9

CHAPTER
SingIe Phase Induction Motors
9.1 INTRODUCTION
Tho chnrncforIsfIcs of sIngIo hnso InducfIon mofors nro IdonfIcnI fo 3-hnso InducfIon mofors
oxcof fhnf sIngIo hnso InducfIon mofor hns no Inhoronf sfnrfIng forquo nnd somo socInI nr-
rnngomonfs hnvo fo bo mndo for mnkIng If soIf sfnrfIng. If foIIows fhnf durIng sfnrfIng orIod fho
sIngIo hnso InducfIon mofor musf bo convorfod fo n fyo whIch Is nof n sIngIo hnso InducfIon
mofor In fho sonso In whIch fho form Is ordInnrIIy usod nnd If bocomos n fruo sIngIo hnso
InducfIon mofor whon If Is runnIng nnd nffor fho sood nnd forquo hnvo boon rnIsod fo n oInf
boyond whIch fho nddIfIonnI dovIco mny bo dIsonsod wIfh. Ior fhoso ronsons, If Is nocossnry fo
dIsfInguIsh cIonrIy bofwoon fho sfnrfIng orIod whon fho mofor Is nof n sIngIo hnso InducfIon
mofor nnd fho normnI runnIng condIfIon whon If Is n sIngIo hnso InducfIon mofor. Tho sfnrfIng
dovIco ndds fo fho cosf of fho mofor nnd nIso roquIros moro snco. Ior fho snmo oufuf n l-hnso
mofor Is nbouf 30 Inrgor fhnn n corrosondIng 3-hnso mofor.
Tho sIngIo hnso InducfIon mofor In Ifs sImIosf form Is sfrucfurnIIy fho snmo ns n oIy-
hnso InducfIon mofor hnvIng n squIrroI cngo rofor, fho onIy dIfforonco Is fhnf fho sIngIo hnso
InducfIon mofor hns sIngIo wIndIng on fho sfnfor whIch roducos mmf sfnfIonnry In snco buf
nIfornnfIng In fImo, n oIyhnso sfnfor wIndIng cnrryIng bnInncod curronfs roducos mmf rofnf-
Ing In snco nround fho nIr gn nnd consfnnf In fImo wIfh rosocf fo nn obsorvor movIng wIfh fho
mmf. Tho sfnfor wIndIng of fho sIngIo hnso mofor Is dIsosod In sIofs nround fho Innor orIhory
of n InmInnfod rIng sImIInr fo fho 3-hnso mofor.
Fig. 9.1. Elementary single phase induction motor.
328
SlNGLE PHASE lNDUCTlON MOTORS 329
An InducfIon mofor wIfh n cngo rofor nnd sIngIo hnso sfnfor wIndIng Is shown schomnfIcnIIy
In IIg. 9.l. Tho ncfunI sfnfor wIndIng ns monfIonod onrIIor Is dIsfrIbufod In sIofs so ns fo roduco
nn nroxImnfoIy sInusoIdnI snco dIsfrIbufIon of mmf.
9.2 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Suoso fho rofor Is nf rosf nnd l-hnso suIy Is gIvon fo sfnfor wIndIng. Tho curronf fIowIng In
fho sfnfor wIndIng gIvos rIso fo nn mmf whoso nxIs Is nIong fho wIndIng nnd If Is n uIsnfIng mmf,
sfnfIonnry In snco nnd vnryIng In mngnIfudo, ns n funcfIon of fImo, vnryIng from osIfIvo mnxI-
mum fo zoro fo nognfIvo mnxImum nnd fhIs uIsnfIng mmf Inducos curronfs In fho shorf-cIrcuIfod
rofor of fho mofor whIch gIvos rIso fo nn mmf. Tho curronfs In fho rofor nro Inducod duo fo
frnnsformor ncfIon nnd fho dIrocfIon of fho curronfs Is such fhnf fho mmf so dovoIood oosos fho
sfnfor mmf. Tho nxIs of fho rofor mmf Is snmo ns fhnf of fho sfnfor mmf. SInco fho forquo
dovoIood Is roorfIonnI fo sIno of fho nngIo bofwoon fho fwo mmf nnd sInco fho nngIo Is zoro, fho
nof forquo ncfIng on fho rofor Is zoro nnd honco fho rofor romnIns sfnfIonnry.
