Homework

11.1 1. (a) If f (x) and g (x) have period p, show that h(x) = af (x) + bg (x)(a, b, constant) has the period p. (b) If f (x) has period p, show that f (bx), b = 0, is a periodic function of x of period p/b. Sol. (a) Since p is a period of f and g , h(x + p) = af (x + p) + bg (x + p) = af (x) + bg (x) = h(x). Thus h(x) has the period p. (b)Let h(x) = f (bx). Since p is a period of f , h(x + p/b) = f (b(x + p/b))) = f (bx + p) = f (bx) = h(x). Thus h(x) is a periodic function of x of period ap. 2. Find the Fourier series of the given periodic function f (x) of period 2 : (a) (b)

{ (c) f (x) = x2 ( < x < ) Sol. (a) a0 an bn (d) f (x) =

4x if 4x if

<x<0 . 0<x<

1 1 f (x)dx = (x + )dx = , = 2 0 2 1 2 2(1 cos n ) f (x) cos nxdx = (x + ) cos nxdx = , = 0 n2 1 = f (x) sin nxdx = 0.

Fourier series of f (x) 2(1 cos n ) f (x) = + cos nx 2 n=1 n2 ] 1 1 4[ + cos x + 2 cos 3x + 2 cos 5x + . = 2 3 5

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T. Jeong

Homework (b) a0 an bn 1 1 1 = f (x)dx = dx = , 2 2 0 2 1 1 = f (x) cos nxdx = cos nxdx = 0, 0 1 1 cos n = f (x) sin nxdx = . n

Fourier series of f (x) 1 (1 cos n ) f (x) = + sin nx 2 n=1 n ] 1 2[ 1 1 = + sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x + . 2 3 5 (c) a0 an bn 1 1 2 2 = f (x)dx = x dx = , 2 0 3 2 4 cos n 1 f (x) cos nxdx = x2 cos nxdx = = , 0 n2 1 = f (x) sin nxdx = 0.

Fourier series of f (x) 2 4 cos n + f (x) = cos nx 2 3 n n=1 =

[ ] 2 1 1 4 cos x 2 cos 2x + 2 cos 3x + . 3 2 3

(d) a0 an bn 1 1 = f (x)dx = 4xdx = 2, 2 0 1 2 8(cos n 1) = f (x) cos nxdx = 4x cos nxdx = , 0 n2 1 = f (x) sin nxdx = 0.
T. Jeong

Computational Science & Engineering (CSE)

Homework Fourier series of f (x) f (x) = 2 + = 2

n2

cos nx

] 16 [ 1 1 cos x + 2 cos 3x + 2 cos 5x + . 3 5

3. Using Problem 2, nd the sum of the series. 1 1 1 n1 (a) (c) (b) ( 1) (2n 1)2 2n 1 n2 n=1 n=1 n=1 Sol. (a) In Problem 2 (a), note that f is continuous at x = 0. = f (0) = Thus
n=1

] 4[ 1 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 3 5

1 2 . = (2n 1)2 8 ] 1 2[ 1 1 1 = f( ) = + 1 + + 2 2 3 5

(b) In Problem 2 (b), note that f is continuous at x = 2.

Thus

n=1

(1)n1

1 = . 2n 1 4 [ ] 2 1 1 = f ( ) = + 4 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 2 3
2

(c) In Problem 2 (c), note that f is continuous at x = .

