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14 Partial Derivatives 2

The National Weather Service has devised the LC / ai InuC / x (also called the temperaturehumidity index, or humidex, in some countries) to describe the combined effects of temperature and humidity. The heat index 7 is the perceived air temperature when the actual temperature is T and the relative humidity is H.

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Thanh Thiên Phúc Nguyễn
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219 views23 pages

14 Partial Derivatives 2

The National Weather Service has devised the LC / ai InuC / x (also called the temperaturehumidity index, or humidex, in some countries) to describe the combined effects of temperature and humidity. The heat index 7 is the perceived air temperature when the actual temperature is T and the relative humidity is H.

Uploaded by

Thanh Thiên Phúc Nguyễn
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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E142, Ac the begining ofthis section we considered the function sine + yy and guessed that fly) > Las (x, 7) > (0,0) on the bass fof numerical evidence. Use polar coordinates to confirm the ‘value of the limit, Then graph the function, (E149, Graph and discuss the continuity of the function JO ify=0 of IAN ide yew! vow (@) Show that f(x,y) > Oas x 93 > (0,0) along any path through (0, O)of the frm y = mx" with a 4 (b) Despite part). show that fis discontinuous at (0 0} (©) Show that fis discontinuous on two entire curves. 45, Show thatthe function Fgiven by x1 = |x] is continuous singy fon” [line Consider x — a abex ay] xe oy 1 itay=0 aye 46. Ife € V, show thatthe Function F given by Ax) =e «xis continuous on f" 143 PARTIAL DERIVATIVES On a hot day, extreme humidity makes us think the temperature is higher than it really fs, whereas in very dry ait we perceive the temperature to be lower than the thermo: eter indicates. The National Weather Service has devised the heat index (also called the temperature-humidity index, or humidex, in some countsies) to describe the combined effects of temperature and humidity. The heat index is the perceived air temperature when the actual temperature is Tand the elative humidity is H. So Iisa function of Tand Hand we can write = 17, H}. The following table of values of Fis an excerpt from a table compiled by the National Weather Service. estes nant N= [s[*[#[=[s [= (96 [aaa ao 1a [as 50 135 | | 6 I we concentrate on the highlighted column of the table, which corresponds to a rela live humidity of H/= 70%, we are considering the heat index as a function of the single variable Por a fixed value of H. Let's write g(7) = A(T, 70}, Then g(T) describes how the hheat index J increases as the actual temperature T inereases When the relative humidity is 70%. The derivative of g when T= 96°F isthe rate of change of with respect to Twhen 96°F: iy 208 5h) (96) _ 96+ H. T0} — 496, 70} 196 #08) = bn, h a 2 We can approximate 4/(96) using the values in Table 1 by taking = 2 and — 2: 9198) — (96) 198, 70) 196) = A196, 70) 133 = 125 796) — 228 = 006) 104.70 2 Averaging these values, we can say thatthe derivative g196) is approximately 3.75. This ‘means that, when the actual temperature is 96°F and the relative humidity is 70%, the apparent temperature (heat index) rises by about 3.75°F for every degree that the actual temperature rises! Now lets look atthe highlighted row in Table 1, which corresponds toa fixed temper ature of T= 96°F. The numbers in this row are values of the function G{H) = 1196, H), hich describes how the Neat index increases as the relative humidity H increases when the actual temperature is T= 96°F. The derivative of this Function when H = 70% is the rate of change of J with respect to H when = 70% G00) = tin py AIL B= C170} £196, 70. +h) ~ 96, 70) f 2» a By taking = 5 and —5, we approximate G70) using the tabular values: G15) — Gir £196, 75) — 196, 70) 3 130 — 125 5 or0} : 165) ~ C170) 196,65) ~ 196,70) _ 121 — 125 _ yg C10; 5 = = By averaging these values we get the estimate G'(70) = 