Ior nnnIyfIcnI urosos n uIsnfIng fIoId cnn bo rosoIvod Info fwo rovoIvIng fIoIds of con-
sfnnf mngnIfudo nnd rofnfIng In oosIfo dIrocfIons ns shown In IIg. 9.2 nnd onch fIoId hns n
mngnIfudo oqunI fo hnIf fho mnxImum Iongfh of fho orIgInnI uIsnfIng hnsor.
Fig. 9.2. Representation of the pulsating field by space phasors.
Thoso comononf wnvos rofnfo In oosIfo dIrocfIon nf synchronous sood. Tho forwnrd
(nnfIcIockwIso) nnd bnckwnrd-rofnfIng (cIockwIso) mmf wnvos f nnd I nro shown In IIg. 9.2. In
cnso of 3-hnso InducfIon mofor fhoro Is onIy ono forwnrd rofnfIng mngnofIc fIoId nnd honco forquo
Is dovoIood nnd fho mofor Is soIf-sfnrfIng. Howovor, In sIngIo hnso InducfIon mofor onch of fhoso
comononf mmf wnvos roducos InducfIon mofor ncfIon buf fho corrosondIng forquos nro In
oosIfo dIrocfIon. WIfh fho rofor nf rosf fho forwnrd nnd bnckwnrd fIoId roduco oqunI forquos
buf oosIfo In dIrocfIon nnd honco no nof forquo Is dovoIood on fho mofor nnd fho mofor romnIns
sfnfIonnry. If fho forwnrd nnd bnckwnrd nIr gn fIoIds romnInod oqunI whon fho rofor Is rovoIvIng,
onch of fho comononf fIoIds wouId roduco n forquo-sood chnrncforIsfIc sImIInr fo fhnf of n
oIyhnso InducfIon mofor wIfh nogIIgIbIo Ionkngo Imodnnco ns shown by fho dnshod curvos f
nnd I In IIg. 9.3.
Tho rosuIfnnf forquo-sood chnrncforIsfIc whIch Is fho nIgobrnIc sum of fho fwo comononf
curvos shows fhnf If fho mofor woro sfnrfod by nuxIIInry monns If wouId roduco forquo In whnf-
ovor dIrocfIon If wns sfnrfod.
330 ELECTRlCAL ENGlNEERlNG
Fig. 9.3. Torque-speed characteristic of a 1-phase induction motor based
on constant forward and backward flux waves.
In ronIIfy fho fwo fIoIds, forwnrd nnd bnckwnrd do nof romnIn consfnnf In fho nIr gn nnd
nIso fho offocf of sfnfor Ionkngo Imodnnco cnn`f bo Ignorod. In fho nbovo qunIIfnfIvo nnnIysIs fho
offocfs of Inducod rofor curronfs hnvo nof boon roorIy nccounfod for.
Whon sIngIo hnso suIy Is connocfod fo fho sfnfor nnd fho rofor Is gIvon n ush nIong fho
forwnrd rofnfIng fIoId, fho roInfIvo sood bofwoon fho rofor nnd fho forwnrd rofnfIng mngnofIc
fIoId goos on docronsIng nnd honco fho mngnIfudo of Inducod curronfs nIso docronsos nnd honco
fho mmf duo fo fho Inducod curronf In fho rofor docronsos nnd Ifs oosIng offocf fo fho forwnrd
rofnfIng fIoId docronsos whIch monns fho forwnrd rofnfIng fIoId bocomos sfrongor ns fho rofor
soods u. Howovor for fho bnckwnrd rofnfIng fIoId fho roInfIvo sood bofwoon fho rofor nnd fho
bnckwnrd fIoId Incronsos ns fho rofor rofnfos nnd honco fho rofor omf Incronsos nnd honco fho
mmf duo fo fhIs comononf of curronf Incronsos nnd Ifs oosIng offocf fo fho bnckwnrd rofnfIng
fIoId Incronsos nnd fho nof bnckwnrd rofnfIng fIoId wonkons ns fho rofor rofnfos nIong fho forwnrd
rofnfIng fIoId. Howovor, fho sum of fho fwo fIoIds romnIns consfnnf sInco If musf Induco fho sfnfor
counfor omf whIch Is nroxImnfoIy consfnnf If fho sfnfor Ionkngo Imodnnco dro Is nogIIgIbIo.
