ARO 404-2 High Speed Aerodynamics

Review
June 11, 2013
Shock-Expansion Theory--- A review of Gas dynamics/oblique shock/isentropic flows
Problem: A Pitot tube is inserted in the aft of a double wedge and its reading is 2.596 atm.
The local pressure on the backface point a is measured as 0.1 atm. Find free stream M
1
a
Assume M
1
= 3.5, then |=29.2, M
n1
=3.5sin|=1.71. Then from Table A.2 M
n2
=0.638
Then from E.1, we have 2.6*sin(29.2-15)= 0.638 (thus it checks)! M
1
=3.5
4
2
0 ,
2
0 ,
2
0 ,
0 ,
1
1
1
2 1
1 2 1 2

2 2

=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
= =
M
c
c
M
c
c
M
C
C
C
C
V
u
C
V x V x V V
u
C
m
m
l
l
P
P
P
P
P
P
|
|

|
|
|
|
|
Linearized velocity potential equation analyses results
Insert transformation results into linearized C
P



Prandtl-Glauert rule: If we know the
incompressible pressure distribution over an
airfoil, the compressible pressure distribution
over the same airfoil may be obtained
(subsonic flow only)

Lift and moment coefficients are integrals of
pressure distribution (inviscid flows only)

|
Perturbation velocity potential for incompressible
flow in transformed space
]
2
) ( ) (
) [(
1 ) (
4
1 ) (
4
2 2
2
2
2
le ue
e
e
e
e
e
e
M
Cd
M
C
o o
o
o
+
+

Ackeret Supersonic Linearized Theory

o
PROBLEM: Find the aero coefficient on the double wedge airfoil with Ackeret Theory
3D wing aerodynamics
In subsonic flow
First find the 3D wing in incompressible flow (e.g., Prandtl lifting line
theory)
Then applying Prandtl-Glauert rule
In supersonic flow
If it is a rectangular wing, use Bertin/Cumming book Chapter 11
Table 1
--- Applicable for 3 types of airfoil shapes (double wedge,
modified double wedge and bi-convex shapes)
--- Aspect ratio effects
This Table gives a rectangular wing aerodynamics in supersonic flow including effects
of Mach number, aspect ratio, gas properties (), thickness/chord ratio, airfoil configuration,
and angle of attack, o.
1 ) (
2
=

M |
Bertins Book Chapter 11 Table 11.1
Example: Use conical method to find the lift and
Drag on a rectangular flat plate wing (1
st
order)
]
~
[ sin
2
,
~
' tan ;
1
1
1
tan
tan
' tan
sin
2
,
wingtip the by influenced region the In
,
2
1
2
,
,
2
1
2
,
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
x
y
Cp
Cp
Thus
x
y
M
Cp
Cp
side leeward
M
Cp
side windward
M
Cp
d
d
d
d
|
t

t
|
o o
|
o o

=
= =

=
=

=
=

=
Example: A rectangular wing of aspect ratio 2.5 is subject to a uniform stream of Mach 1.4.
the wing is constructed from a double-wedge airfoil of thickness ratio t=0.04. Use Table 11.1
of Bertin to give the following aerodynamic characteristics of the wing first symbolically
and then numerically for arbitrary angle of attack, o.
(a) Lift coefficient
(b) wave drag coefficient
(c) Moment coefficient about the leading edge
(d) Location of the center of pressure
CP
X and CM CD CL Find
0
, , :
airfoil wedge double a is geometry Airfoi
AR
M Given
5 . 2
04 . 0
4 . 1 :
=
=
=

t
o
o

| t
| |
o
297 . 3
)] 04 . 0 *
2
1
) 1 4 . 1 ( 2
) 2 4 . 1 ( 4 . 1 * 4 . 1
1 (
1 4 . 1 * 5 . 2 * 2
1
1 [
1 4 . 1
4
) 1 ( 2
) 2 (
1 ) ( ;
2
1
'
)] ' * 1 (
) ( 2
1
1 [
4
) ( :
2 / 3 2
2 2 4
2 2
2 / 3 2
2 2 4
3
2
3
=