0.9. This says that, when the tem perature is 96°F and the relative humidity is 70%, the heat index rises about 0.9"F for every percent that the relative humidity rises. In general, if Fis a function of two variables x and y, suppose we let only x vary while keeping y fixed, say y = D, where bis a constant. Then we are really considering a func: tion of asingle variable x, namely, g(x) = f(x, b). Lrg has a derivative ata, then we call i the partial derivative of Fwith respect to xat (a, 6) and denote it by (a, 6). Thus, oO Fa, b)= 9a) where g(x) = Mx by By the definition of a derivative, we have and so Equation 1 becomes w Ha, 0) = tim 21 Similarly, the partial derivative of f with respect to y at (a,b), denoted by (a,b). is oblained by keeping 1 fixed (x = 2) and finding the ordinary derivative at b of the func- tion Gly) = Na, yi flab 2) o fa, b)= tim i ih With this notation for partial derivatives, we can write the rates of change of the heat lex I with respect to the actual temperature Tand relative humidity H when T= 96°F and H = 70% a follows: 496,10) = 3.75 96, 70) = 09 If we now let the point (a, b) vary in Equations 2 and 3, fand 5 become functions of «wo vatlables, [Z]_ If risa function of two variables, its partial derivatives are the functions / and 4 defined by ny LLY) = fx y) Aix) = jim a foxy = by = fiw yh t= jim 7 There are many altemative notations for partial derivatives. For instance, instead of we can write f oF Dis (to indicate difereniation with sespect tothe firs vasiable) or O and 3 > 0. Notice from Equation 8 that if labor and capital are both increased by a factor m, then. Fink, mK} Bimb) (mK = m DLR = wt PL, Ky Ife + 8=1,then Flml, mK) = mF, K), which means that production is also increased by a factor of m. That is why Cobb and Douglas assumed that oy + fb and therefore PUL, Ky = DL K ‘This is the Cobb-Douglas production function that we discussed in Section 14.1 143) EXERCISES [1] The temperature Tat a location inthe Northern Hemisphere depends on the longitude s laiude y and time ¢ so we ca write T= fx, 01 Let's measure time in hours from the beginning of January (@) What are the meanings ofthe partial derivatives (Tia, May, and Toe? (b) Honolua has longitude 158° W and latitude 21° Suppose tha at 9:00 Aton January 1 the wind i blowing hot air othe northeast, so the air to the west and south is ‘warm and the ai tothe north and east is cooler. Would you expect (158,21, 9}. f158, 21,9} and 4(158, 21,9) 0 be positive or negative? Explain, 2. AV the beginning ofthis section we discussed the function T= A(T. Hf, where Tis the heat index, Tis the temperature and Hs the relative humidity. Use Table Ito estimate 492, 6 and F(92, 60} What are the practical interpretations ofthese values? 13. The windchill index Hts the perceived temperature when the actual temperature is Tand the wind speed is 50 we can write W = (7.0). The following table of values is an excerpt fromm Table 1 in Section 14. Wind speed (hn) wo] |] co) w [—« [0 [= [2 [= [= =5 f-9 | «fa [al ala = f=» [= [=u [== [= [= = [-s [=~ [=n [=e [=0 [=n (@) Estimate the values of fi 15, 30)and &(15, 30) What are the practical interpretations ofthese values? (b) In genera, what can you say abou the signs of N/a and il? (6) What appears to be the value of the following limit? W 4. The wave height / inthe open sea depend om the speed » ofthe wind and the length of time ¢that the wind bas been blowing at that speed. Values ofthe function = A, fare recorded in fect in the follwing table Duration (hous) Te ]els]»]*]#]s ) c of efefefefefe[e Wind spe i eee of falls lols [« [a wlalelelalfele le (@) What are the meanings of the partial derivatives jhe and jhe? (b) Estimate the values of (40, 15) and (40,15). What are the practical interpretations ofthese values? (6) What appears to be the value of the following limi? an 5-8 Determine the signs of the partial derivatives for the function hase graph is shown, Be 40.2) 0) 0.23 6 (@) 1.2) 4-12) 7.) ha -1.2 Gay 8) ft1.2) ) Gt-1.29 [The following surfaces, labeled a, 2 and are graphs of a Function fand its partial derivatives f-and