Honco, wIfh fho rofor In mofIon fho forquo of fho forwnrd fIoId Is gronfor nnd fhnf of fho bnckwnrd
fIoId Is Ioss fhnn whnf Is shown In IIg. 9.3. Tho fruo sIfunfIon boIng ns Is shown In IIg. 9.4.
Fig. 9.4. Torque-speed characteristic of a 1-phase induction motor taking
into account changes in the flux waves.
In fho normnI runnIng rogIon nf n fow or conf sII fho forwnrd fIoId Is sovornI fImos
sfrongor fhnn fho bnckwnrd fIoId nnd fho fIux wnvo doos nof dIffor mnforInIIy from fho consfnnf
SlNGLE PHASE lNDUCTlON MOTORS 331
nmIIfudo rovoIvIng fIoId In fho nIr gn of n bnInncod oIyhnso mofor. Thoroforo, In fho normnI
runnIng rnngo of fho mofor, fho forquo-sood chnrncforIsfIc of n sIngIo hnso mofor Is nof vory
much dIfforonf from fhnf of n oIyhnso mofor hnvIng fho snmo rofor nnd oornfIng wIfh fho snmo
mnxImum nIr gn fIux donsIfy.
In nddIfIon fo fho forquo shown In IIg. 9.4, doubIo-sfnfor froquoncy forquo uIsnfIon nro
roducod by fho InforncfIon of fho oosIfoIy rofnfIng fIux nnd mmf wnvos whIch movo nsf onch
ofhor nf fwIco synchronous sood. Thoso doubIo froquoncy forquos roduco no nvorngo forquo ns
fhoso uIsnfIons nro sInusoIdnI nnd ovor fho comIofo cycIo fho nvorngo forquo Is zoro. Howovor,
somofImos fhoso nro nddIfIvo fo fho mnIn forquo nnd for nnofhor hnIf n cycIo fhoso nro subfrncfIvo
nnd fhoroforo n vnrInbIo forquo ncfs on fho shnff of fho mofor whIch mnkos fho mofor noIsIor ns
comnrod fo n oIyhnso InducfIon mofor whoro fho fofnI forquo Is consfnnf. Such forquo uIsn-
fIons nro unnvoIdnbIo In sIngIo hnso cIrcuIfs. MnfhomnfIcnIIy
T 1
2
...(9.l)
!of 1 = 1
n
sIn I
T = K 1
n
2
sIn
2
I
= K1
I
n
2
l
2
( cos )
...(9.2)
So fho oxrossIon for forquo confnIns n consfnnf form suorImosod ovor by n uIsnfIng
forquo wIfh uIsnfIon froquoncy fwIco fho suIy froquoncy.
9.3 STARTING OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
Tho sIngIo hnso InducfIon mofors nro cInssIfIod bnsod on fho mofhod of sfnrfIng mofhod nnd In
fncf nro known by fho snmo nnmo doscrIfIvo of fho mofhod. ArorInfo soIocfIon of fhoso mofors
doonds uon fho sfnrfIng nnd runnIng forquo roquIromonfs of fho Iond, fho dufy cycIo nnd
IImIfnfIons on sfnrfIng nnd runnIng curronf drnwn from fho suIy by fhoso mofors. Tho cosf of
sIngIo hnso InducfIon mofor Incronsos wIfh fho sIzo of fho mofor nnd wIfh fho orformnnco such
ns sfnrfIng forquo fo curronf rnfIo (hIghor rnfIo Is dosIrnbIo), honco, fho usor wIII IIko fo go In for
n smnIIor sIzo (h) mofor wIfh mInImum cosf, of courso, moofIng nII fho oornfIonnI roquIromonfs.