+

+
=
= =
=

L
L
L
C
C
M
M M
c
M A
A C
AR
C a Solution
2 2
2
2
1
2
2
1
97 . 3 006532 . 0 97 . 3
1 4 . 1
) 04 . 0 ( 4
4
*
1
*
) (
o o
o
t
+ = +

=
=
+

CD
airfoil wedge double a for k
C
M
k
C b
L D
c c c
A c AR
AR A c AR
X
pressure of center of location d
CM
AR A c AR
AR
CM c
CP
5 . 0 ~ 43 . 0 ]
' * 1 *
) 1 * '*( * 3 / 2 *
[
) (
417 . 1
)] 1 1 4 . 1 5 . 2 )( 04 . 0 (
2
1
*
) 1 4 . 1 ( 2
) 2 4 . 1 ( 4 . 1 * 4 . 1
3
2
1 4 . 1 * 5 . 2 [
) 1 4 . 1 ( * 5 . 2
2
)] 1 * '*( *
3
2
* [
*
2
) (
3
3
0
2
2 / 3 2
2 2 4
2
2
3
2
0
=
+

=
=

=
=
|
| |
o
o
| |
|
o
Swept-back wing of infinite span
Geometrical Description of Wing Sweep


Equivalent 2-D Flow on Swept Wing
Freestream Mach number resolved into 3 components
i) vertical to wing
ii) in plane of wing, but tangent to leading edge
iii) in plane of wing, but normal to leading edge
o sin

M
i)M
vert
= M

sino
ii)M
||
= M

cososinA
ii)M

= M

coso cos A
Equivalent Mach Number normal to leading edge
M
eq
= M

2
+ M
vert
2
= M

sino
( )
2
+ M

coso cos A
( )
2
=
M

1 cos
2
o
( )
+ cos
2
o 1 sin
2
A
( )
= M

1 sin
2
Acos
2
o
Equivalent angle of attack normal to leading edge
tan o
eq
( )
=
M
vert
M

=
M

sino
M

coso cos A
=
tan o ( )
cos A
Equivalent chord and span Chord is shortened

Span is lengthened
c
eq
= c cos A
| |
b
eq
=
b
cos A
A
=
A =
cos
1
) ( ) (
) (cos
dx
dz
dx
dz
x x
eq
eq
Equivalent 2-D Lift Coefficient
C
L
eq
=
L

2
p

M
eq
2
c cos A
| |
b
cos A

(
=
L

2
p

M
eq
2
cb
=
L

2
p

2
cb 1 sin
2
Acos
2
o
( )
=
C
L
1 sin
2
Acos
2
o
( )
) (cos ,
cos sin 1
1 cos , 1
2
2 2
A =
A
=
A
=
~ <<
eq L L
L L
Leq
C C or
C C
C
when o o
Equivalent 2-D
Drag Coefficient
C
D
eq
=
D / cos A

2
p

M
eq
2
c cos A
| |
b
cos A

(
=
D / cos A

2
p

M
eq
2
cb
=
D / cos A

2
p

2
cb 1 sin
2
Acos
2
o
( )
=
C
D
/ cos A
1 sin
2
Acos
2
o
( )
A = <<
3
cos , 1
Deq D
C C As o
Solve for C
L
, C
D
, L/D
C
L
= C
L
eq
1 sin
2
Acos
2
o
( )
C
D
= C
D
eq
cos A 1 sin
2
Acos
2
o
( )

L
D
=
L
D
|
\

|
.
|
eq
cos A
A = <<
A = A = ~ <<
3
2 2
cos ) ( , 1
cos ) ( ) sin 1 ( ) ( , 0 . 1 cos , 1
eq D D
eq L eq L L
C C
C C C As
o
o o
Summary on Swept-back Wing (o <<1)
]
2
) ( ) (
) [(
1 ) (
4
1 ) (
4
2 2
2
2
2
le ue
e
e
q e
e
e
q e
M
Cd
M
C
o o
o
o
+
+

A = =
A = =
A =
A =

cos ) (
cos /
cos ) (
cos
3
2
M M M
C C
C C
eq e
eq e
eq d d
eq
o o o

Effects of swept on lift-to-drag ratio
Double wedge airfoil at Mach 2
Example: Show that the section lift coefficient for a swept airfoil
with a supersonic leading edge is given by:
small are
AOA and ratio thickness that s assumption the with
M
C
, ,
1 cos ) (
cos 4
2 2
o
o
A
A
=