1 2 Thus = . 2 n 6 n=1

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T. Jeong

Homework 11.2 1. Is the given function even or odd? Find its Fourier series. (a) f (x) = 1(2 < x < 0), f (x) = 1(0 < x < 2) with the period p = 4. 1 (b) f (x) = cos x( 1 2 < x < 2 ) with the period p = 1. (c) f (x) = x2 (1 x 1) with the period p = 2. (d) f (x) = x + 1(1 < x < 0), f (x) = 1 x(0 < x < 1) with the period p = 2. Sol. (a) f (x) is odd and its Fourier coecients are 1 2 a0 = f (x)dx = 0, 4 2 nx 1 2 f (x) cos dx = 0, an = 2 2 2 2 nx nx 2 1 2 f (x) sin dx = sin dx = (1 (1)n ). bn = 2 2 2 2 n 0 Fourier series of f (x)
2 nx f (x) = (1 (1)n ) sin n 2 n=1 ] 4[ x 1 3x 1 5x = sin + sin + sin + . 2 3 2 5 2 (b) f (x) is even and its Fourier coecients are 1 2 2 a0 = cos xdx = , 1 2 1 2 cos x cos 2nxdx an = 2

1 2

1 2

bn

2(1)n 2(1)n 4(1)n + = (1 + 2n) (1 2n) (1 4n2 ) 1 2 = 2 cos x sin 2nxdx = 0. =

1 2

cos(1 + 2n)x + cos(1 2n)xdx

Fourier series of f (x) 2 4 (1)n 2 4 (1)n1 f (x) = + cos 2nx = + cos 2nx n=1 (1 4n2 ) n=1 (2n 1)(2n + 1) ] 1 1 1 1 2 4 [1 1 + cos 2x cos 4x + cos 6x + . = 1 3 3 5 5 7
Computational Science & Engineering (CSE) T. Jeong

Homework (c) f (x) is even and its Fourier coecients are 1 1 1 2 1 a0 = x dx = x2 dx = , 2 1 3 0 1 1 4 cos n an = x2 cos nxdx = 2 x2 cos nxdx = , n2 2 1 0 1 bn = x2 sin nxdx = 0.
1

Fourier series of f (x) 1 4 cos n f (x) = + cos nx 3 n=1 n2 2 ] 1 4[ 1 1 = 2 cos x 2 cos 2x + 2 cos 3x + . 3 2 3 (d) f (x) is even and its Fourier coecients are 1 1 1 1 a0 = f (x)dx = (1 x)dx = , 2 1 2 0 ( ) 1 1 1 (1)n an = f (x) cos nxdx = 2 (1 x) cos nxdx = 2 , n2 2 1 0 1 bn = f (x) sin nxdx = 0.
1

Fourier series of f (x)

2. Calculate from the problem 1 1 (1)n1 n1 1 (1) (a) (b) (c) 2 2 n (2 n 1) (2n 1)(2n + 1) n=1 n=1 n=1 Sol. (a) Notice that f from the problem 1-(c) is continuous at x = 0 and hence we have ] 1 4[ 1 1 0 = f (0) = 2 1 2 + 2 + 3 2 3
Computational Science & Engineering (CSE) T. Jeong

Homework
n1

1 2 Thus (1) = . 2 n 12 n=1 (b) Notice that f from the problem 1-(d) is continuous at x = 0 and hence we have 1 = f (0) =

] 1 4[ 1 1 + 2 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 3 5

1 2 Thus = . 2 (2 n 1) 8 n=1 (c) Notice that f from the problem 1-(b) is continuous at x = 0 and hence we have 1 = f (0) = Thus
n=1

] 2 4 [1 1 1 1 1 1 + + + 1 3 3 5 5 7

(1)n1 2 = (1 ). (2n 1)(2n + 1) 4

1 3. Show that the identity cos3 x = 3 4 cos x + 4 cos 3x can be interpreted as the Fourier series expansion. Develop cos4 x. Sol. f (x) = cos3 x is a continuous, even, periodic function of period 2 . Since the 1 3 3 Fourier series of f (x) is a0 + n=1 an cos nx, the identity cos x = 4 cos x + 4 cos 3x is the Fourier series expansion.

Notice that cos nxdx = 0,

cos nx cos mxdx = 0 (n = m),

cos2 nxdx = .