Howovor, If n vory Inrgo no. of frncfIonnI horsoowor mofors nro roquIrod, n socIfIc dosIgn cnn
nIwnys bo workod ouf whIch mIghf gIvo mInImum cosf for n gIvon orformnnco roquIromonfs.
IoIIowIng nro fho sfnrfIng mofhods.
(o) SpIIt-pLuse InductIon motov. Tho sfnfor of n sIIf hnso InducfIon mofor hns fwo
wIndIngs, fho mnIn wIndIng nnd fho nuxIIInry wIndIng. Thoso wIndIngs nro dIsIncod In snco by
90 oIocfrIcnI dogroos ns shown In IIg. 9.5 (o). Tho nuxIIInry wIndIng Is mndo of fhIn wIro (suor
onnmoI coor wIro) so fhnf If hns n hIgh I/X rnfIo ns comnrod fo fho mnIn wIndIng whIch hns
fhIck suor onnmoI coor wIro. SInco fho fwo wIndIngs nro connocfod ncross fho suIy fho
curronf 1
n
nnd 1
o
In fho mnIn wIndIng nnd nuxIIInry wIndIng Ing bohInd fho suIy voIfngo V, 1
o
IondIng fho curronf 1
n
IIg. 9.5(I). ThIs monns fho curronf fhrough nuxIIInry wIndIng ronchos
mnxImum vnIuo fIrsf nnd fho mmf or fIux duo fo 1
o
IIos nIong fho nxIs of fho nuxIIInry wIndIng nnd
nffor somo fImo (I = /u) fho curronf 1
n
ronchos mnxImum vnIuo nnd fho mmf or fIux duo fo 1
n
IIos
nIong fho mnIn wIndIng nxIs. Thus fho mofor bocomos n 2-hnso unbnInncod mofor. If Is unbnInncod
sInco fho fwo curronfs nro nof oxncfIy 90 dogroos nnrf. Iocnuso of fhoso fwo fIoIds n sfnrfIng
332 ELECTRlCAL ENGlNEERlNG
forquo Is dovoIood nnd fho mofor bocomos n soIf-sfnrfIng mofor. Affor fho mofor sfnrfs, fho
nuxIIInry wIndIng Is dIsconnocfod usunIIy by monns of confrIfugnI swIfch fhnf oornfos nf nbouf
?5 or conf of synchronous sood. IInnIIy fho mofor runs bocnuso of fho mnIn wIndIng. SInco fhIs
boIng sIngIo hnso somo IovoI of hummIng noIso Is nIwnys nssocInfod wIfh fho mofor durIng
runnIng. A fyIcnI forquo sood chnrncforIsfIc Is shown In IIg. 9.5 (c). If Is fo bo nofod fhnf fho
dIrocfIon of rofnfIon of fho mofor cnn bo rovorsod by rovorsIng fho connocfIon fo oIfhor fho mnIn
wIndIng or fho nuxIIInry wIndIngs.
Fig. 9.5. Split phase induction motor (=) Connection
(>) Phasor diagram at starting (?) Typical torque-speed characteristic.
(I) CupucItov stuvt InductIon motov. CnncIfors nro usod fo Imrovo fho sfnrfIng nnd
runnIng orformnnco of fho sIngIo hnso InducfIons mofors.