Critical Mach Number

|
.
|

\
|

+
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=

Prandtl-Glauret
Shortest expression
Tends to under-predict
experimental results

Account for some of nonlinear
aspects of flow field
Two other formulas which show
excellent agreement

1. Karman-Tsien
Most widely used

2. Laitone
Most recent
Isentropic relation between the
Free stream and the point on the
airfoil
Cp
Prandtl-Glauert rule
Determination of Critical Mach Number
Isentropic relation
2
)
1 1
( 1
min
2
2
2
MIN
MIN
p
Cp
M
M
M
Cp
C
rule Tsien Kar

+
+
=

M Cp
0.7 -0.4469
0.725 -0.4672
0.75 -0.4913
0.775 -0.5202
0.8 -0.5556
0.825 -0.6
0.85 -0.6582

M Cp
0.7 -0.7791
0.725 -0.681
0.75 -0.591
0.775 -0.5095
0.8 -0.4346
0.825 -0.3057
0.85 -0.302

Problem: Use the Karman-Tsien rule to calculate the critical Mach number for an airfoil
Whose Cp-min =-0.3 at low speed for a given altitude. Give the key equations, generate a
Table and make a full page graph on engineering paper to determine critical Mach number
To three significant figures. Hint: the values is between 0.70 and 0.85.
2
)
1 1
( 1
min
2
2
2
MIN
MIN
p
Cp
M
M
M
Cp
C
rule Tsien Kar

+
+
=

Karmin-Tsien Cp-crit
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Cp-CR
Karman_tsien
Mach
Cp
Two curves intersects at M-cr=0.75, Cp =-0.49
3 . 0 , = =
n mi crit
cp setting Cp Cp two these Setting
PS 8 Problem 1: Starting with a rectangular flat plate wing at an arbitrary supersonic
cruise Mach number. Modify the wing in such a way that it would experience only
Two-dimensional flow. Then proceed to calculate the wing total lift, drag and
moment the leading edge.
PS 8 Prob. 1
M
Isentropic compression in the lower part of airfoil
Isentropic expansion in the upper part of airfoil
There exists trailing shock at the rear end of airfoil
But on the airfoil, it is shockless
Problem 2: 2D airfoil with zero thickness in supersonic flight. Find an airfoil, it would
Produce no shock waves (except possibly at its trailing edge)
In-coming flow is tangent to the airfoil at the leading edge.
Trailing shock
Expansion waves
Shock-less airfoil
Example: Find Lift and drag coefficient on this airfoil
Adverse pressure gradient
Prob. 3 :Shock wave and boundary layer interactions usually has a detrimental effects on the
Aerodynamics of an airfoil. Conceive a modification to the airfoil in the vicinity of the
Interaction that would significantly reduced the adverse pressure gradient effects and prevent
the Boundary layer separation.
Applying suction here
Applying wall suction here
Reduction of viscous skin friction or delay the boundary layer separation
using suctions at the wall at the place that has adverse pressure gradient.
Subsonic flow over a thin airfoil --- Kutta conditions at trailing edge
Streamline patterns are dictated by the Kutta trailing edge conditions
PS 8 Problem 4: Consider the flow past a flat plate airfoil (zero thickness) at an AOA.
For both supersonic and subsonic free stream, sketch the streamlines and the wall pressure
distributions
Subsonic flow
Suction force
(V>>1) at
leading edge
P
L
P
U
CD = 0 DAmbert paradox
CL >0
Subsonic Flows over a flat plate or thin airfoil
The real flow patterns may have leading edge
Flow separation
PS 8
Compare to Flat Plate in subsonic flows
C
L
=
p
l
p

p
u
p

2
M

2
|
\

|
.
|
coso
C
D
= 0 (2D flow)
Fp
Lift
Drag
o
o
Supersonic flows over a flat plate
streamlines
In 3D flow, CD is no longer zero
Prandtls lifting line theory indicates
Downwash would produce induced drag
CD > 0
Fp
Lift
Drag
o
o
Subsonic flow
Streamlines around a NACA 0012 airfoil at moderate angle of attack

Supersonic flow
Streamline pattern
Supersonic flows over a thin flat plate