fj. [demify each surface and give reasons for your cholces, Ap SECTION 14.3 PARTIAL DERIVATIVES ||| 889 10. A contour map i given fora function & Use itt estimate £12, and £12.11 le f EVIL LL. MI A(% 9 = 18 — Ae! — yf find 6, 2) and, 2) and inter pret these numbers as slopes [lustrate with ether hand-drawn sketches or computer plots, 12 A(x) = JTF AP, find 41,0) and 441, O)and Interpret these numbers as slopes, Ilustrate with either hand drawn sketches or computer plots Find (and f-and graph ff, and f, with domains and ‘viewpoints that enable you tose the relationships between them, Bofayee oy oty 1k hey sae 15-38 Find the frst partial derivatives ofthe function 1B faxyiny Say yiaaly! Baty 17. fix, = & cos me 18. fix = V¥ Ine I. 20+ ay" 2, :=unsy 1 Ax 2 fey 2. wasn css wae ey 26. fi s)— re! <3!) 2b. x = arctanxV7) W. use" 28. cose?) dt 9, iu y.2)— 1 —5ry rainy =) Bw nine 278 33 v= aysnye) 4 Bo ays =e taniyy 3. a uaVF 38 uSsin(y = 2a x) 139-82 Find the indicated partial derivatives, Bf yeinies ETF): £640 40. fx. y) = arctan ye 62.3) AL foxy, B21, A) = VETER SRE: 610.0. w/Ah fies, [BH] Use the table of values of f(y) to estimate the values of A3.2), 113,22), and 668.21 442-44 Use the definition of partial derivatives as limits (4) 0 find »] ois [20 ] 2 12 Yoand £4 9h “ 2s [os | we | oe fanaa x) 4 hen en ¥ t ao [om [a | se as [wo |e far 450 Use implicit ferentiation to find 2 nvand ey. 4 ee today ax 46 yes ie actan( y= 49-50 Pind is /éaeand 2. aha an raheey = Axa) () 2 Aay) Or=axiy |51-56 Find ll the second partial derivatives. SL Rx yawy 2xty 52. Ax Yi =sintime + ny Sw 4 oe 58, 2 = arctan 56. v=" Tay '57-60 Verify thatthe conclusion of Clairaut's Theorem holds, chat 15, tay = th 51. u=ssinee | 29) sa vas! 2y" 60, v= ayer 5 vain VET 461-68 Find the indicated partial derivative BL Fx y= BaV VE ef BEN in fae 6B. May 2) = caste BY 2 or Bs 64 fr 5.) rinks fos 65. usesing, OY Fao Raye Thay 70, Level curves are shown for a function & Determine whether the following partial derivatives are postive or negative a the point P fe w 6 a @% @% Ml / / 71, Verify thatthe function u =e "sin Axis solution ofthe ‘eat conduction equation w= "tu 72, Determine whether each of the following functions isa solution of Laplace’s equation tse 4 ayy =. @useey (b) vay une) Bet @ u=nvE TF ( w= sinxcosh y+ cos xsinh y (he orcas x 73, Verify that the function u = 1/7 577 = isa solution of the three-dimensional Laplace equation 1, 40 "eos y 74, Show that each ofthe following functions is a solution of the wave equation Uy = au (a) a= sin(k) sink) (b) w= gat a8) (w= (earl yt t ah (@) us sina — an + In + an) 175, If and g are twice differentiable Functions of a single var able, show that the function a N= fx § at) | gx at) {a solution ofthe wave equation given in Exercise 74 Th Iu = oh" 8 where af ab 1 show that du, tu fu om! iat wa 77. Verify that the function = = Inge" | e”) isa solution ofthe differential equations and (S)-e ov 78, Show tha the Cobb-Douglas production function P= BL. K: satisfies the equation Pah aR L pe 79, Show thatthe Cobb-Douglas production function satistes FL, K)= CAG. by solving the differential equation PP a~"T (See Equation 5) 80, The temperature at a point (x. yon a lat metal plate is given by Thay) = 60/1 xt + y \ where Tis measured in“C and x, yin meters. Find the rate of change of temperature with respect to distance atthe point (2, 1) in (a) the x-direction and (©) the y-direction [HT] Th total resistance & produced by three conductors with resis: tances Ry, Re, R; connected ina parallel electrical circuit is ‘ven by the formula Find a/R, ‘The gas law fora fixed mass mrof an ideal gas at absolute tem perature 7. pressure P and volume Vis PV = mRT. where Ris the gas constant, Show that ap av at aT oP 83, For the ideal gas of Exercise 82, show that ap wv WT ar mR 4, The wind: chil index is modeled by the function W= 19.12 = 062157 11.370 + 0.3965 76" ‘where Tis the temperature (Cand vis the wind speed (kam/h), When T= —15°C and v = 30 km/h, by how much ‘would you expect the apparent temperature Wta drop f the actual temperature decreases by 