In fact, a0 = an = = = 1 1 1 1 3 cos xdx = (1 sin2 x) cos xdx = [sin x sin3 x] 0 = 0, 0 0 3 1 1 1 + cos 2x 3 cos x cos nxdx = cos x cos nxdx 2 1 1 cos x cos nxdx + cos x cos 2x cos nxdx 2 2 ( ) 1 1 1 cos x cos nxdx + cos 3x + cos x cos nxdx 2 2 2 3 4 if n = 1 1 . if n = 3 4 0 if otherwise
T. Jeong

Computational Science & Engineering (CSE)

Homework

1 Fourier series of cos3 x : cos3 x = 3 4 cos x + 4 cos 3x 3 Thus the identity cos3 x = 4 cos x + 1 4 cos 3x can be interpreted as the Fourier series expansion. ( ) 2x 2 1 1 Note that cos4 x = 1+cos = 3 2 8 + 2 cos 2x + 8 cos 4x, which yields the Fourier series of cos4 x.

4. Find the Fourier cosine series and the Fourier { sine series. 0 if 0 < x < 2 (a) f (x) = 2 x (0 < x < 2) (b) f (x) = . 1 if 2 < x < 4 (c) f (x) = x (0 < x < L) (d) f (x) = sin x (0 < x < ) Sol.(a) (Even periodic extension) 1 2 (2 x)dx = 1, a0 = 2 0 2 nx 4(1 cos n ) an = (2 x) cos dx = , 2 n2 2 0 Fourier cosine series of f (x) f (x) = 1 + = 1+
4(1 cos n ) n=1

n2 2

cos

nx 2

] 8[ x 1 3x 1 5 2590x cos + cos + cos + . 2 2 32 2 52 2 bn =

(Odd periodic extension)

(2 x) sin

nx 4 dx = , 2 n

Fourier sine series of f (x)

(b) (Even periodic extension) 1 4 1 a0 = dx = , 4 2 2 4 2 sin n nx 1 2 cos dx = , an = 2 2 4 n

Homework Fourier cosine series of f (x) 1 2 sin n nx 2 f (x) = + cos 2 n=1 n 4 ] 1 2[ x 1 3x 1 5 2870x = cos cos + cos + . 2 4 3 4 5 4 (Odd periodic extension) 1 4 nx 2 n bn = sin dx = (cos n cos ), 2 2 4 n 2 Fourier sine series of f (x) f (x) = =
2 n=1

(cos n cos

n nx ) sin 2 4

] 2[ x 2x 1 3x sin sin + sin + . 4 4 3 4

(c) (Even periodic extension) 1 L L a0 = xdx = , L 0 2 L nx 2 2L x cos an = dx = 2 2 [(1)n 1], L 0 L n Fourier cosine series of f (x) L 2L nx n + f (x) = [( 1) 1] cos 2 n=1 n2 2 L ] L 4L [ x 1 3x 1 5x = 2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + . 2 L 3 L 5 L (Odd periodic extension) 2 bn = L Fourier sine series of f (x) f (x) = =
2L(1)n1 n=1

nx 2L(1)n1 x sin dx = , L n

sin

nx L

] 2L [ x 1 2x 1 3x sin sin + sin + . L 2 L 3 L

Computational Science & Engineering (CSE)

Homework (d) (Even periodic extension) 2 1 sin xdx = , a0 = 0 1 a1 = sin x cos xdx = 0, 0 2 2 an = sin x cos nxdx = [1 (1)n1 ] (n = 1), 2 0 (1 n ) Fourier cosine series of f (x) [ ] 2 4 1 1 1 f (x) = cos 2x + cos 4x + cos 6x + . 13 35 57 (Odd periodic extension) b1 bn 2 = sin x sin xdx = 1, 0 2 sin x sin nxdx = 0 (n = 1), = 0 f (x) = sin x.

