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1.example First Order ODE

1. The document covers basic concepts in differential equations including order and linearity, formation of differential equations from functions, general and particular solutions, separable, homogeneous, linear, and exact differential equations. 2. It also discusses applications to radioactive decay, Newton's law of cooling, and linear particle motion.

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Atikah J
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
441 views

1.example First Order ODE

1. The document covers basic concepts in differential equations including order and linearity, formation of differential equations from functions, general and particular solutions, separable, homogeneous, linear, and exact differential equations. 2. It also discusses applications to radioactive decay, Newton's law of cooling, and linear particle motion.

Uploaded by

Atikah J
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (BASIC)

Order and Linearity State the order and determine whether the following ordinary differential equations linear or nonlinear. dy + x 2 y = xe x (a) dx 3 2 dr d r = (b) +1 2 ds ds (c) x 2 dy + y 2 dx = 0 Formation One arbitrary constant Form a differential equation from the function (a) y = Ax + x 2 A y = x + (b) x T o arbitrary constants
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Form a differential equation from the function (a) y = Ax 2 + Bx 5 (b) y = Ae x + Be 2 x (c) y = A sin x + B cos x !enera" and #artic$"ar so"$tion 3 A Show that y = + 2 is the general 4 x solution of 2 xy + 4 y = 3 . Then, if y (1) = 4 , find a particular solution of the differential equation.

FIRST ORDER ORDINAR% DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS


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Se#arab"e e&$ation (a) Determine either the differential equation below is separable or not dy dy xy = x = xe y 2 x (i) (ii) dx dx (iii) xy = x 2 y Hence, sol e the separable differential equation. dy y 2 (b) Find the general solution for = . dx x (c) Sol e the following initial alue problems dy 1 2 = 6 y x, y (1) = (i) dx 25 3x 2 + 4 x 4 , y (1) = 3 (ii) y = 2y 4 (d) !y using substitution z = xy , change the differential equation dy x + y = 2x 1 x2 y 2 dx to separable equation. Hence, find the general solution of the equation.
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'omo(eneo$s e&$ation (a) Determine either the differential equation below is homogeneous or not dy y x dy = = x y (i) (ii) dx y + x dx dy xy = 2 (iii) dx x y 2 Hence, sol e the homogeneous differential equation. (b) Find the general solution for x 2 dy ( y 2 xy )dx = 0 . (c) Sol e the following initial alue problems dy x 2 + y 2 = , y (1) = 1 (i) dx xy dr r r (ii) =2 + , r (1) = 4 d

(d) !y using substitution x = X and y = Y + 2 , change the differential equation dy x y + 2 = dx x + y 2 to homogeneous equation. Hence, find the general solution of the equation. Linear e&$ation (a) Determine either the differential equation below is linear or not dy (i) ( x + 1) = y dx 2 dy x + xy = y 2 + x (ii) dx dy dy = 3 y 2 x + 6 xy = 2 x + 6 xy (iii) dx dx Hence, sol e the linear differential equation.

(b) Find the general solution for dy = 9.8 0.196 x . dx (c) Sol e the following initial alue problems 1 xy + 2 y = x 2 x + 1, y (1) = 2 (d) !y using substitution z = y 2 , change the differential equation dy + y = xy 3 dx to linear equation. Hence, find the general solution of the equation. E)act e&$ation (a) Determine either the differential equation below is e"act or not dy 3 y ( x + xe 2 y ) = e y 3 x 2 y (i) dx (ii) (2 x + y cos y )dx + (4 y + x + sin x)dy = 0 (iii) yy( x + 2) + x( y + 2) = 0

(b) Find the general solution for y 3 1 dy + y dx = 0 . 2 x x (c) Sol e the following initial alue problems ( x + y ) 2 dx + (2 xy + x 2 1)dy = 0, y (1) = 1 (d) Show that (2 y 2 6 xy ) dx + (3xy 4 x 2 )dy = 0 is not an e"act equation. Then, by using integrating factor ( x, y ) = xy , sol e the equation.

A##"ication
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!ro t* o+ #o#$"ations The rate at which radioacti e nuclei decay is proportional to the number of such nuclei that are present in a gi en sample. Half of the original number of radioacti e nuclei ha e undergone disintegration in a period of #$%% years. &hat percentage of the original radioacti e nuclei will remain after '$%% years( Ne ton,s "a o+ coo"in(
)ewton*s law of cooling state that the rate of

dT change of the temperature, is dt dT = k (T Ts ) dt where Ts is ambient temperature and k is

positi e constant. +onsider the problem below, -s part of his summer .ob at a restaurant, /im learned to coo0 up a big pot of soup late at night, .ust before closing time, so that there would be plenty of soup to feed customers the
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ne"t day. He also found out that, while refrigeration was essential to preser e the soup o ernight, the soup was too hot to be put directly into the fridge when it was ready. (The soup had .ust boiled at 100 C , and the fridge was not powerful enough to accommodate a big pot of soup if it was any warmer than 20 C ). /im disco ered that by cooling the pot in a sin0 full of cold water, (0ept running, so that its temperature was roughly constant at 5 C ) and stirring occasionally, he could bring that temperature of the soup to 60 C in ten minutes. How long before closing time should the soup be ready so that /im could put it in the fridge and lea e on time (

Linear motions - particle is tra elling along a linear cur e at time t, with elocity v and 4 dv = k (8v ) 3 ( k is constant). Find the dt general solution of v.

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