1°C? What if the wind speed Increases by 1 km/h? 85, The kinetic energy of «body with mass mand velocity vis = am Show that ok BK fa, & care the sides ofa wiangle and A.B, Care the opposite na po angles, find 2a, 14/0, Ge by implicit differentiation of| the Law of Cosines, BZ] You ate told that thee isa function £ whose partial derivatives axe fx.y) =x 4 Ayand £44,3) = 8x — y. Should you believe i F488. The paraboloid = = 6 — x — x — 2y* imersects the plane <= Lina parabola, Find parametric equations for the tangent ine to this parabola at the point (1,2, ~4}. Use a computer to raph the paraboloid the parabola, andthe tangent line on the 489. The ellipsoid 4x 2y* + 2*= 16 imersets the plane y= 2 {nan ellipse. Find parametric equations for the tangent ine to this clipe atthe point (1, 2,21 90. In a study of frost penetration it was found that the temperature T atime (measured in days) at a depth x (measured in feet) can be modeled by the function T= Te} Ber"sinkior — Ax) where ¢» = 277/365 and A isa postive constant. (a) Find Tac What is its physical significance? (b) Find 7. What sits physical sigaicance? (©) Show that [satisfies the heat equation T;= AT for a cer. tain constant & (@ 1A = 0.2, T,= 0, and 7, = 10, use a computer to ‘raph Thx (6) What i the physical significance ofthe term — xin the ‘expression sin(cat— Au? ‘1, Use Claiaut’s Theorem to show that f the third-order partial derivatives of Fare continuous, then, by bo =h 492. (a) How many sth-order partial derivatives does a function of | two variables have? (b) Ir these partial derivatives ae all continuous, how many of| them can be distinc? (©) Answer the question in pat (a) for a function of three ‘variables, PRIM =a? | eM fi 41,0, [din nstead of fading fx») Bist, note that it's easier to ation 1 of Equation 2] 94, IF fx = ETI, find £1040) 98. Let #EO.0) = 10,0) (a) Use computer to graph & (b) Find Gx yrand fx yiwhen (x, y9 = (0.0% (©) Find 60.0) and (0, Ovusing Equations 2 and 3 (@) Show that f,(0,0) = —1 and f4(0,0) = 1 (6) Does the res of part (d) contradict Claiaut's Theorem? Use graphs of and 4,10 llustate your answer 144 TANGENT PLANES AND LINEAR APPROXIMATIONS FIGURE ‘The tangent plane contains the tangent lines 7, and T, 1 Notte simaitybetwcan th equation ofa ‘ange lane an th ution of tzgent ie: yo w= Feira One of the most important ideas in single-variable calculus is that 2s we 200m in toward a int on the graph ofa differentable function, the graph becomes indistingushable from is tangent line and we can approximate the function by a Hnear function. (See Sec- tion 3.10.) Here we develop sinilar ideas in tree dimensions. As we 2oom in toward a point on a surface thats the graph of a differentiable function af two Variables, the surface looks more and more like a plane (ts tangent plane) and we can approximate the Function by a linear function of two variables. We also extend the idea of a dilferential to functions of to oF mote variables. ‘TANGENT PLANES ‘f(x, yj, where F has continuous first partial deriva- Suppose a surface S has equation = lives, and let P(x, 29} bea point on S. As in the preceding section, let C, and C; be the curves obtained by intersecting the vertical planes y= yp and x= x9 with the surface 5. ‘Then the point Plies on both C, and C:, Let J; and 7, be the tangent lines tothe curves C, ‘and Gat the point P. Then the tangent plane to the surface Sat the point Pis defined 10 be the plane that contains both tangent lines 7, and 7, (See Figure 1.) ‘We will see in Section 14.6 that if Cis any other curve that les on the surface S and passes through P then its tangent line at P also lies in the tangent plane. Therefore you can think of the tangent plane to S at Pas consisting of all possible tangent lines at P to curves that He on Sand pass through P The tangent plane at P is the plane that most closely approximates the surface S near the point P ‘We know from Equation 12.5.7 that any plane passing through the point Pixs, ‘an equation of the form Axa) + By yo) + O22) = as By dividing this equation by Cand letting the form A/Cand b= — B/C, we can