Fourier sine series of f (x)

5. Find the Fourier cosine series. (a)

(b)

(c) Obtain the Fourier cosine series of (a) from that of (b). Sol. (a) f (x) = x for 0 < x < 2 and 2 for 2 < x < . 1 2 1 3 a0 = xdx + dx = , 0 2 8 2 2 2 2 an = cos nxdx, x cos nxdx + 0 2 ( ) 2 n 1 2 1 cos = n2 2 n2
Computational Science & Engineering (CSE) T. Jeong

Homework Fourier cosine series of f (x) [ ] 3 2 1 1 1 1 f (x) = cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x + cos 5x + cos 6x + . 8 2 9 25 18 (b) g (x) =
2

10

for 0 < x < a0 an

and x for 2 < x < . 1 2 1 3 = dx + ( x)dx = , 0 2 8 2 2 2 2 = cos nxdx + ( x) cos nxdx, 0 2 2 ( ) 2 1 n 1 = 2 cos n cos n2 2 n
2

Fourier cosine series of f (x) [ ] 3 2 1 1 1 1 g (x) = + cos x cos 2x + cos 3x + cos 5x cos 6x + . 8 2 9 25 18 (c) The periodic function f in (a) is obtained by shifting g with along x-axis. Thus putting t = x + in (b), [ 3 1 2 1 g (t) = + cos(x + ) cos 2(x + ) + cos 3(x + ) 8 2 9 ] 1 1 + cos 5(x + ) cos 6(x + ) + 25 18 [ ] 3 2 1 1 1 1 = cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x + cos 5x + cos 6x + 8 2 9 25 18 = f (x)

Computational Science & Engineering (CSE)

T. Jeong

Homework 11.4 1. Find the trigonometric polynomial

11

F (x) = A0 +

(An cos nx + Bn sin nx)

for which the square error with respect to the function f (x) on the interval x is minimum, and compute the minimum value for N = 3. (a) f (x) = x ( < x < ) (b) f (x) = |x| ( < x < ) Sol. (a) The total square error of F with respect to the function f (x) = x ( < x < ) on x is minimum i the coecients of F are the Fourier coecients of f . Thus A0 An Bn and F (x) = The minimum value for N = 3 is E =
N 2(1)n+1 n=1

1 = xdx = 0, 2 1 x cos nxdx = 0, = 1 2 2(1)n+1 = x sin nxdx = x sin nxdx = , 0 n

sin nx.

|f (x) F (x)|2 dx

( ) 2 2 2 2 2 2 x2 dx 2A2 + A + A + A + B + B + B 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 ( ) 1 1 2 3 49 2 3 4 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 + 2 + 2 = . = 3 2 3 3 9 =

(b) The total square error of F with respect to the function f (x) = |x| ( < x < ) on x is minimum i the coecients of F are the Fourier coecients of f .
Computational Science & Engineering (CSE) T. Jeong

Homework Thus A0 An Bn and 2(cos n 1) F (x) = + cos nx. 2 n=1 n2

12

1 1 = |x|dx = xdx = , 2 0 2 1 2 2(cos n 1) = |x| cos nxdx = x cos nxdx = , 0 n2 1 = |x| sin nxdx = 0,

The minimum value for N = 2 is E =

|f (x) F (x)|2 dx ( ) 2 2 2 2 2 2 |x|2 dx 2A2 + A + A + A + B + B + B 0 1 2 3 1 2 3