Tho cnncIfor sfnrf InducfIon mofor Is nIso n sIIf hnso mofor. Tho cnncIfor of suIfnbIo
vnIuo Is connocfod In sorIos wIfh fho nuxIIInry coII fhrough n swIfch such fhnf 1
o
fho curronf In
fho nuxIIInry coII Ionds fho curronf 1
n
In fho mnIn coII by 90 oIocfrIcnI dogroos In fImo hnso so
fhnf fho sfnrfIng forquo Is mnxImum for corfnIn vnIuos of 1
o
nnd 1
n
. ThIs bocomos n bnInncod 2-
hnso mofor If fho mngnIfudo of 1
o
nnd 1
n
nro oqunI nnd nro dIsIncod In fImo hnso by 90
oIocfrIcnI dogroos. SInco fho fwo wIndIngs nro dIsIncod In snco by 90 oIocfrIcnI dogroos ns shown
In IIg. 9.6 mnxImum forquo Is dovoIood nf sfnrf. Howovor, fho nuxIIInry wIndIng nnd cnncIfor
nro dIsconnocfod nffor fho mofor hns Ickod u ?5 or conf of fho synchronous sood. Tho mofor
wIII sfnrf wIfhouf nny hummIng noIso. Howovor, nffor fho nuxIIInry wIndIng Is dIsconnocfod,
fhoro wIII bo somo hummIng noIso.
SlNGLE PHASE lNDUCTlON MOTORS 333
Fig. 9.6. Capacitor start motor (=) Connection
(>) Phasor diagram at start (?) Speed torque curve.
SInco fho nuxIIInry wIndIng nnd cnncIfor nro fo bo usod InformIffonfIy, fhoso cnn bo
dosIgnod for mInImum cosf. Howovor, If Is found fhnf fho bosf comromIso nmong fho fncfors of
sfnrfIng forquo, sfnrfIng curronf nnd cosfs rosuIfs wIfh n hnso nngIo somowhnf Ioss fhnn 90
bofwoon 1
n
nnd 1
o
. A fyIcnI forquo-sood chnrncforIsfIc Is shown In IIg. 9.6 (c) hIgh sfnrfIng
forquo boIng nn oufsfnndIng fonfuro.
(c) Pevmunent-spIIt cupucItov motov. In fhIs mofor fho nuxIIInry wIndIng nnd cnncI-
for nro nof dIsconnocfod from fho mofor nffor sfnrfIng, fhus fho consfrucfIon Is sImIIfIod by fho
omIssIon of fho swIfch ns shown In IIg. 9.? (o).
Fig. 9.7. Permanent split capacitor motor (=) Connection (>) Torque-speed characteristic.
334 ELECTRlCAL ENGlNEERlNG
Horo fho nuxIIInry wIndIng nnd cnncIfor couId bo so dosIgnod fhnf fho mofor works ns n
orfocf 2-hnso mofor nf nnyono dosIrod Iond. WIfh fhIs fho bnckwnrd rofnfIng mngnofIc fIoId
wouId bo comIofoIy oIImInnfod. Tho doubIo sfnfor froquoncy forquo uIsnfIons wouId nIso bo
oIImInnfod, fhoroby fho mofor sfnrfs nnd runs ns n noIso froo mofor. WIfh fhIs fhoro Is Imrovo-
monf In .f. nnd offIcIoncy of fho mofor. Howovor, fho sfnrfIng forquo musf bo sncrIfIcod ns fho
cnncIfnnco Is nocossnrIIy n comromIso bofwoon fho bosf sfnrfIng nnd runnIng chnrncforIsfIcs.
Tho forquo-sood chnrncforIsfIc of fho mofor Is shown In IIg. 9.? (I).
(J) CupucItov stuvt cupucItov vun motov. If fwo cnncIfors nro usod wIfh fho nuxIIInry
wIndIng ns shown In IIg. 9.8 (o), ono for sfnrfIng nnd ofhor durIng fho sfnrf nnd run, fhoorofIcnIIy
ofImum sfnrfIng nnd runnIng orformnnco cnn bofh bo nchIovod.
Fig. 9.8. (=) Capacitor start capacitor run motor (>) Torque-speed characteristic.
Tho smnII vnIuo cnncIfor roquIrod for ofImum runnIng condIfIons Is ormnnonfIy con-
nocfod In sorIos wIfh fho nuxIIInry wIndIng nnd fho much Inrgor vnIuo roquIrod for sfnrfIng Is
obfnInod by n cnncIfor connocfod In nrnIIoI wIfh fho runnIng cnncIfor. Tho sfnrfIng cnncIfor Is
dIsconnocfod nffor fho mofor sfnrfs.