write it oO : If Equation 1 represents the tangent plane at P, then its intersection ‘must be the tangent line 7, Setting y= yp in Equation 1 gives ay ay) + Y= yo) the plane y= yi Fo m= atx) ‘and we recognize these as the equations (in point-slope form) of a line with slope a, But from Section 14.3 we know that the slope of the tangent 7; is_ ‘(xy so}. Therefore fla, 30} ‘Similatiy, putting x xy in Equation 1, we get: — sent the tangent line 73,50 b= S30, 9) ky — yah which must repre [Suppose ‘has continuous partial derivatives. An equation ofthe tangent plane to the surface = fx, y) atthe point Py, 354) 18 (9, Jolla ay) + las, Jolly = ya) 1d EXAMPLE | Find the tangent plane to the ellipie paraboloid : = 2x* | y# atthe point (11,3) SouwHON Let fla, y)= 2x" + y*. Then Kix yp = Ax RY=4 HL =2 ‘Then (2) gives the equation of the tangent plane at (1,1, 3) as 2324-1 ayy or Ay 4 2y—3 . Figure 2(2) shows the elliptic paraboloid and its tangent plane at (1,1, 3) that we found in Example 1. In parts (b) and (c) we oom in toward the point (1,1, 3) by restricting the EES Visa 144 shows an animation of domain of the function Flx, y)= 2x? + y#. Notice that the more we 200m in, the flatter Fares 2 and 3, the graph appears and the more it resembles its tangent plane, _—— _— FIGURE 2 The elliptic paraboloid appears to coincide with its tangent plane as we zoom in toward 1.3 In Figure 3 we corroborate this impression by zooming in toward the point (1, 1) on a contour map of the function f(x. y)= 2x? + y*. Notice that the more we 200m in, the more the level curves look like equally spaced parallel lines, which is characteristic of a plane. FicuRe 3 Zooming in toward. on a contour map of \ eet as FIGURE 4 fixy fa LINEAR APPROXIMATIONS In Example 1 we found that an equation of the tangent plane to the graph of the function fla y)= 2x2 + yf at the point (1, 1,3) is == 4x + 2y— 3. Therefore, in view of the Visual evidence in Figures 2 and 3, the linear function of two variables Ling) = 4x 1 ay 3 J a good approximation to x,y) when (x, y)is near (1, 1). The function £ is called the Iinearization of Fat (1, 1) and the approximation fx y) Aw bay {s called the linear approximation or tangent plane approximation of Fat (1. 1). For instance, atthe point (1.1, 0.95) the linear approximation gives F10.1, 0.95) = 4(1.1) + 20.95) 33 Which is quite close to the true value of /(1.1, 0.95) = 2(..1)* + (0.95 = 3.3225. But if We take a point farther away from (1,1), such as (2,3), we no longer get a good approxi ration, In fact, L2, 3) = 11 whereas £12, 3) = 17 In general, we know from (2) that an equation of the tangent plane to the graph of a function Fof two variables at the point (a,b, f(a, D) is £5 Nab) | hla bla a) + a. Bly =) These function whose raph is nget plane nay a Lex 9) = fab) + hla WH 2) fa, BLY — 2) is called the nearzaton of (a8) and he approximation a fs "Neha defined gent pans for sures su ees cnt Rist partial derivatives. What happens if {and fare not continuous? Figure 4 pictures such a function; its equation is flab} + fla, Bix a) + Gla, Bly You can verify (see Exercise 46) that its partial derivatives exist atthe origin and, in fac, £400) = 0 and £(0,0) = 0, but f,and fare not continuous. The linear approximation would be Fx, y3 = 0, but (9) = $a all points on the line y= x. So a function of two variables can behave badly even though both ofits partial derivatives exist. To rule out such behavior, we formulate the idea of a differentiable function of 1wo variables Recall that fora function of one variable, y= fx) f vchanges from ato a + Ax, we defined the increment af yas Ay= fla) Sx — fay Tis i Egatin.47 1 Theron 8s proven Append 1 Fare Sstows te gaphs ofthe union Sit nearaton Ln xanga? FIGURE 5 In Chapter 3 we showed that if Fs differentiable ata, then a Ay=SlajAxs eAy where 60 as Ax 0 Now consider a function of two variables, a» Avand y a & ‘Thus the increment = represents the change in the value of when (x, y} changes from (a, b)to (a » Ax,D + Ay). By analogy with (5) we define the dfferentiability of a func tion of two variables as follows, = fix. y), and suppose x changes from a to ‘hanges from b to b + Ay. Then the corresponding increment of = is fla Mud) Ay) Mad) [7] DeFintrion Iz = fx, y), then Fis differentiable at (a, b) iF A> can be expressed in the form a bla, b) Ax + fla, DAY + Ax} ody where 6, and p> Oas (Ax, Avi (0.0), Definition 7 says that a differentiable Function is one for which the linear approxima tion (4) isa good approximation when (x, is near (a,b). In other words, the tangent plane approximates the graph of F well near the point of tangency. 