm, agi, = 3*1.6*1.1 = 5.3 om =53 mm. So use angle 55*55*5 Arranging angles in more than one gauge line: We may either arrange the bolts in two gauge line or staggered as shown ele delete | So perhhtess - a fob ret bk sR HE a es 2 gauge lines slagerred Minimum angle: From previous the minimum angle to be used in case of bolted connections is: Amin = 15d + 3d + 1.5d+ tangie , SiNCE fangle = 0.1 a 80 Amin = 6d + 0.1 a 0.9 amin = 6d $0 Gin = 6d * 1.1 For bolt M16, d=16mm, amin = 6*1.6*1.1 = 10.6cm = 106 mm | DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE [ So use angle 110*110*10 | NOTIEE The staggered is preferred than.2_gauge lines (although iney fave the same minimum angle) because in designing the tension member, there will be — Example: Check the stress of 2 angles back to back 110*10 with tension force = 50t and has 2 gauge lines, Bolt used is M16. Solution: Ayo = 2*(21.2 - 2*1.8*1) = 35.2 om? | Check stress f= 50/35.2 = 1.42 om? unsafe Holes clearance: = 1 mm for M12 up to M14 =2.mm-for M16 up to M24 3 mm for M27 and larger” ea Design of non-pretensioned bolts j hell pee 1-Non-pretension bolts subjected to shear: | 4 For this type of bolts the forces acting transverse (perpendicular) to insta bolt are transmitted either by shear on the shank or bearing on the connected parts. (Note that: the forces perpendicular to the axis of bolt is shear). NOTE: If the bolts appear as cross (+) in the page so its axis is perpendicular to the page, and the acting forces is in the plan of the page, so the acting force is shear. DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE, Design of bolted connection subjected to shea: Note that: In bolts we usually use forces not stresses. Since the ultimate are given in the Egyptian code of practice as stresses, so we have to change these stresses to forces by multiplying it with the area of the bolt. We always have 2 values, the actual value which is equal (force / number of bolts), while the other value is the allowable, which is the force that the bolt can carry and is equal to (allowable stress given in the code * area of bolt) Different modes of failures due to shear and bearing:. tee e Failure by single shear or bearing in plates 1 or 2 2) | | F< = I SED IW © Failure by double shear or bearing in plates 1& 3 or 2 DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE. 19 4 vd Fo< - Fi2 ic e Failure by 3 shear or bearing in plates 1& 3 or L.& 4 a-Failure by shear: Ry, = AsnearxGuxm where: Ra resistance of one bolt for shear stress on the bolt a : axd” Ager bolt cross section area subjected to shear = d bolt diameter a = 0.25 for bolts grade ia 5.6, & 8.8) s grade (4.8, 5.8, Fw _ultimate normal stress for bolts taken from the previous table) m “filimber of shear planes taken =I for single shear, 2 for double shear and 4 for 4 shear Le. Ray = (0.2 oF 0.25) * Fun ® at —_——e>» b-Failure by bearing in angle or gusset plate: Ry = AveuingxF | where: me Rs resistance of one bolt for bearing stress on the connected plates Avan _plate surface area subjected to bearing = d> Pfam d shank diameter of bolt Sia The smallest sum of plate thickness in the same direction A allowable bearing stress for plates = oF a factor depends onjend distance faken from the following table DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE 80 End distance in direction of force e2l.5d e22.0d . e22.5d © 23.0d a 0.6 08 1.0 1.2 Where F, = 3.6 t/om? for steel 24/37 that we are using. Le Rp=d Vin, * 0.8 * 3.6 2 4 oe oO 7 ‘ po \e How to choose "at: —=_——— \ Ley ee ss 1- Assume end distance = 2d, so "a!" will be equal to 0.8, (J >” ; 2- Since the failure of the connection will be either by shear or by bearing-The least of them will be the guide of the design. So we have to choose the smaller of Renew and Rhearing. Since we can increase the bearing by just increasing the end distance, so we can use Rejear= Reewing 0 get "a" which gives the bearing slightly bigger than shear. + 7 — — Example: Calcutate\(he optimum "a" {br non-pretensioned bolt M16 grade 4.6 connecting 2 angles 80*8 and a gusset plate. fag = less of | om and 2 cm Ry = 0.258482 "1S 49 = 4.02 =1.6 #1036 So a=0.7 so take a = 0.8 WE CAN ALWAYS ASSUME « = 0.8 directly in all examples. ¢-Calculation of number of bolts required: N* of bolts for shear =N = 20% east Where: Riess is the minimum of Rs or Ry e, al DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE. a For design: Always the single angle is single shear, 2 angles back to back is double shear, while star shaped is single shear for half the force in one angle Minimum number of Bolts: 4 in one gauge line (recommended and always used). y 2- Lin one gauge line but we must use washers (>,;) under both the head ag and the nut (,-Li), also the bearing stress must be: Ry $0.75 Fudt Le. as 0.75 (48 ye Al May ng joint Maximum number of Bol Maximum number of bolts in one gauge is 6 bolts with allowable Rj. If the number increased, the allowable of one bolt will be reduced from Rj to be sua BR where pei 0.75 Bs Where L; is the distance between the center of the first and last bolt. When we have large number of bolts, we arrange them on minimum pitch which is 3d so =(n-1) 3d, where n is number of bolts Ry =4.02t at Solution: +n > 6 bolts Lid ( Example: Calculate the actual force that a i -) L.=7*3"d =21 d SU =). 2id-15d _ SS _ B=l 200d 0.97 D DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE First: Design of connections with discontinuous chord (simple connection): The connection is discontinuous when: © Ifthe 2 numbers are not of same section e Ifthe 2 numbers are not of same straight line If there is field connection at this position R E ps5 5 F, Pets Leos | | Ste Lae position of field connection Design © Formember(1) om =24 R, Where R; is the minimum of Rps or Ry and S) tmin is the least of tgusset plate OF 2* AL60*6 = AL 80*8 tangles © Formember(2) m= z (same as member 1) e Formember (3) = m3 = 4 R, Where Rj is the minimum of Rss or Ry and > tnin is the least of tyusset plate OF tengle _ Fz © Formember(4) my R Where R; is the minimum of Rss or Ry and > tnin is the least Of tyusset plate OT tungle DESIGN OF STETL STRUCTURE _ oie | Second: Design of connections with continuous chord: The vertical and diagonal are designed as before. The only difference is : for chord in which the designed force is the Max difference between the 2 members which is the greatest of @ Fi-k 1 C_© Ficosa (can be neglected) JH Gt Design: For members (1) and (2) continuous =Ach Uchord = - a Where R, is the minimum of Ros or Ry and > thin is