Tho vnIuo of fho cnncIfor for n cnncIfor sfnrf mofor Is nbouf 300 I for
l
2
h mofor. SInco
fhIs cnncIfor musf cnrry curronf for n shorf sfnrfIng orIod, fho cnncIfor Is n socInI comncf nc
oIocfroIyfIc fyo mndo for mofor sfnrfIng dufy. Howovor, fho cnncIfor ormnnonfIy connocfod
hns n fyIcnI rnfIng of 40 I ; sInco If Is connocfod ormnnonfIy, fho cnncIfor Is nn nc nor, foII
nnd oII fyo. Tho cosf of fho mofor Is roInfod fo fho orformnnco ; fho ormnnonf cnncIfor mofor
Is fho Iowosf cosf, fho cnncIfor sfnrf mofor noxf nnd fho cnncIfor sfnrf cnncIfor run hns fho
hIghosf cosf.
(e) SLuded poIe InductIon motov. IIg. 9.9 (o) shows schomnfIc dIngrnm of shndod oIo
InducfIon mofor. Tho sfnfor hns snIIonf oIos wIfh ono orfIon of onch oIo surroundod by n shorf-
cIrcuIfod furn of coor cnIIod n shndIng coII. Inducod curronfs In fho shndIng coII (ncfs ns nn
Inducfor) cnuso fho fIux In fho shndod orfIon of fho oIo fo Ing fho fIux In fho ofhor orfIon. Honco
fho fIux undor fho unshndod oIo Ionds fho fIux undor fho shndod oIo whIch rosuIfs In n rofnfIng
fIoId movIng In fho dIrocfIon from unshndod fo fho shndod orfIon of fho oIo nnd n Iow sfnrfIng
forquo Is roducod whIch rofnfos fho rofor In fho dIrocfIon from unshndod fo fho shndod oIo. A
fyIcnI forquo sood chnrncforIsfIc Is shown In IIg. 9.9 (I). Tho offIcIoncy Is Iow. Thoso mofors nro
SlNGLE PHASE lNDUCTlON MOTORS 335
fho Ionsf oxonsIvo fyo of frncfIonnI horso owor mofor nnd nro buIIf ufo nbouf
l
20
h. SInco fho
rofnfIon of fho mofor Is In fho dIrocfIon from unshndod fownrds fho shndod nrf of fho oIo, n
shndod oIo mofor cnn bo rovorsod onIy by rovIdIng fwo sofs of shndIng coIIs whIch mny bo
oonod nnd cIosod or If mny bo rovorsod ormnnonfIy by InvorfIng fho coro.
Fig. 9.9. Shaded-pole motor and typical torque-speed characteristic.
9.4 APPLICATION
Tho sIIf hnso InducfIon mofors nro usod for fnns, bIowors, confrIfugnI ums nnd offIco
oquImonfs. TyIcnI rnfIngs nro
l
20
fo
l
2
h; In fhIs rnngo fhoy nro fho Iowosf cosf mofors nvnII-
nbIo. Tho cnncIfor sfnrf mofors nro usod for comrossors, ums, rofrIgornfIon nnd nIr-condIfIon-
Ing oquImonfs nnd ofhor hnrd fo sfnrf-Ionds.
Tho cnncIfor sfnrf cnncIfor run mofors nro mnnufncfurod In n numbor of sIzos from
l
8
fo
3
4
h nnd nro usod In comrossors, convoyors, ums nnd ofhor hIgh forquo Ionds. Tho
ormnnonf sIIf cnncIfor mofors nro mnnufncfurod In fho rnngo of
l
20
h fo
3
4
h nnd nro usod
for dIrocf connocfod fnns, bIowors, confrIfugnI ums nnd Ionds roquIrIng Iow sfnrfIng forquo.