1's sometimes hard to use Definition 7 dseetly to check the differentiabity of a fune tion, but the next theorem provides a convenient sufficient condition for differntiabilty [H] THEOREM IF de partial derivatives and f exist near (a, b) and are continu ous at (a,b), then Fis differentiable at (a,b) Ud EXAMPLE 2 Show that F(x, y) = xe" is differentiable at (1, 0) and find its lineariza tion there. Then use it to approximate £(1.1, ~0. SoLUION The partial derivatives are Both / and fare continuous functions, so Fis differentiable by Theorem 8. The linearization is Lx. y) = 1,0) + £41, 0) 1) + 611, 0y ~ 05 STi leyerty ‘The corresponding linear approximation is so an ty so fl, Oly =11— 011 Compare this with the actual value of £(1.1, 0.1) = L1e-*" =: 0.98542 . EXAMPLE 3. At the beginning of Section 14.3 we discussed the heat index (perceived temperature) Jas a function of the actual temperature Tand the relative humidity H and ‘gave the following table of values from the National Weather Service. Relative humidity (%) mo] s|olelml[s,o|s|~ | o [ 98 Paco [aos [aon [ae [ae [as [oe w@ fio |ms pas fos |e] as ao [im pe Actual temperature [94 via [uve [22 [ae [se [aa © To vax [2 [0 [aos [oa [ae 8 a7 [133 [38 [aa [90 [as 100 wa Pass | a | aa | aoe | con | oom Find a linear approximation for the heat index J= AT; H} when is near 96°F and His reat 70%. Use i to estimate the heat index when the temperature is 97°F and the relative humidity és 72%. solo We read from the table that 196, 70) = 125. In Section 14.3 we used the tabu Jar values to estimate that £{96, 70) = 3.75 and 4496, 70) = 0.9. (See pages 878-79.) So the linear approximation is 11, H) ~ (96, 70} + £(96, 707 ~ 96) + £496, 70)(4H — 70) = 125 + 3.7517 — 96) + 0.9(H — 70) In particular A197, 72) = 125 4 3.75(1) + 0.912) = 130.55, ‘Therefore, when T= 97°F and H= 72%, the heat index is [= 130F . DIFFERENTIALS For a differentiable function of one variable, y= £12, we define the differential de to be an independent variable; that is, dv can be given the value of any seal number. The differ ential of yis then defined as a dy= Po) de (See Section 3.10.) Figure 6 shows the relationship between the increment Ay and the dif- ferential dy: Ay represents the change in height of the curve y= f(x)and dyrepresents the change in height ofthe tangent line when x changes by an amount d= x For a differentiable function of two variables, = = /(x, y}, we define the differentials dx and dy to be independent variables; that is, they can be given any values. Then the dif- ferential c, also called the total differential, is defined by o a= his. de> Hund FIGURE 6 (Compare with Equation 9.) Sometimes the notation df is used in place of a FIGURE 7 1 nBcanple 4, discos to because the ‘angont ane is goed aprasinatin tte sular = = eBay — year 23,134 (See Faure a) me, 20. I FIGURE & If we take de= Av= x — aand dy Ay= y ~ bin Equation 10, then the differen tial of: = fla, ix a) | fa bily — B) So, in the notation of differentials, the linear approximation (4) can be written as fix y) = fla, By > de Figure 7 is the dhree-dimensional counterpart of Figure 6 and shows the geometric inter pretation of the differential and the increment A=: dé represents the change in height of the tangent plane, whereas = represents the change in height of the surface = = fx. y) when (x,y) changes from (a, b)to (a = Mx. B | Ay . (oF Abr ay. fr Ab an) tat b+ ax.0) tangent plane la,byx—a)+ fla.d4y—P) AD EXAMPLE 4 @) Ife=fixy) Bxy— (0) Ix changes from 2 to 2.05 and y changes from 3 to 2.96, compare the values of Az and et