the least of tausset pate OF 2* tangles © Calculation of n3 and ny is as before in case of simple joint because they are not continuous. Notes: In case when the two forces of chord members are of opposite signs (this usually happens near the column) in which one is tension and the other is compression Foes = Fy + Fy RE R 5, ms & 7 1.60%6 qe 4L60*6 = IL 60*6 eB) Cink 0,+F cos 8, or = F3cos 6,- Fycos 0, R DESIGN OF STEFL STRUCTURE | We take the bigger values ; GB eed Fy- Fy tees Jos ot Joa) How to draw the connection: joints J! ue iui members Ji e+ (Center Line) Jy 92 (1 WS del Lb de U tor ok-Yl US ol 6; V4 (chord members) J! bint .2 2 Ji bu atell g ¢ (vertical members ) Ui bul Us be Cay hy Be oF (diagonals) Upper chord Lower chord OSS ot fee Sy GP. he ell fH 2/] ahs oi Se (VLEDI) Po GB (asl he feu aby (CL) digs tute ays au x vv KL clear distance (a-t) eg members Jt gq gauge line 2 4 GP gi members Ji Sed LOU pall ate lim 9 (5 BaSpot ely o GP. ut JS px ge member JS pli lal se ie 6 ew GPL. a DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE. [85 Su 4 jigs SM gle Oia ag Js do Lull oo oe S14 gill member Jy plall ps Laue © ee ett ee Sie st meme sitet yes The ty GPLJ Ys ge members Sits pti ns ¢ jd * Boa 8 o rol BLL of members. detg ete BIT he BL gp ast F Pra & gel (db abel yey fi Prin GE Omin cx Bl ebed ow BLL ol members dio! gcixs ts 8 membersut 44! p-Lally G.PL Jt JS 45 ¢ Prin & min le member ly GPL dh 25> ce Usaty 180° oe Si GPL Wot Uys ol paste @ 15° ge Je Ymembers members J} >> ue G.PL Jiuis io, S ace @ or ee (2) oe SEY ety gauge line Jig pL ase ot pp ath 2 (10 (BRL) pls alee le a yl (Long joint _n=6 bolts) Example: Design the connection shown in the figure, using non-pretension bolis M16 mm (grade 4.6) - Draw the connection to scale 1: 10 Data: Steel used is st. 37 GPL =10 mm DESIGN OF STESL STRUCTURE Solution: R= =) (0.25 Fux) = 000 254.0) = 2.01 ton Ros =2Rss=4.02 ton If edge distance > 2 da = 0.80 Rs (togi=10mm) = (dt) (@ Fy) = (1.6#1.0)(0.8*3.6) = 4.61 ton Member(1): — 80*80*8 (back to back) tain = top. = 10 mm R is minimum of 4.02 and 4.61 n= =5.22 + nj =6 bolts 4.02 Member(2) —60*60*6 (back to back) tain = to = 10 mm Ry is minimum of 4.02 and 4.61 n= 75 =37 + m=4 bolts Member (3) —80*80*8 (single angle) tin = 8 mm Ry = (1.6*0.8)(0.843.6) = 3.69 — Ry is minimum of 2.01 and 3.69 =45 -»n3=5 bolts Member (4) 60606 (star shaped) nin = 6 mm Ry = (1.6*0.6)(0.8%3.6) = 2.76t Ry is minimum of 2.01 and 2.76 3 each side 6 blots -+3 blots / each angle Cnin = 2*16 = 32mm +35 mm Pwin=3*16=48 mm -> 50 mm DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE Os 350 80x8 eeeeeel BE 60x6 (a at) Example: Design the connection shown in the figure, using non-pretension bolts M16 mm (grade 4.6). G.PL= 10 mm Solution: Ryy=2.01t & Ros =4.02t & Ro(to=10 mm) =4.61t (e > 2d) -10t Chord members (continuous connection) Fees = 25-20=5t Or 7 cos 45 = 4.95 -20t *. Deh = “= = 1.24 sny=2 bolts (Note if F=F) so ng, = 0 taken 2 min Member (3, 55"55"5 thin = 10 mm. 10 4.02 Member (4 70*70"7 tain= 7mm Ry =3.23t D3 = =25 —>n3 = 3 bolts &mason35 = ny=4 bolts I DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE _ Corrugated steel For more details, look at the end of this notes Example: Design the connection shown in the figure, using non- pretension bolts M16 mm (grade 4.6) Data: Steel used is st. 37 G.PL=10mm JL60*6 = JL 80*8 Solution: Roe (A) (0.25 Fes) = 9 25*4.0) = 2.01 ton Rps =2 Rgs= 4.02 ton Ifedge distance = 2 da = 0.80 Ro (to=1 0mm) = (4 t) (@ Fy) = (1.6*1.0)(0.8*3.6) = 4.61 ton Member (1): 80*80*8 (back to back) tinin= tor, = 10 mm. n= < = 6.96 ~ n =7 bolts > 6 so the bolt resistance is BR, Li= 6*3d= 18d Py 28 _ 7.07 + m=8 bolts © 9985 *4.02 a] "DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE 783d =21d Bs= __ 28 0.97*4.02 Member (2' 60*60*6 (back to back) tmin = tg = 10 mm =7,18 > n =8 bolts my > m =7 bolts >6 _18d-15d 200d L)= 6"3d = 18d « Brad =0.985 as: 0.985* 4.02 Member (3) 80*80*8 (single angle) tpi, = 8 mm Rp = (1.60.8)(0.8#3.6) = 3.65 ny =631 > n =7 bolts ot = Sa =4,5 n= 5 bolts Member(4) 60*60*6 (star shaped) tinin = 6 mm. Ry = (1.6*0.6)(0.8*3.6) = 2.76t 2,24 3 each side or n= a 4.47 +6 blots +3 blots / each angle Example: Design the connection shown in the figure, using non-pretension bolts M18 mm (grade 5.8), G.PL= 10 mm ‘Solution: a The forces shown are of only one side, but JL80"8 we have to deduce that the other side is symmetric because this inclination must be in the middle of truss. Re= ane * 0.295 =2.54t Ras = 2.54 *2 = 5.09 t estou of sre smeUEMINE 13] Assume end distance = 2d = 2*1.8 = 3.6 om R, (in case of 2 angles) where J° trian =1 cm Ry = 1.8*1*(0.8*3.6) = 5.18 t Member (1). n= 2° 5.09 Member (2). tis =0.5 om Ry =1.8 *0.5 (0.8"3.6) =2.59 t =3,9 taken 4 bolts BL oa taken 4 bolts Member (3) star shape 23 x =1,18 taken 2 bolts each angle m= orn = in =2.36 taken 4 bolts (2 each angle ) Example: SST A -6t B_ Bye position of|field connection RQ Ve 7 &@ YS on? 201 AL80"8 Design connection "A" shown in the figure, using non-pretension bolts M18 mm (grade 5.8), G.PL= 10 mm. Connection "A" is at position of field splice, Solution: Although the 2 member are on same straight line & of same section, but it's a position of field connection, so they must be simple (separate). So m, mp and ns are the same as been calculated in the previous example. ” DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE 91 Example: AL60*6 For the shown connection it's required to design it using M16 grade 4.8 Solution: +: The chord has same section, so it will be continuous Ra= O22 — 161 Res = 2*1.61 = 3.22 Assume end distance = 2*d = 2*1.6=3.2 Re for 2 angles = (0.8*3.6)*1.61 = 4.61 t Lower chord Fass Deh = 248 taken 3 bolts Member (3 = (0.8*3.6) *0.8*1.6 = 3.69 t n= 8. =3,7 taken 4 bolts 1.61 Member (4 Ry = (0.83.6) 70.5 *16=2.3t 0.62 taken 2 bolts Member (5 ns==2,=155 taken 2 bolts Sane. Ex EEL ST euctuge “truss tin Column Gonvechiant e160 LBOxeon | pe - A400 450 50d iL Boxgoxe IL 60x60x6 1 Sh oseel is st. 33 2- Ordinary bolts are b= i6"™ 3- Size oP Millet weld = Smm A- thickness of gusset Plates = jo" 5- DiS ave in mrad + DESIGN OF STEGL STRUCTURE 2 3] ' *. Areuss Connection Kod Span: flashing } poem? a STM lene eee AL POR FOR CAF tie". ) {00% KO ~ t ann : / He® A ( oo «ded SS. L. AX Si DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCYURE [95] SPLICE: We usually use splices if it's required to decrease number of bolts in one row, or it's required that the maximum number of bolts in one row is ---- bolt (mostly it will be 6 bolts). This will be instead