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1 - Numerical Methods - Stability and Convergence

This document outlines the course CS213 Numerical Analysis and Computer Applications. It discusses various topics that will be covered, including error analysis, approximation of roots, linear algebra, differentiation and integration, interpolation and extrapolation. It also lists several recommended references. The course will include a midterm exam weighted at 12%, a final exam at 72% and semester work at 16%. Numerical analysis involves finding approximate solutions to problems using mathematical models and algorithms run on computers. There are various sources of error in numerical analysis from finite precision approximations and inherent errors in problem formulation. Stability and convergence are also important concepts, where stability refers to how errors change under an iterative algorithm and convergence means getting closer to the true solution.

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Hanan Ahmad
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182 views

1 - Numerical Methods - Stability and Convergence

This document outlines the course CS213 Numerical Analysis and Computer Applications. It discusses various topics that will be covered, including error analysis, approximation of roots, linear algebra, differentiation and integration, interpolation and extrapolation. It also lists several recommended references. The course will include a midterm exam weighted at 12%, a final exam at 72% and semester work at 16%. Numerical analysis involves finding approximate solutions to problems using mathematical models and algorithms run on computers. There are various sources of error in numerical analysis from finite precision approximations and inherent errors in problem formulation. Stability and convergence are also important concepts, where stability refers to how errors change under an iterative algorithm and convergence means getting closer to the true solution.

Uploaded by

Hanan Ahmad
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CS213 Numerical Analysis and Computer Applications

Prof. Dr. Wafaa El-Haweet

3/11/2014

Outlines
Error analysis & numerical instabilities Approximation of roots of equations Simultaneous linear algebraic equations and matrix inversion Numerical differentiation & integration Interpolation and Extrapolation Least square approximation Eigenvalues and eigenvectors Ordinary differential equations

References

Applied Numerical Methods with MATLAB for engineering and Scientists, Steven C. Chapra, McGraw Hill. Numerical Methods for Engineering, Steven C. Chapra and Raymond P. Canale, McGraw Hill. Numerical Methods using MATLAB, John H. Mathews and Kurtis D. Fink, Pearso Printice Halln. Numerical Methods with Fortran IV case studies, Dorn & McCracken, Wiley

Weighting of Assessments

Mid-Term Exam Final-term Exam Semester Work Total

12 % (15 pts) 72 % (90 pts) 16 % (20 pts) 100% (125 pts)

Numerical Methods
ISSUES IN NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

WHAT IS NUMERICAL ANALYSIS?

It is a way to do highly complicated mathematics problems on a computer. It is also known as a technique widely used by scientists and engineers to solve their problems.

TWO ISSUES OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS: How to compute? This corresponds to algorithmic aspects;
How accurate is it? That corresponds to error analysis

aspects.
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ADVANTAGES OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS: It can obtain numerical answers of the problems that have no analytic solution. It does NOT need special substitutions and integrations by parts. It needs only the basic mathematical operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, plus making some comparisons. IMPORTANT NOTES: Numerical analysis solution is always numerical. Results from numerical analysis is an approximation

NUMERICAL ERRORS When we get into the real world from an ideal world and finite to infinite, errors arise. SOURCES OF ERRORS: Mathematical problems involving quantities of infinite precision. Numerical methods bridge the precision gap by putting errors under firm control. Computer can only handle quantities of finite precision.

Summery
Types of Errors Usually we come across the following types of errors in numerical analysis: i.Inherent Errors. These are the errors involved in the statement of a problem. When the problem is first presented to the numerical analysis it may contain certain data or parameters.

ii.

Analytic Error. These are the errors introduced due to transforming a physical or mathematical problem into a computational problem.
iii.Rounding and Chopping Errors The most widely and important errors caused by applying numerical methods is Error caused by chopping and rounding: For example 1. 1/3=0.3333 2. e= 2.718 3. 1.0000
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where 1/3=0.333333. where e=2.7182818. where 0.99995


http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

iv. Formulation Errors When solving the problem using mathematical method, usually a simple model would be used to describe the source problem, there for some of the factors will be put away which means simplifying the problems which cause some error and this error is called Formulation Error. For example. the second law Newton F= m.a where m is a mass of a particle, a is acceleration In the fact m0 is initial mass of particle V is velocity C is velocity of light since V < C so V/C 0 and m=m0

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http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

STABILITY AND CONVERGENCE


STABILITY in numerical analysis refers to the trend of error change iterative scheme. It is related to the concept of convergence. It is stable if initial errors or small errors at any time remain small when iteration progresses. It is unstable if initial errors or small errors at any time get larger and larger, or eventually get unbounded. CONVERGENCE: There are two different meanings of convergence in numerical analysis: a. If the discretized interval is getting finer and finer after dicretizing the continuous problems, the solution is convergent to the true solution. b. For an iterative scheme, convergence means the iteration will get closer to the true solution when it progresses.
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Condition of a Problem
For a problem with input (data) x and output y, y=F(x). The problem is said to be well-conditioned if small changes in x, lead to small changes in y. Otherwise, we say the problem is illconditioned.

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Stability of an Algorithm
Stability indicates the sensitivity of an algorithm for solving a problem. An algorithm is said to be stable if small changes in the input x lead to small changes in the output y. Otherwise, the algorithm is said to be unstable.
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Condition and Stability


Condition => data Stability => algorithm

Ill-conditioned very hard to get a good result


with even the best algorithm. Stable given good data (not ill-conditioned), the algorithm will not yield drastically different results if round-off or small noise is added to the input data.
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THE END

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