souwtion (@) Definition 10 gives a= Fay) FZ ay= ext syyavt Gx— By dy oe oy (0) Putting x= 2, dv = Av = 0005, y= 3, and 0.04, we get de =[22) + 313)]005 + [3@) — 26)](-0.04) = 0.65, ‘The increment of = is, Az = £2.05, 2.96) ~ 2.3) = 112.05) + 3(2.05)(2.96) ~ (2.96}7] ~ [2* + 38) ~ 34] = 06449 Notice that A: =: de but dé is easier to compute . EXAMPLE 5 The base radius and height of aright circular cone are measured as 10 cm and 25 cm, respectively, with a possible error in measurement of as much as 0.1 cm in each, Use dlferentials to estimate the maximum error in the calculated volume of the {0WWH0N The volume V of a cone with base radius rand height is differential of Vis arh/3. So the Since each exror is at most 0.1 em, we have | Ar] = 0.1, [Mil = 0.1. To find the largest error inthe volume we take the largest error in the measurement of rand of h. Therefore ‘Thus the maximum error in the calculated volume is about 20 7 FUNCTIONS OF THREE OR MORE VARIABLES Linear approximations, differentiabiity, and differentials can be defined in a similar man ner for functions of more than two variables, A differentiable function is defined by an expression similar tothe one in Definition 7. For such functions the linear approximation fx, Ala, be} + fla, b, elle — a} + fla, b, ely ~ 6) 4 fla, belle a) and the linearization L(x, y, 2) isthe right side of this expression, ), then the inerement of wis, Aw dey t Awe © A= flay, ‘The differential civ is defined in terms of the differentials dx. dy, and ck ofthe independ- ent variables by EXAMPLE 6 The dimensions of a rectangular box are measured to be 75 em, 60 em, and 40 cm, and each measurement is correct to within 0.2 cm. Use differentials to est ‘mate the largest possible error when the volume of the box is calculated from these measurements soWH0N Ifthe dimensions of the box are x, y, and =, its volume is V= x2 and so WV pap aet way tye ge ONS We are given that [Ax] = 0.2, |Ay|== 0.2, and [X=] = 012. To find the largest error in the volume, we therefore use d= 0.2, dy = 0.2, and ck = 0.2 together with x= 75, 60. and = = 40: Weav= (60}(40)(0.2) + (75yi40)0.2) » (75}"60\10.2) = 1980 ‘Thus an exo of only 0.2 em in measuring each dimension could lead to an evror of as, ‘much as 1980 em in the calculated volume! This may seem like a large erro, but i's only about 1% ofthe volume of the box. . 144 | EXERCISES |-6 Find an equation ofthe tangent plane tothe given surface at the specified point. Lande i ay, C124 Rake DE Ay HT 2D Reavy, GLI areyne (14.0) Ss =yoose yh (2.22 6 ae a 7-2 Graph the surface and the tangent plane a the given point (Choose the domain and viewpoint so dat you get a good vew of both the surface an the tangent plane.) Then 200m in unt the surface and the tangent plane become indstinguishable. 1 ay, 8 = =arctan(ay) 1. aA) a1.5y }9-10 Draw the graph of Fand its tangent plane a the given rap gent pl Bh point (Use your computer algebra system both to compute the Patil derivatives and to graph the surface and its tangent plane.) ‘Then zoom in until the surface andthe tangent plane become Indistinguishable. 9 fy EY 1,0) We ay erVE VF Ve) LL 3e 11-16 Explain why the function i differentiable a the given point Then find the linearization Lx y)of the function at that point My ax wens 1.4 2 fiery 1) Boe, an 1 fay avr, (3.0) 15 fe yi= easy, (0) B32) 1 fyi = sine ‘Verify the linear approximation a (0, 0} arid 19, Find the linear approximation ofthe function fix y= 2 FTF a2, Vand use itto approximate £1.95, 1.08, [8 20. Find the linear approximation ofthe function #4 y)= Ink — Sy) at (7. 