of using f in long joints. Types of splices: 1. Horizontal splice 2. Vertical splice 1) Horizontal splice: Important note: Horizontal splices used in lower chord only In this type we assume that half the smaller force transmitted to the splice plate through bolts with single shear, while the other half will be transmitted to the gusset plate through bolts with double shear. In all the explanations, we assume that F) is smaller than Fy The forces are transmitted in the system as shown: R2<— Gusset plate —> FE h<—. —>F . at i) — /2—<— R/2 a Splice plate” ; a \ + 7 Cue oe ave. }H ae NA — ow DESIGN OF § PEEL STRUCTURE Elevation foe eT fee e SHS Plah Design steps: Assume tote 10mm = Im (minimum 8mm) = tee R Where Ry is the minimum of Rss or Ry and tain is the least of tate plate OF tangle The number of bolts in splice plate must be equal in both sides Where R; is the minimum of Rps or Ry and [Stain is the least of tyusse pute OF 2tengies Where R, is the minimum of Rps or Ry and > tmin is the least Of tyusset plate OF tangles my_and m are equal if F) and F, are equal Check stresses on splice plate: The splice carry half the smaller force F,/2 Where = width b =2a+1 (under 2 legs and ae d'=d+02 DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE As shown, when the lower chord is inclined at the middle of the truss, we have to put the 2 separate splice plates on the angle. This is because if we put the plate under the lower chord, the tension in the 2 angles will make tension on the bolts & we-didn't-design the bolts to carry tension. , Cc. To design this splice: The design procedures are the same to get ny, ti, 2 -splite plates together carry half the force)/The only eae eines ae difference is the dimensions of the splice plate where 8a (because we put it over angle). Since splice carry Fy/2 so every plete camry Fa/4 Fy= P14 - 2s 1.4 t/om® , where b = 0.88 = 7 0, -4)* 1, ase and me, Example: For the shown connection it is required to design and draw to scale 1:10 a discontinuous bolted connection at the position of field connection using non- 30t : 4L80*8 AL 90*9 pretension bolts M16 Solution: Ros =2( ser) (0.254) = 4.02 ton Ry = (1.61.0) (0.8*3.6) = 4.61 ton ng = 22. = 7.46 > 6 bolts 4.02 If two rows with staggered arrangement ani = 6*1.6*1.1= 10.56>8 :. We have to use horizontal. Splice lz] DESIGN OF SfEBL STRUCTURE. =15 ton Res= ( BO (0.25*4) =2.01 ton 15 Mtg =Zh, = 746 — take 8 bolts (4 bolts / each angle ) = 30-15 _ 7 m= S52 =3.7 > na=4 bolts 35-15 m= FEE = 4.97 > na=5 bolts Check on splice by =2*9 +1 = 19 om tp =1. em f= 15 @9=2*1.8)0) =0.97 t/ om? <1.4t/om?, we may try t= 8mm 5 b eS Example: For the shown connection it is ee 008 ka required to design and draw to scale 1:10 a Zero L55*5 discontinuous bolted connection at the position of field connection using uon- 404, 308 pretension bolts M16 Solution: Ros =2 me) (0.254) = 4.02 ton Ry= (1.61.0) (0.83.6) = 4.61 ton + ny = 22. = 7.46 > 6 bolts 4.02 DESIGN OF STEBL STRUCTURE. 99 If two rows with staggered arrangement amin = 6*1.6*1.1= 10.56>8 «We have to use horizontal. Splice 30 =15 ton Fein Fao + Rea=( x9") (0.25%4) = 2.01 ton “Msp = =7.46 — take 8 bolts (4 bolts / each angle ) — 30-15 ao =3.7 > na =4 bolts y= ny Check on splice bey =0.88 = 6.4 cm tsp =] om f= —30/4 __ 1.63 t/ om? > 1.4, Try 12 mm thickness © 64-18) ie Ve | ill Lj fee 9 ell G4 a,b Jos) staggered ple ,a el tension member Ji 2 4 45) who ie, for case the 2 bolts are in same section Acot = 2(Ataie~ 2 d't) 2 Se While if we make them staggered Aget=2(Aubie—d't) (as designed in te OR = es member) be DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE [L190 | 2) Vertical splice: Important note: Vertical splices can be used in upper and lower chord, except if eee (UEtoyer herds incined) | In this type we assume that the smaller force transmitted to the 2 splice plates and the gusset plate through bolts with 4 shear, while the difference between bigger and smaller force will be transmitted to the gusset plate through bolts with double shear. Inall the explanations, we assume that F, is smaller than F; The forces are transmitted in the system as shown: Gusset plate yg Sng / 1B /) R<— 5 Rd Se —>F ag Rus Splice plate nw > |e ~ Vt 7 —Fsae eJenel__ \ ~~ Taff Design steps: Assume tice 10mm'= lem (minimum 8mm) Foptice = Famatter = Fa Fae (the number of bolts in both sides of the splice must be R ° Dy= equal) Where Ry is the minimum of Rys or Ry and Sy tain i8 the least of 2typtice pe fuse plate OF 2tangle DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE -F R ° nar= means if nyin= 0.6, we take it 1 bolt v Check stresses on splice plate: Although we design with the total smaller force F) because the bolt is working in 4 planes (RQ, but the splice camry half the) a 6 bolts in one row 402 DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE 102 | So we have to use splice. Since this is an upper chord, so we have to use vertical splice. Fey = Finn = 28 t Assume top =10 mm & tp = 10 mm tin = 280.7 3)1.4em or 142*1=3em taken 1.4 em 2 Ra =4 (AED) (0.25¢4) = 8.04 Ry = (1.6714) (0.8 *3.6)=6.45t 28 fle = =43 > Ds 7 5 bolts to get nai Ros =2 ( 209") 00.2544) = 4.02 Ry= (1.6*1.0) (0.8 *3.6) =4.61t 32-28 nat = 5 = 0.99 > na 1 bolt fe Design of splice plate: Fx, c mpression force, so use Azra) ) =_ =S6em 0 “alle \Le 25 vem’ {1.4 tom) ~~ Corrugated steel i 5mm thick v sheets 0- DSIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE 103 | Note that: If the upper chord is inclined, the lower edge of the splice must be straight so thge the intemal engl ie does not exceed 180° so the connection will be as shown below: vert If the lower chord is inclined, we can not use Kerizental-bracing because Pp splite the internal angle will be larger than 180°, so we have to use horizontal splice. In general, always use vertical splice with upper chord & horizontal splice with lower chord, Except if it's required something else DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCT™PE. i 04 Summary. Steps of Design: 1 - Determine whether the connection_is_separate or Continuous: t's preferable to b6 Continuous to decrease number of bol Note: We cannot make continuous connection in the following cases:~ a) If the 2 angles are.not of same size ~. ) If the 2 angles are not on the same straight line like upper chord & lower "chord of pafallél chord system _9)-At position of field splice even ifthe 2 angles have the same size 2 Calculate Ry & Ros & Rp as before, then calculate no. of bolts 3 -If the no. of bolts are more than 6 ic. L; more than 15d which is the