Tho shndod oIo mofors nro usod In foys, hnIr drIors, doskfnns ofc.
9.5 UNIVERSAL MOTOR
Wo know fhnf sIngIo hnso mofors nro nof soIf sfnrfIng. Wo hnvo fo rovIdo nddIfIonnI fonfuros fo
mnko If soIf sfnrfIng.
Tho ofhor soIufIon fo fho sIngIo hnso robIom Is fo dosIgn n d.c. mofor so fhnf If wIII run
on n.c. ns woII. Tho dIrocfIon of rofnfIon of n d.c. mnchIno doonds uon fho oInrIfIos of fho
nrmnfuro cIrcuIf nnd fho fIoId cIrcuIf. If n d.c. mnchIno Is dosIgnod so fhnf (i) whon IIno curronf
rovorsos dIrocfIon fho fIoId nnd nrmnfuro curronfs rovorso sImuIfnnoousIy nnd (ii) fho coro Ioss
wIfh nIfornnfIng fIux Is roInfIvoIy Iow, fhon n succossfuI sIngIo hnso mnchIno rosuIfs.
Tho fIrsf crIforIon Is mof by connocfIng nrmnfuro nnd fIoId wIndIngs In sorIos. Tho socond
Is nchIovod by usIng n InmInnfod coro. A d.c. shunf mofor on fho ofhor hnnd cnn nof bo usod on
336 ELECTRlCAL ENGlNEERlNG
n.c. bocnuso of hIgh Inducfnnco of fho fIoId wIndIng ns comnrod fo nrmnfuro wIndIng whIch
cnusos fho fIoId oIo rovorsnIs fo bo ouf of hnso wIfh fho curronf rovorsnIs In fho nrmnfuro nnd
fho rosuIf Is fhnf fho forquo Is bnckwnrd durIng nrf of onch hnIf cycIo IoworIng nvorngo forquo
nnd roducIng fho offIcIoncy.
A d.c. sorIos mofor dosIgnod fo oornfo nIso on n.c. Is cnIIod n unIvorsnI mofor ns If wIII run
offIcIonfIy on nny froquoncy from d.c. ufo Ifs dosIgn froquoncy. IIg. 9.l0 shows fho rIncIIo of
oornfIon of fho mofor.
Series field
Armature
Positive half cycle
i
L
i
L
i
L
i
L
i
L
i
L
t
t
t
t
Negative half cycle
Torque
N
N
t
S
S
Laminated stator
Positive half cycle
t
N
S
N
S
Negative half cycle
(a)
(b)
Fig. 9.10 The universal motor. (=) Circuit diagram. (>) Principle of operation.
!nIvorsnI mofors nro dosIgnod for voIfngos rnngIng from 32 fo 250 voIfs, froquoncIos zoro
fo 60Hz nnd rnfIngs ufo 3/4 h. Tho nvorngo sood Is hIgh In fho rnngo of ?000 rm nf normnI
Iond. Tho forquo/sood chnrncforIsfIc of fho mofor Is shown In IIg. 9.ll o Iond sood Is quIfo
hIgh offon In fho rnngo of 20,000 rm. If Is IImIfod by wIndngo nnd frIcfIon. HnvIng hIgh sood
cnnbIIIfy, unIvorsnI mofor of n gIvon horso owor rnfIng Is sIgnIfIcnnfIy smnIIor fhnn ofhor
SlNGLE PHASE lNDUCTlON MOTORS 337
Horse power
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
S
p
e
e
d
S
p
e
e
d
Torque
Fig. 9.11 Characteristics of universal motors.
kInds of n.c. mofors oornfIng nf fho snmo froquoncy. ThoIr sfnrfIng forquo Is roInfIvoIy hIgh.