2) and se to approximate ‘G3, 2.06), Illustrate by graphing # and the tangent plane. [EE] Find the tineae approximation of the function fia y.2) = VF Fe 7 at (8,2, 6) and use ito approximate the number V(EO2}" + (STF + OS™ 22. The wave helghts fn the open sea depend on the speed & ‘ofthe wind and the length of time ¢that the wind has been blowing at that speed. Values of the function = fo, are recorded in fet inthe following table Duration (hous) Ne le] s]@[@] «ls Ea ee ee wlolelele lela [= wlulalel[e[=fele@ of olal= lols [ela olalele[s[ele le Use the table to finda linear approximation tothe wave ‘eight function when w is near 40 knots and tis near 20 hours. Then estimate the wave heights when the wind has ‘been blowing for 24 hours at 43 knots, 23, Use the table in Example 3to find a linear approximation to the heat index function when the temperature is near 14°F and the relative humidity is near 80%. Then estimate the heat Index when the temperature is 95°F and the relative humidity is 78%, 24, The wind chil index His the perceived temperature when the actual temperature is and the wind speed is, 30 we can ‘write W= #70} The following table of values is an excerpt from Table {in Section 14.1 Wind speed hn) ‘eJ~>])»]o];a]la]n wo |= [-~ [2 [2 [-= [= ou [0 | [2 [-0 [= wo [0 [-= [-= [= [oe [or Actual temperature (0) w [0 [-» [-« [-2 [== [Fe 341 2x ay i are ait Use the table to find a linear approximation to the wind-chll index function when T's near —15°C and v is near 50 km/h ‘Then estimate the wind-chll index when the temperature fs MITC and the wind speed is 55 km/h 25-20 Find the diferential of the function, a cain) 26, 0 = ycosay 2 m= pg a r= 2. Rea) 30. w= aye BE]: 5a? | y? and (xy changes from (1,2) (1.05, 2.1) compare the values of Az and 32 If 4 — ay 4 3y and (x ychanges from 3, —1}10 (2.96, 0.95), compare the values of = and de. 23, The length and width ofa rectangle are measured as 30cm and 24 cm, respectively, with an errr in measurement of at most 0.1 cm in each, Use differentials to estimate the maximum ceror in the calculated area ofthe rectangle 24, The dimensions of a closed rectangular box are measured as 80 cm, 60m, and 50 cm, respectively, with a posible err ‘of 0.2 em in each dimension. Use differentials to estimate the ‘maximum errr in calculating the surface area ofthe box. [BS] Use aifferentals to estimate the amount of tin ina closed tin can with diameter 8 em and height 12 cm if the tints 0.04 cam thick 236, Use differentials to estimate the amount of metal in a closed cylindrical can that is 10 em high and 4 cm in diameter if the ‘etal in the top and bottom is 0.1 cm thick and the metal in the slides is 0.05 cm thick, BZ] A boundary stripe 3 in, wide is painted around a rectangle ‘whose dimensions are 100 fe by 200 ft. Use differentials to approximate the numberof square fet of paint in the stripe 23, The pressure, volume, and temperature of a mole ofan ideal gs ae related by the equation PV = 8317, where Pis mea- sured in kilopascals, Vin liters, and Tin kelvins. Use differen- tials to find the approximate change in the pressure ifthe volume increases from 12 Lto 12.8 L and the temperature decreases from 310 K to 305 K. 29, If Ris the total resistance of tree resistors, connected in pr. alll, with resistances R;, i, dhen Loa RR If the resistances are measured in ohms as Ri = 25.0. R= 400, and Ry = 500. with a possible eror of 0.5% in teach case, estimate the maximum error in the calculated value of R 40, Four positive numbers, each less than 50, are sounded to the first decimal place and then multiplied together Use differen- tials to estimate the maximum possible error inthe computed product that might result fom the rounding. 41, A model for the surface area of a human body is given by ‘$= 0.109140" 0%, where w isthe weight (in pounds), his the height (in inches), and Sis measured in square fet. I the terrors in measurement of w and hare at most 2%, use dffer- ental to estimate the maximum percentage error in the calculated surface are, 42, Suppose you need to know an equation of the tangent plane to a surface Sat the point 2. 1.3). You don't have an equation for S but you know that the curves HQT ML BSA Qu 120s 1} both He on S. Find an equation of the tangent plane at P 142-4 Show that the funtion i differentiable by finding values ‘of and that satisfy Definition 7, By Axy 4 hoy) yy was graphed in Figure 4. Show that £0, 0) and £10, 0) both exist but is not differentiable at (0,0) [Hint Use the result of Exercise 45) (b) Explain why {and £ are not continuous at (0, 0%

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