=
3

2 2 16 16 3 16 82 = [ + 2 + + 0 + 0 + 0] = . 3 2 81 2 6 81

2. Using Parsevals identity and the given function f (x) of period 2 , show that { 1 2 0 if < x < /2, /2 < x < (a) = (Use f (x) = ) 2 1 if /2 < x < /2 (2 n 1) 8 n=1 { 4 1 x + if <x<0 ) = (Use f ( x ) = (b) 4 x if 0 < x < (2 n 1) 96 n=1 2 1 1 = (Use f (x) = | sin x|( < x < ).) (c) 2 (2n + 1)2 (2 n 1) 16 2 n=1 4 1 (d) = (Use f (x) = x2 ( < x < )) 4 n 90 n=1 1 2x (Use f (x) = sin2 x = 1cos ) (e) sin4 xdx = 2 1 5 3x ) (f) cos6 xdx = (Use f (x) = cos3 x = 3 cos x+cos 4 8
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Homework Sol. (a) Notice that f is even. 1 1 /2 1 a0 = f (x)dx = dx = , 0 0 2 /2 2 sin n 2 2 2 f (x) cos nxdx = cos nxdx = an = . 0 0 n Fourier series of f (x) 1 2 sin n 2 f (x) = + cos nx 2 n=1 n ] 1 2[ 1 1 = + cos x cos 3x + cos 5x + . 2 3 5 By Parsevals identity, 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 + ( )( )2 = 2 2n 1 n=1 Thus
n=1

13

1 f (x)dx =
2

/2

dx = 1
/2

1 2 = . (2n 1)2 8

(b) Notice that f is even. 1 1 a0 = f (x)dx = (x + )dx = , 0 0 2 2 2(1 cos n ) 2 f (x) cos nxdx = (x + ) cos nxdx = . an = 0 0 n2 Fourier series of f (x) 2(1 cos n ) f (x) = + cos nx 2 n=1 n2 ] 1 1 4[ + cos x + 2 cos 3x + 2 cos 5x + . = 2 3 5 By Parsevals identity, 0 1 1 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 ( )( ) = [ (x + ) dx + ( x) dx] = . 2 2 + 2 2 n 1 3 0 n=1 Thus
n=1

4 1 = . (2n 1)4 96
T. Jeong

Computational Science & Engineering (CSE)

Homework (c) Notice that f is even. 1 1 2 a0 = f (x)dx = sin xdx = , 0 0 2 2 an = f (x) cos nxdx = sin x cos nxdx 0 0 1 = sin[(1 + n)x] + sin[(1 n)x]dx 0 { { 0 if n = 1 0 if = = 2(1(1)n1 ) 4 if if n = 2, 3, (2n1)(2n+1) (n2 1) Fourier series of f (x)

14

n = 1, 3, 5, . 2n = 2, 4, 6

2 4 1 f (x) = cos 2nx n=1 (2n 1)(2n + 1) ] 1 1 2 4[ 1 cos 2x + cos 4x + cos 6x + . = 13 35 57 By Parsevals identity, 1 1 1 22 4 2 2 sin xdx = (1 cos 2x)dx = 1. ( ) = 2 2 + 2 (2n + 1)2 (2 n 1) 2 n=1 Thus
n=1

1 2 1 = . (2n 1)2 (2n + 1)2 16 2

(d) Notice that f is even. 1 1 2 2 a0 = f (x)dx = x dx = , 2 0 3 1 2 4 cos n f (x) cos nxdx = x2 cos nxdx = an = , 0 n2 Fourier series of f (x) 2 4 cos n f (x) = + cos nx 2 3 n n=1

[ ] 2 1 1 = 4 cos x 2 cos 2x + 2 cos 3x + . 3 2 3 By Parsevals identity, 1 4 2 4 4 4 2 1 2 ( 2) = f (x)dx = x dx = 2 2 + 3 n 5 n=1

Homework
1 4 Thus = . 4 n 90 n=1 1 (e) Note that f (x) = sin2 x = 2 1 2 cos 2x, which is the Fourier series of f (x). By Parsevals identity, ( )2 ( )2 1 1 1 3 sin4 xdx = 2 + = 2 2 4 3 sin4 xdx = . Thus 4

15

3 (f) Note that f (x) = cos3 x = 4 cos x + 1 4 cos 3x, which is the Fourier series of f (x). By Parsevals identity, ( ) 2 ( )2 1 3 1 5 6 cos xdx = + = 4 4 8 5 cos6 xdx = . Thus 8

Computational Science & Engineering (CSE)

T. Jeong