REGULATION OF 3 PHASE ALTERNATOR BY EMF AND MMF METHOD

EMF METHOD

MMF METHOD

FORMULA: Synchronous Impedance:

= 1 ohms

Where E1 = Open circuit voltage for a certain field current Isc = Short circuit current for the same field current. Synchronous Impedance: Lagging power factor: Leading Power factor: Unity power factor:

= 2 2 Ohms 0 = ( cos + )2 + ( sin + )2 0 = ( cos + )2 + ( sin )2 0 = ( + )2 + ( )2 % =

Where V= terminal voltage; I-Full load current Regulation:

100

GRAPH: The regulation curve is drawn between regulation and power factor

VIVA QUESTIONS: l. What is an alternator? 2. What are the types of alternator? 3. Dene voltage regulation of an alternator. 4. Mention the methods by which voltage regulation can be determined. 5. Which method gives the result nearer to the actual value?

V AND INVERTED V CURVES OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

GRAPH: The curve is drawn between o Armature current VS excitation current o Power factor VS Excitation current FORMULA:

tan = 3[

2 1 2 +1

= tan1 [3 [2+1]]
2 1

Power factor:

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. With what condition synchronous motor can be used as a synchronous condenser. 2. What are the special applications of an over excited synchronous motor. 3. Explain the effect of change of excitation of a synchronous motor on its armature current. 4. Explain the effect of change of excitation of a synchronous motor on its power factor. 5. With the given excitation a synchronous motor draws a unity PF current. If the mechanical Load is increased what will be the power factor and current for the same excitation. 6. Why V curve shift upwards and inverted V curve shift right as the load increases. 7. Explain the effect of change of excitation of a synchronous generator on its armature current. 8. Explain the effect of change of excitation of a synchronous generator on its power factor. 3

LOAD TEST ON 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR MODEL GRAPH

FORMULA: = Kg ; = . Nm [R-radius of drum; S1, S2- Spring balance] Input = + ; Output power = watts; [T- Torque in Nm; N- Speed in rpm] Power Factor = Efficiency =

GRAPH: The performance characteristic curves are drawn as 1) Output Power vs. current 2) Output Power vs. Torque 3) Output Power vs. Speed 4) Output Power vs. Efficiency, Taking Output Power along X-axis and current, torque, speed and efficiency Along Y-axis. VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. What are the two types of induction motors? 2. What are the methods of starting of an induction motor? 3. How can the direction of rotation of the motor be reversed? 4. In which induction motor, can you arid external resistance to the rotor? 5. Whether a single phase induction motor is self-starting? LOAD TEST ON 1 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

FORMULA: = Kg ; = . Nm [R-radius of drum; S1, S2- Spring balance] Input = + ; Output power = watts; [T- Torque in Nm; N- Speed in rpm]
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Power Factor = Efficiency =

Percentage of slip = Power factor =

Input power/V1I1

GRAPH: The performance characteristic curves are drawn as 1) Output Power vs. current 2) Output Power vs. Torque 3) Output Power vs. Speed 4) Output Power vs. Efficiency, Taking Output Power along X-axis and current, torque, speed and efficiency Along Y-axis. VIVA QUESTIONS: l. What are the two types of induction motors? 2. What are the methods of starting of an induction motor? 3. How can the direction of rotation of the motor be reversed? 4. Whether a single phase induction motor is self-starting? REGULATION OF 3 PHASE ALTERNATOR BY SALIENT POLE ALTERNATOR BY SLIP TEST

FORMULA: Direct Axis Synchronous Reactance: Xd =

Quadrature axis Synchronous Reactance Xq = MODEL CALCULATION: =

Where , Emax, Emin ,Imax ,Imin where taken in the Reading

Now calculate for Power factor cos = 0.8 Therefore, tan =

, So find the value of

from this equation find

Where, = calculate the value of Now to find the regulation: We know that, 0 = cos + + Where = sin = cos

Now find the Regulation with above equations by subtitling proper values in below equation we get, % = 0 100

Calculate for other power factor values with the help of above equations

GRAPH: The graph is drawn between % regulations vs. Power factor

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the purpose of slip test on 3 phase alternator? 2. What is meant by direct axis reactance?
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3. What is meant by quadrature axis reactance? 4. How is the regulation of alternator predetermined by slip test? 5. What is the difference between salient pole alternator and cylindrical rotor type alternator?