maximum distance between the 1* & last bolt _-2) Try to use staggered —anin= 6d "1.1 b) Ifthe angle-usedisless than ania ~ Use By as Reduction factor or use splice ——— ee ee ) If he said that the maximum number of bolts in one row is 6-bolts, so u have to use splice. Coe Jd) tke ©) me & DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE, ‘ontinue: Design of non-pretensioned bolts 2-Non-pretension bolts subjected to tension: The tension force is the force affecting in the direction of the bolt axis (parallel to the axis of the bolt), Always the allowable force of the bolt is the allowable stress given in the code x its effective area. In tension the effective area is "0.7A" because of the thread. Re= Acnsionx Fy where: Re resistance of one bolt for tension stress on the bolt Avession bolt cross section area subjected to tension = 0.7x =*& 7 d bolt diameter Fis eee tensile stress for bolt = 0.33 Fu, \ Re rep aes. ores { N¢ of bolts requir DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE Example: Design the connection between the lower chord and the column shown in figure using MIS8 gradé’S.8. Force in lower chord is 10t tension. [160 L 8048) Solution: The bolts connecting the truss angles with the gusset plate, and that connecting the gusset plate to the framing angles subjected to double shear. Ros = 2°22 49.285 5.08t Ry = (0.843.6)*1.8#1=5.18t 0 n= 20 <197 taken 2 bolts 5.08 For bolts connecting the framing angles to the column flange;-the force is parallel ta the axis of the bolt, so the force is tension 2.94 R,=0.33450.7 ELS : 8 sy =34 taken 4 bolts, 2 each side Note that: In this example some bolts are subjected to shear, while others are subjected to tension, There are no bolts subjected to shear and tension at the same time. DSSIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE 3-Non-pretension bolts subjected to tension and shear: If we have set of forces we have to analyze them all in 2 directions, one 7 guections parallel to the bolt and produce tension, while the other perpendicular to the NOTE: If the bolts appear as cross (+) in the page so its axis is perpendicular to the page, and the acting forces is in the plan of the page, so the acting force is shear. To design them we have to get the resultant either graphically or analytically. The choice of the bolts subjected to combined tension and sbearis [) _ ined-by-the-following equation ¥e < Tawar MRI OTC) 7 ShearForce_ Q 0 7 y e = 2 Ntear = N® of bolts for shear R, R, . 2 A \e X : } Ry = Astearx Quote a Tension Force Nueasion = N* of bolts for tension = Reension = Atensionx Fin Cheek (Force in one bolt due to shear/ Allowable of one bolt in shear” + (orce in one bolt due to tension/Allowable of one bolt in tension)” Where: Text external applied tension force Q external applied shear force 2 Ran (0.2 or 0.25)*Fix* = s - which is allowable of shear of | bolt R 0.33*Fy* 24" 40,7, which is allowable of tension of 1 bolt | DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE | 108 | Example: Design the connection between the upper chord and the column shown in figure using M16 grade 4.6. Forces of diagonal and chord are shown. Solution: The bolts connecting the upper chord with the gusset plate, and that conneeting the gusset plate to the framing angles subjected to double shear, ° (connecting diagonal to G.PI.): 205) (0.25%4) = 2.01 ton (e2 2 g+a0.8) R,=2.01 Rp= (0.8*1.6) (0.8°3.6) = 3.456 ton =4.98 take m = 5 bolts © (connecting chord to G.PL.): Ros, =2*2.01 = 4.02 t R= — (0.8 *3.6) =4.32¢ y= — =0.5 take 2 bolts 4.0) oe ~~ DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE [09] Inclination of upper chord with horizontal Or graphicalh =tan’'(1/10) =5.71° 2t a T ¥ Angle of chord with vertical = tan’"(1.5/1.3) = 49° T=10 sin49® - 2 c0s5.71° = 5.56t _f- a 100 Q Q= 10 cos49° + 2 sinS.71° = 6.76t R= 5.567 + 6.76" = y= « 14 (connecting framing angles to the flange of the column), they are subjected to single shear and tension at the same time. We can either assume ng = 2* n3 = 2*3=6 bolts & check Where Ry = 0.33°4*0.7+ 29" — 1.86 2 Or use the equation n=[(Nso)* * Wao) = (Ses + G26? =4.5 boltee¢— SE oS Taken 6 bolts (even number) 3 each side ©. ny=6 bolis — eee aan i (Interaction nen —_ )? =0.56<1 00) 7 2 ok. Note that: In the interaction equation we use Rerear even if the bearing is less than_shear, because we are we are studying tl the bolt oted—te—shearand tension Tot theplates, We have to draw the upper shown connection in the example with the calculated number of bolts and full dimensions. Important note: When the bolts are subjected to compression, the compression force is to be neglected (it's carried by bearing) and use minimum number of bolts. Also if the bolts are subjected to shear and compression, the compression forces are neglected and design the bolts for shear onl: Co 110 DESIGN OF STHEL STRUCTURE Example: Design the connection between the lower chord and the column shown in figure using M16 grade 4.6. Force in lower chord is 5t compression \ a 2L.70x7 L = at = [160 | | L 8038 Solution: Rps = 4.02 t Ry = (0.8 * 3.6) (1 *1.6)=4.61t ny (between chord and gusset plate) are subjected to shear 5 ——=1.24 taken 2 bolts 4.02 1= For nz between column and T — section are subjected to compression tm = minimum 4 bolts (2 each side) If there is concentrated load on a joint of truss as in case of monorail hanged from a truss joint: The forces are transmitted from the Hbeam of | A the monorail to the angles of the lower chord to the gusset plate. DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE i Cake - 1 If the connection is separate: ny (Bolts connecting beam to lower leg of angles) must be 4 bolts only We have to check that: =sR; qs al? Where Rr = 0.33 Fus a #07 2 Calculate n2 and n; on the Resultant force (subjected to shear in different direction where R= FF) (7/2), Ra = YF +(7/2)* m= Where Ry is the minimum of Rps or Ry with Sj, = tyusset plate OF 2 tones Case-2 If the connection is continuous: n, are the same as before [a ie 1 is designed on the Resultant force R —ja A 2 Sox 2L 80x8, Ty 5, by -= where R, is the minimum of ; Rog or Ry with Sif, = tyusset plate OF 2 tangles 7 DESIGN OF STERL STRUC SURE, note: : When to use Area of bolt & when to use 0.7 Area? The bolt consists of 2 parts, shank part & thread part. For bolt (1): Ar=0.7A Asiear=A For bolt (2): A= 0.7 A Asnea=0.7A, plan of shear (A) v Plan "A" is plan of shear in shark part ad ) thread thread Shank | ®) T Tension force (stress) distribution on bolt A fle are to be reduced by 30% DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE [113 1-Pretension bolts subjected to shea These are produced from high-grade steel (8.8 and 10.9) pretension with controlled tightening. The forces acting transverse to the shank are transmitted by friction n between the connected parts. All allowable of pretensioned bolts are given as forces not stresses so we don't have to multiply it with area of bolt Ao cha gle tal lac (lf ll ggans lee PTY i Jal J Jal te ot Lan Jest Leleaey In this case, failure of connection will be due to friction between the plates N? of bolts required = N= S me ‘Where: Ps resistance of one bolt per one friction surface taken from tables page 106 in the ECP (gyptian code of practice). Ordinary work, steel 37, case I or + TL according to the given loads. Li, B m number of friction surface: (EF TaegL Tor Site anal, 4 for double angle,)1_with half the force with oC ee star shape. Note that: For croc boltsgrade 8.8, the values of the table ( (except area area {amultiplice by 0. 1) — yee tt { DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE iid4 Example: Design the connection shown in the figure, using pretension bolts M16 mm (grade 10.9) - Draw the connection to scale 1: 10 : Data: Steel used is st. 37 IL60*6 JL 80*8 | GPL=10mm Solution: P,=3.16t _) | Member (1); 80*80*8 (back to back) m= Sg 33.32 > mi =A bolts Member (2). 60*60*6 (back to back) m= 5 =237-4 m=3 bolts 2*3.16 Member (3) 80*80*8 (single angle) 2.85 —+n3=3 bolts 60*60*6 (star shaped) =142 -2 each side or y= sgr2.85 4 blots +2 blots / each angle min = 2716 =32mm 35 mm Prin = 316 =48 mm — 50mm W Important note: There is NO MAXIMUM PITCH for pretensioned bolts. The drawing principles are the same as in non- pretensioned except that if we need 2 bolts, so we don't increase the number or bolts because there is no max, Pitch between bolts. DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE Example: Design the connection shown in the figure: pretension bolts M20 mm (grade 8.8).G.PL=10 mm Solution: P, = 0.7*4.93= 3.45t Chord members (continuous connection) -10t ‘des = 25-20=5t Or 7 cos 45 = 4.95 -20t “Deh = qa O72 n= 2 bolts Member (3 55*55*5 (back to back) D3 = SE =145 +n; =2 bolts Member (4) 70*70*7 (single angle) &m=-L=2.03 + n4=3 bolts 3.45 Important note: When using pretensioned bolts, the area net in tepsiof will be We are designing {otal area without any reduotion due to presence of hole (as j welded angles); this is because the _pretensioned bolt facked all the plates together and prevents any movement. pee DESIGN OF S18EL STRUCTURE 116 Example: Design the shown connection ar 90*9 D given that the maximum number of bolt ; * in one row is 6 pretensioned M16 grade c 109. \ eo if Ce CE av =9.5bolt > 6 bolts in one row Solution: ay ae oh 23.16 So we have to use splice. Since this is an upper chord, so we have to use vertical splice. Fp Fria = 60 t Assume top, =10 mm & tap = 10 mm yp = OO = 4,74 > ngy = 5 bolts 443. Design of splice plate: Fs) = 60/4 = 15t ign ot ale la Fy Dep = 0.8°9 cm, Because the force is compression, so we use Agross f= 3-267 tem? > 1.4 tem? 5.671 f= = =14 them? tsp = 1.91em taken 2.00m = 20mm 670 [160 DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE 117] Example: For the shown connection it is required to design and draw to scale Zero L55*5 1:10 a discontinuous bolted connection at the position of field connection 3,4. 35¢ pretension bolts M16 grade 8.8 JL80*8 = 4L.90*9 — Solution: Ps = 0.7*3.16= 2.21 35 2*2.21 =7.9 > 6 bolts If two rows with staggered arrangement amin = 6*1.6*1.1= 10.56>8 . We can use either horizontal or vertical Splice >t horizontal or vertical Sp Using horizontal splice: Fag = “ee 5 ton “Tp a =68 > take 8 bolts (4 bolts / each angle ) m= 215 23.39 + ny =A bolts ee dX Cf + ng = 5 bolts a Check on splice: We will {ise Apross, bpcause we used pretensioned bolts bsp =2*9 +1 =19 cm = fp =1 em f= a =0.79 t/em? <1.4t/ om’, we may try tna = 8mm DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE 2. ‘tension bolts subjected to tension: The allowable for tension is 0.61, where "T" is the predestining force on the bolt. N¢ of bolts required =! ae ‘Where: 7 0.6xT Resistance of one pre-tension bolt subjected to pure tension T ‘The pre-tension force in the bolt and is found in table page 106 Example: Design the connection between the lower chord and the column shown in figure using M16 gradg-8.8. Force in lower chord is 10t tension. PX 2L 707 mi _ 10ts, [160 — L 8048) Solution: The bolts connecting the angle with the gusset plate, and that connecting the gussel plate to the framing angles subjected to double shear. Py= 2(0.73.16 = 4.42t-° R=0. ee 38) 10 peor 4p 7226 taken 3 bélts For bolts connecting the framing angles to the column flange, the force is parallel to.th axis of the bolt, so the force is tension 10 5 4 tak is Types taken 4 bolts, 2 each side "DESIGN OF STEBL STRUCTURE a9] 3-Pretension bolts subjected to tension and shear: As in case of non-pretensioned, the pretensioned bolts are subjected to [ shear when the force is perpendicular to the axis of the bolt, to tension when the force is parallel to the axis of the bolt. We can either assume n & check Or use the cation 7 We have to make 2 checks \tpe = OT 7 [2a See Where P/ = P, na), the allowable of shear is teduced because the ne a extemal tension force will decrease the pretensioning force on the bolt, | PY which in tum decrease.the friction between the surfaces, leading to decrease of the allowable of shear Example: Design the connection between the upper chord and the column shown in figure using pretensioned M16 grade 10.9. Forces of diagonal and chord are shown. DESIGN OF SPESL STRUCTURE, 1120) Solution: The bolts connecting the angle with the gusset plate, and that connecting the gusset - Or graphically : T plate to the framing angles subjected to double shear. P; = 3.16t 5 © nj(connecting diagonal to G-P1.): | ior Q yet =3.16 take n; = 4 bolts 3.16 «(connecting chord to G.P1): 2 16 *2 =03 take ny = 2 boits © ny (connecting G.PL. to framing angles), they are subjected to double shear or bearing of the 2 angles and gusset plate Inclination of upper chord with horizontal =tan'(1/10) =5.71° Angle of chord with vertical = tan"(1.5/1.3) = 49° T= 10 sin49° - 2 cos5.71° = 5.56t Q= 10 cos49° +2 sin3.71° = 6.76 R= V5.56" £6.76 = 8.751 ny= 521.38 — take m =2 bolts © ny (connecting framing angles to the flange of the column), they are subjected to single shear and tension at the same time. We can either assume ny = 2* n3 = 2*2=4 bolts & check Oruse the equation n=2 + Za = £76 , $589.7 pott P, T 3.16 9.89 Taken 4 bolts (even number) 2 each side Where Ri= 0.69.89 = 5.93t “m= 4 bolts 1. Teyyy = t= S55 = 1.39¢ < (0.649.89)=5.93t =3.16%(1- 27it DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE 2. Qexyo = Example: \\\|pSign and draw the connection shown pretensioned M16 grade 8.8. Forces ‘of diagonal and chord are shown & Toa =F sina = 20 sin21.8°= 7.427 ton i P; =0.743.16 is ~ Checks Tosh = HET = 0.748 < 0.66.92 = 4.151 Tagg lt 7427/10 - Fea!) 9.91 - PRIM) = 1.97 Po (Ie Fl) = 2.91 (1- EMO) = 1974 2 -EST- 1,86 ton < 1971 ok safe n [ei] ok. 2.21t, T=0.7*9.89 = 6.92t ake /7 + take n= 10 bolts (must be even) * DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE 22) 1 DESIGN OF WELDED CONNECTION DESIGN OF WELDED COS a-Butt weld: —S, ‘The allowable stresseé in butt weld depend on: © Kind of stresses (compression - tension - shear) © Quality of weld (good - excellent) Allowable Stresses Kind of stresses Good weld Excellent weld Compression 1.0F, L1Fe Tension 0.7 F 1.0F, Shear 10q iq Where: F, allowable compression stress of the member. ia uh FR allowable tension stress = 0.58Fy F yield stresses 0.58F, q Allowable shear stresses = + F b-Fillet Weld aaaaeeeeeenene Allowable stresses in fillet weld a For all kinds of stresses (Compression - tension - shear) = 0.2Fy For combined shear stress and normal stress -{1.1°0.2Fu3 a> s size of weld nm (buildings) 6mm (bridges & dynamic loads) Sax mnax, size of weld = thickness of thinner connected plates we se. Ifwe are connecting 2 angles 70°7 back to back with a gusset plate of Sain min. size of weld = thickness 10 mm, Snax = Zim (minimum thickness) a yee | DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCSURE (23 L length of weld Lain min, length of weld = bigger from 4xs or Sem Linux max. length of weld = 70xs Lar the effeotive required length of weld Lact Jer +28 i tact If the length of weld is more than, 70s, the allowable of weld will decrease to be «. ((*0.2R,). Note tha QSing wil increase the Teg of the weld —> OF, oY LLL 7 Where B = 1.2.0.2" 4 <1 and then recalculate length of weld (only 2 cycles Is pala hea are enough). 1-Fillet Weld subjected to Shear force: Simple joint: This occurs as in bolted connections, when the 2 members are of different sections, inclined or at field splice. ifr shear atGurs when the force is parallel to the fillet weld ( o-bll $=) “Assume size of weld s = tin oF take s = Smm = 0.5 om Fy=F x (“) a FoF (S)=F-Fr ....Continuous joint — DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE ae {124 Where F is the total force in the member Force = Area of weld * allowable stress Allowable stress for shear is 0.2F,, where F, is the ultimate stress of the metal used. We always use steel 37 with Fy = 3.6 tem? Force is either F; on the weld near the leg or F; on the other weld. The area is either s*l if one angle or 2*s*l if 2 angles, From this equation we can get L F, Length of weld in first leg of angle = kya = Tags $28 ~_* Length of weld in second leg of angle = Ieyact. = Gmen02xF) +2 x8 Where m is the number of shear planes. _m= 1 -yone angle. (Singleangle or star shape with half eH m=2 -+two angles. (Double angles back to back) This occurs when the two chord members avec same cross-section and there is no field splice at this position f fy Fass, = the bigger from (Fin —Fro) oF (Fn * con) U7 Fy = Fac, « (££) Fax, « () a a Hope = (nxsy0 love. = 2 ‘hae Gx \O.2%F,) Special cases: For case of upper chord joint: The welding is usually carried out af Submerged welding| Therefore the size of weld for the part between the two angles is taken half the thickness of the gusset plate. \ =2:\, So for upper chord always take s=5mm (half gusset plate) ie DESIUN OF STEEL STRUCTURE = Drawing rules of welded connections: The welded connection is the same as bolted connections in steps of drawing except that: Distance between edges of angles is 40mm instead of 20mm (Lom © ‘The edge of the gusset plate is cithor under the edge of the angle asin the lower chord or embedded between the angles in the submerged weld of the upper chord e The edge of the gusset plate may not be perpendicular to the angle. DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE The main shapes of gusset plates is as following (Same shapes are for upper or lower chord) fiy* if separte if contionous As Ai ( CO p if contionous ( Po eo \ i if separte if contionous “2 _— Example: Design the two connections A and B shown in the figure using fillet weld: toni = 10mm, Steel used is steel 37 Solution: Joint (A): Simple joint ‘Assume size of weld = Smm Member! F=23t IL 80*80*8 e=2.26 cm ma23 (2528 =165t 5 = 28165=65t Liga = oS + 20.5= 23.9 om, Take Li=24 em (2*0.5)(0.2*3.6) DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE 6.5 7 pat = ——— 2 + 20.5 = 10. ke L= Lua = GagReTTG 5 = 10.03 om, Take L2=1i om Member 2: F=19t IL 60*60%6 e=1.69 an F=19( 2 j= 13.65 » Fy= 19-13.65=5.35t 13.65 = 13.65 __ 4.99.5 = 19.96 = Livet sai 1205 19.986 20 cm Lat = ——p— + 240.5 = 8.429 om (2*0.5)(0.72) Member 3: F=10t JL 95*55*5 e=1520n Fy=10( 35222 ya724t 0 Fy = 10-7.24=2.76t 5.5 Liat = —_— 24 + 20.5 = 11.06 om* 12 cin (2*0.5)(0.72) Lonw= 242405 =4.8 $ 5%4205=6em (2* 0.5)(0.72) Member 4 : F=8. i 60*60*6 Fy=85 (S28 )=sit | R=85-61 =24t Lit = et + 2*0.5 = 9.47 = 10 om 5)(0.72) Loa= qt +$2005=4.3 9 La= 6 om (min. length) (270.5)(0.72) Or take F/2 = 8.5/2 = 4.25t and design as single angle, m= Joint (B): Continuous Joint Chord Member: Fyes = 28-23 = 5 t y=5 (2a ya 3.6t , B=53.6 =14t 127 DESIGN OF STREL STRUCTURE [ 128 | Assume 5 mum (submerged weld) 3.6 _ ft 2% = Liwet OTD +2*0.5=6cm 14 Le = eh + 280.5 =2 : a" Gragum 205729 = b 6om Member 5: F=7t — _L. 60606 Fy -7(S2* = sot S755 =20t Liw= —— a +2805 =14.80m = 15.0 em -5)(0.72) Laci = +2405 =6.5 = 70cm Do (0.5)(0.72) Example: Design the two connections shown in the figure using fillet weld: Ter = 10™", s is constant for connection Steel used is steel 37 Solution: Joint (A): Simple joint Since s is constant in the connection, so maximum size is the minimum thickness which is 5 mm for angle 55%5 ea as Member1: F=45¢ IL 80*80*8 32.3 (2*0.5)(0.2*3.6) Linet = = 44.9 om, Take L)=45em: We have to use Bas = 1 20.202 =0.94 <1 35 DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE jl29 Lit = eee AAT Tom, taken 48cm >45em (270.5(0.2*0.94* 3.5) We have to use Big = 1.2-0. ae =0.925 <1 Lue = eee eazy TB Sem taken 49 92905 = 5 vw Gag He2" 0536) 48.5cm, taken 49 +2*0.5 = 30cm 12.7 < 7 2. 42805= ke l= Lowi = Grp 0I3H 2*0,5= 17.4 om, Take L:= 18 om Member 2 F=32t IL 60*60*6 e=1.69 cm F\=32( SAS amt | Ra32-23=9t Lisa? —_—_— Be + 240.5 = 32.94 = 33 em (2*0.5)(0.72) Laat a + 280.5 = 13.5 & 1m (2*0.5)(0.72) For member 3 and member 4 (The same as before because Ler is less than 70s Example: Redesign the previous example knowing that the maximum Jength of weld is 35cm. Solution: 7 7 17 ¢ 45cm > 70s, and using of 8 factor will ee Ue Since the weld of member 1 increase the length of the gyld because it decreases its allowable stress, SO = we have to use welded splice. Since this is lower chord and not inclined, so Ve OS we can use either vertical or horizontal welded splice. The design of the splice is the same as in bolts, because the weld will be cubjected to shear. The splice plates carry half the smaller force. DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE _ 130 AN Using horizontal or vertical splice: We use plates over legs so that we can make fillet weld under the angles of the lower chord. Half force to the 2 splice plates & other half to the aft gusset plate. Each plate carries 1/4 of the smaller force. yy 0.8a-2em (2 em for the weld) Fy = 32/2 = l6t 32/4 “ (0.8*6-2) t=2.0¢em taken 22 mm Design of weld : ZO ='8 1) while the whole splice carry Weld of splice (one splice platé carries 32/ 16t i, 2.1 taken 13 om for each splice Force transmitted from angles 60*6 to gusset =32-16=16t ~ Force transmitted from angles 80*8 fo gusset =45-16=29t We design them as before Member] 4 JL So*8o*s e=2.26cm F,=29( j= 208t i Fy = 29-208 = 8.19 t List = 8 — +1 = 29.9 em, Take Li= 300m (2*0.5)(0.2*3.6) Loot = —_ 2 + 280.5 = 12.4 = 13 0m (2*0.5)(0.72) Member 2 F=16t IL 60*60%6 e= 1.69 em a6 ( SES y= 11st e11s=45t ' DESIGN OF STFEL STRUCTURE 131] + 20.5 = 16.97 = 17cm J 7 +205 =7.25 = 8 cm (@*0.30.72) t: vertical and horizontal splices are the same, in which splice plates Note th carry half the smaller force while the rest of the forces will be carried by the gusset plate. We may use submerged weld in the lower chord and put “ under the legs where b=2a+1-2 pe may make the splice plate wider than angle's leg. Example: It is required to design and draw the shown connection, given that the truss members are welded to the gusset plate and the gusset plate is bolted to the column using 1st framing angles 80*8. Bolts used are non-pretensioned 8. Upper chord is 2 angles 60*6 Diagonal is single angle 80°8. Note: In the field connection (Gield splice), either the 2 sides are bolted, or one side is bolted and the other side is welded, But the 2 sides cannot be welded Solution: assume s=5mm The truss members are welded to the gusset plate, the forces are parallel to the. weld, So fillet weld is subjected to shear = ; Member 1 F=2t IL 80*80*8 = 2-144 = 0.56 t my=2(S2E aiaat 1d — +280.5=3.0.cm taken 6 cm (min) (0.5)(0.72) Linea = (ESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE Lage = Gem because Lava Line Member 2: F=10t L 80*80*8 8-2.26 Fe to( S22 perme, = 1007.17 =2.83t WAT = 27 _ 4240.5=2 =2 Lua BagTy *2%05=209em =21.0 em —283_ 4905 =7.86 = 8.0m (0.50.72) Bolts connecting gusset plate to the framing angles: They are subjected to shear equal to the resultant of the 2 forces R=8.75t, Ras = 4.02t, R= 0.8*3.6*1,6*1 =4.61t _ 8.75 4.02 n=$25 = 2.17 taken 3 bolts, (iFwhen draw, P>Poas, $0 increase n) Bolts connecting framing angles to the column: These bolts are subjected to shear and tension (as before in the example of bolted connections subjected to shear and tension). 2-Fillet Weld subjected (0 Tension or compression: If the weld is subjected to tension or compression, the allowable stress is 0.2 gexactly as in case of fillet weld subjected to shear), The fillet weld is subjected to tension or compression when a force perpendicular to the weld is acting. Example: It is required to design the shown connection, given that the truss members are bolted to the gusset plate and the gusset plate is welded to the column using fillet. Bolts used are pretensioned bolts M16 grade 10.9. (P=3.16t) Solution: For the connection between the truss member and the gusset plate: 19 = |.58 taken 2 bolts 3.16 For the conne et plate and the column: s ion between the gu The weld between gusset plate and column is as the shown shape in 1 which we weld on both sides of the gusset plate with area sl each side. L) The applied force is perpendicular to the weld, so the weld is subjected to tension Assume s=5mm (Tension lorce/Area resists force) < Allowable stress (Fu) ample: the shown connection, given that the truss members are bolted to the gusset plate and the et plate is welded to the column fillet, Bolts used are pretensioned bolts M16 grade 10.9, (Ps=3.16L) [160 - La Solution: For the connection between the truss member and the gusset plate: ney ga 1.58 taken? bolts For the comection between the gusset plate and the column The applied force is perpendicular to the weld, so the weld is subjected to compression. Assume mm (Compression force/Area resists force) = Allowable stress (Fu) pees F(0293.6) 31 = Ton pas (0.2 83.6) S/S Te 2 £05") : | \ Vv aniple: It is required to design and draw the shown connection, given that the truss members are bolted to the gusset plate and the gusset plate is welded to the column using fillet. Bolis used are noa-pictensioned bolts M16 grade 4.6 | Solution; » m= 22=5 bolis 2.01 The weld between the gusset plate and the column using fillet The weld is subjected to Tension T (perpendicular to weld) & shear Q (parallel S6t, to weld). From given forces of the upper chord and the diagonal, T- Q=6.76t, We can assume L of weld from drawing ot Viis3y <1.1 (0.2 1,1 *0.72 “ Do not forget to put dimensions on weld (Land s) and bolts (P and e). and draw its connection to the column, given that the tie Is bolted to the gusset plate using non-pretensioned bolts MIG grade 4.6, while the gusset plate is welded to the column usi Solutio: Estimation means choose from limits without check: Fee stt : =83 m~>3m_ use shear shaped .Given bolted to the gusset plate Angle = 6.5en" Choose 60°6 > min 35 160 32-60 d= 14.2 em=2a+1 a=6.58em use 70°7 We may also choose from 2. ow eee = a=6 0.45a use 1p 70*7 °° A Design of connection between tie and gusset plate: =3,73 bolts taken 4 bolts each side 2.01 Design of connection between gusset plate and column DISIGN OF STEEL SyaUC | Weld is subjected to shear + tension (exac! the case of bolts connected to column) © — with vertical tar! Q= 15 cos2 T= 15 sin28 = 7.04 t We can assume I from drawing or <1,1 (0.2Fy) We can draw any shape to the connection of the truss to the column because it's not mentioned. (The truss may be welded or bolted to the gusset plate, while the gusset plate also may be welded or bolted to the column. But the tie must be drawn as given in the question. STEEL STRECTUPE BLOCK SHEAR RUPTURE Alier finishing desis of connection we must chee! Tension member against block shear rupture: Note: We don't make this check except if it's required in the exam. (Means he asked to check shear rupture) The allowable for block shear rupture is Puss. Where Pysp = O.4 Fy Anet shear F 0.725 Fy Anee tensivn F.