REGULATION OF 3 PHASE ALTERNATOR BY ZPF AND ASA METHOD GRAPH: 1) A graph is drawn b/w If and V which is known as OC curve, by taking If on X-axis and V on Y-axis. 2) A graph is drawn b/w If and ISC which is known as SC curve, by Taking If on X-axis and ISCV on Y-axis. DRAWING ZPF CURVE 1. OCC is drawn. 2. Point A is located such that OA gives If corresponding to Irated. Under short circuit test. 3. Point B is located such that it gives If to voltage from ZPF test. 4. Points A and B joined by curve parallel to OC called ZPF curve. 5. From the curve, ZPF curve is extended. 6. From H, HD is drawn parallel to OCC line. 7. From B, BH is drawn parallel and equal to OA. 8. Point D is point to B and BHD is tangent is obtained. 9. From D, perpendicular to BH at E is drawn. 10. DE gives Ia XL. BE gives If necessary to overcome demagnetizing effect of armature resistance. EH gives If necessary for balancing armature leakage reactance drop DE. 11. Internal emf, E1 is calculated as E1 = ((Vph cos + Ia Ra)2 + (Vph sin + IaXL)2) + for lagging pf and - for leading pf. 12. Find If1 corresponding E1 from OCC. 13. If2 is field current, required to overcome armature reaction (BE) 14. If = (If12+If22-2If1If2 cos(90)) + for lagging pf and - for leading pf. 15. From internal emf E1, a horizontal line is drawn cutting the OCC. 16. The regulation is calculated as % regulation = ((Eo Vph)/ Vph)x100.

NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

FORMULA: For NO load test: cos 0 = 0 0 0

= 0 cos 0 = 0 sin 0 0 = 0 = For blocked rotor test: . cos =

= 0 cos 0 = 0 sin 0 01 = 01 =

01 = 01 2 01 2 . = 2 2 1 = 2 [ 1] 2 = [01 2 = [01 ] ]
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Equivalent circuit diagram: Calculate and determine of RM and RS Calculate the determine of ZM and ZC and ZS

VIVA QUESTION: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is a 1-phase induction motor? Write the classification of 1-phase induction motor? Why do we draw the equivalent circuit of 1-phase induction motor? What is double-field revolving theory? Why 1-phase induction, motor is not self-starting?

NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

FORMULA: For NO load test: cos 0 = 0 30 0

= 0 cos 0 = 0 sin 0 0 = 0 = For blocked rotor test: . cos =

= 0 cos 0 = 0 sin 0 01 =

10

01 =

01 = 01 2 01 2 . = 2 2 1 = 2 [ 1] 2 = [01 ] = [ 1.6] Equivalent circuit diagram: Draw the equivalent circuit with the help of above parameters

SEPARATION OF NO LOAD LOSSES IN 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR MODEL GRAPH:

FORMULA: For no load test cos 0 = 0 30 0

= 0 cos 0 = 0 sin 0 0 =

11

0 = Loss calculation: Stator Copper Loss: 30 2 Constant loss =Input power Stator copper loss Constant loss/phase =Constant loss / 3

GRAPH: The graph drawn between constant losses (watts) and input voltage (volts)

MEASURMENTS OF NEGATIVE SEQUENCE AND ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE OF ALTERNATORS

FORMULA: For negative sequence: = 2 = 3 3 2

2 = ( 2 2

For Zero sequence: 0 = 0 = 0 30 30 2

2 = (0 2 0 2

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