=24t/om’ Forst. 37 Anat shone = [L = (n= 0.5) dt Where a is number of balts L=e+(n-1)*P Avot tension = (m — 0.54) ty ' Where m= & Check: P > actual tension force for single angle Or 2P > actual tension force for double angle [fTension force > Rupture Use bigger DESIGN OF STERL ©) RUCTUPHE ample: For the shown members, it's required to cheek block shear Rupture for lower chord & diagonal Solution: a) £80 5m =228 =3.6 em 3.5om Pien=Sem n= 6 bolts vet sear [28.5 Anat tension = (3.6 — 0.5 * 1,8] 0.8 = 2.16 em? Ppsn = 0.4 #2.4 “14,88 + 0,725 #24 * 2.16 = 18 2 Ppsr = 36 t > tension force 21t OK NO BSR failure by £60 im Sem n=4 bolts e=3.7em Paen= L=3.7+ (4-1) #75 = 26.2 cm =(26.2-3.5 * 1.8] *0.6=11.94 em? Avet tension = (2.7 0.5 * 1.8] € 0.6 = 1.08 em? Page = 0.4 * 2.4 * 11.94 + 0.725 *2.4* 1.08 = 13.3t Anat shea 2 Pasn = 26.7 t > 15° OK. NO BSR failure co) 80*8 Pia =Sem e=3.5em n=5 bolts DESIGN OF STEEL: STC NE Ava (shear) = [23.5 - 4.5 * 1.8] * 0.8 Anat (tension) = [3.6 - 0.5 * 1.8] * G8 Pyse = O04 *24 71 >9t 2+ 0,725 42 3 For star shape: Same as 2 ang! Important note; Do not make check for block shear rupture for compression members, welded members, and members bolted using For the shown connection, get maximum capacity or Max force. Bolts used are non-pretensioned bolts M20 Grade 4.6 we tte | p=70mm, e=35mm Member inclined 20 [ 160 “| L 8048 Solution | - Failure by tension for member Aga =2 [12.3 - 2.2 * 0.8] = 21.08 em? = Ana * Fis 14 * 21.08 = 29.5 t DESIGN UF § UCTURE Agar tonion =(3.6-0.5*2.2)*0.8 = 2em" O.4#2.4"9.6 + 0.72572 492 = 117 Phor one ante For 2 angles T=2 * 12.7 = 3 Form d=1.5%2=30m & 2d=2*2=4cem 1 e e> 15d butit's smaller than 2d 2 =0,6 XK tyiq= lor 2*0.8=1.6 Ry= (0.6 * 3.6) (2 * 1) =4.32t me 0.25 *4=6.28t R= J(Psin 20)? + (700s 20)? = T Same as before 5 ~ Forns Tension = Shear = Tsin20 = 0.34 T Use interaction equation: : 0.94716 a 0.7 4 GetT (0.054 T) + (0.018 TY T =308 T=17.56t The maximum force = 12.96 t DESIGN OF STER). STRUCTURE SRE po Example2: For the previous example, get maximum capacity or Max, Force if the member used is SINGLE angle 80*8 Solution | — Failure by tension for member Ay = (8-2.2)°0.8 = 4.64 om” ‘Aa = (8-0.8)*0.8 = 5.76 cm RE = 46 = 97] 34.64 35.16 Ane = 4.64 + 5.76*0.71 = 8.73 cm* Tmnoy = Anet * Fr= 1.4 * 8.73 = 12.22 2- Failure by block shears rupture: L,=3.5+7.0*2=17.5em Ape shear = [17.5-2.5*2.2 * 0.8 = 9.6 em? m= 8208 23.6 em Avge tension 7(3-6-0.5"2.2)40,8 = Zen? Proc oneangte = 0. 487. 4"9.6 + 0.7252 482 = 3 — Form: Single shear 5 15d=1.5*2=3em & 2d=2*2=4 om 1.5 butit’s smaller than 2d a@=06 & ban =] ord8 Ry = (0.6 * 3.6) (2 * 0.8) =3.46t Rea 2210.25 #4=3.14t nas (DE-IGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE, @=0.6 — & tyin= 1 or 2°0.9 = 1.6 Ry = (0.6 3.6) (2* I= Ry =2* R= 4.32 5—Forns, Same as previous example T= 17.56 ¢ The maximum force = 9.42 t Examples: For the previous example, yet maximum capacity or Max. Force, if we used 2 angles 80*8 back to back and bolts used are pretensioned bolts grade 8.8 Solution 1 — Failure by tension for member: Ayu: because we used pretensioned bolts Axe = 2 [12.3] = 24.6 cm? Trax = Anet * Fi 2 - Failure by block shears rupture: No failure because there is no movement for and gusset plate together the angle and if failure happens will be in the 2 ung! Double shear TA 93 = 6.9 4 —Forny: Double-shear, same as before T = 3 * 6.9 = 20.7t 5 — For n; Tension = T cos20 = 0. 947 Shear = Tsin20 = 0.34 T eee oot = 0.6%(0.7715.4 1 = (0.7%4,93)*(1- 1. BAP 16 0.741543 The maximum force = 20.7 DESIG. GF SYFAI, STRUCTERE amples: For the previous example, get maximum capacity or Max. Force, i” we used single angle 80*8 and bolts used are pretensioned bolts grade 8.8 c Solution 1 - Failure by tension for member A, =8*0.8 = 6.4 en" Az = (8-0.8)"0.8 = 5.76 cm? RF. = 284 _=0.77 3°64+5.76 = 6.4 + 5.76*0.77 = 10.83 om” = Ana * Fi= 1.4 * 10.83 = 15.17 ¢ 2 - Failure by block shears rupture: No failure 3 - For ny; Single shear Py = 0,784.9. 4 — For tz: Double shear 193=69t, 5 - Fora; Same as previous example T The maximum force = 10.35 t Exampl For the previous example, get maximum capacity or Max. Force, if we use double angle 80®$ where angles are welded to gusset plate and gusset plate is welded to column. (This cannot happen because it is field connection so there must be a bolted side, but we take this solved ey mple for training). Length of Weld between angle and gusset is 200mm, Length of weld of gusset with column is 300mm. Size is to be maximum. Te.n.= 10mm ESIGN OF STTFY, STRUCTUPE [160 - ! , IPE 400) Member inclined 20 L 8048 to horizontal Solution 1 — Failure by tension for member: Exactly as in pretensioned-example 3 (take gross area). Trax = 34.44 t 2 - Failure by block shears rupture: No failure for welded angles 3 — For weld between the member and the gusset plate: double shear Simx=Snim (minimum of $ mm or LOmm) 028!" _ 20.8 =20 SoT= (2 0.8)(0.72) + weld between gusset plate and the column: This weld is subjected cos 20° and shear = T sin 20° =10mm (minimum of 10 mm oF thange ofeetumn = 13.5mm) _Tsin 20° 2*1*30 The maximum force = 29. Ad t r DESIGN OF STEFL S re RE Example. For the previous example, et maximum capacity or Max. Force, if we use single angle 80°8 where angle is welded to gusset plate and gusset plate is welded to column. Length of weld between angle and gusset is 200mm. Length of weld of gusset with column is 300mm. Size is to be maximum. Ty», = 10mm Solution | = Failure by tension for member: Exactly as in pretensioned-example 4 (take gross area of unsymmetric section). Twas = 15.17 t 2 - Failure by block shears rupture: No failure for welded angles 3 — For weld between the member and the gusset plate: single shear Spox=8mm (minimum of 8 mm or 10mm) ) F=T*( 0.72T 8 Fy = T-0.72T = 0,.28T 2287 __ 4. 999.8 = 20 (= 0.8)(0.72) 4 — For weld between gusset plate and the column: This weld is subjected T sin 20" (Same as in example 5) to tension = T cos 20° and shear = 2.7t The maximum force = 14.72 t

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