Thoso chnrncforIsfIcs mnko unIvorsnI mofors IdonI for dovIcos such ns hnnd drIIIs, hnnd grIndors,
food mIxors, vncuum cIonnors nnd fho IIko whIch roquIro comncf mofors oornfIng nf soods
gronfor fhnn 3000/3600 rm. !nIvorsnI mofors musf bo dosIgnod wIfh wonk mngnofIc fIoIds fo
mInImIso commufnfIon dIffIcuIfIos. HIgh rosIsfnnco cnrbon brushos nro usod fo IImIf fho cIrcuInf-
Ing curronf duo fo fho frnnsformor voIfngo In fho shorf cIrcuIfod coIIs.
9.6 SYNCHROS
Tho forms synchros nnd SoIsyn (nbbrovInfIon of soIf synchronIsnfIon) nro bofh usod fo rofor fo n
socInI wound rofor InducfIon mofors whIch nro usod In nIrs fo rovIdo shnff osIfIon confroI
nnd/or synchronIsm of fwo romofo mnchInos. AIIcnfIons vnry from confroIIIng vnIvos fo IndIcnf-
Ing fho osIfIon of somo romofo dovIcos. !sunIIy fho rImnry wIndIng Is n sIngIo hnso wIndIng
Iocnfod on fho rofor whorons fho sfnfor hns n fhroo hnso wIndIng whIch ncfs ns fho socondnry
whorons usunI sfnndnrd wound rofor InducfIon mofors couId bo usod for fho uroso, synchros
usunIIy hnvo Iow InorfIn nnd Iow frIcfIon bonrIngs fo roduco orror nnd mochnnIcnI dnmors fo
Imrovo dynnmIc orformnnco. IIg. 9.l2 shows nIIcnfIon of synchros for Iow forquo roquIro-
monfs. Horo bofh fho rofors nro suIIod from fho snmo n.c. sourco. An unbnInncod sof of fhroo
sIngIo hnso voIfngo (In fImo wIfh fho sIngIo hnso rofor voIfngo) wIII bo Inducod In fho sfnfor
hnso wIndIngs of bofh fho mnchInos. Thoso voIfngos wIII bo oqunI If nnd onIy If fho fwo rofors nro
oxncfIy In fho snmo osIfIon. AssumIng ono mnchIno Is fho frnnsmIffor, Ifs rofor osIfIon wIII bo
fIxod by fho confroIIIng mochnnIcnI Inuf. If fho rofor of fho ofhor mnchIno Is consIdorod ns
rocoIvor nnd If If Is nof nf fho snmo osIfIon, unoqunI hnso voIfngos wIII oxIsf. ThIs wIII rosuIf In
sfnfor curronf, fhus mmf nnd fho forquo sookIng fo nIIgn fho rocoIvor`s rofor osIfIon wIfh fhnf of
fho frnnsmIffor.
IquIIIbrIum Is ronchod whon fho oufuf forquo docronsos fo oqunI fho forquo roquIrod by
fho frnnsmIffor`s Iond. Thoroforo, If Is nocossnry fhnf fho Iond forquo bo smnII nnd fhnf frIcfIon bo
mInImIsod In fho synchros.
Synchros nro nIso consfrucfod wIfh fhroo hnso rofor wIndIngs. Ior Iow forquo nIIcn-
fIons, If Is common fo suIy bofh frnnsmIffor nnd rocoIvor sfnfor wIndIngs from fho snmo fhroo
338 ELECTRlCAL ENGlNEERlNG
Fig. 9.12. Low-torque synchros system.
hnso sourco. Tho rofor wIndIngs nro fhon connocfod In nrnIIoI. AgnIn by Inrndny`s Inw, fIux
dIsfrIbufIon musf bo fho snmo In bofh fho mnchInos. IquIIIbrIum wIII oxIsf In fho rofor cIrcuIf
onIy whon fho rofors nro synchronIsod nf fho snmo roInfIvo osIfIons. OfhorwIso, n forquo wIII bo
roducod whIch fonds fo nIIgn fho fwo rofors.
9.7 DC TACHOMETER
If Is somofImos nocossnry In confroI sysfoms fo food bnck n voIfngo roorfIonnI fo fho sood of fho
shnff. In n d.c. sorvomochnnIsm fhIs cnn bo nchIovod by usIng n d.c. fnchomofor whIch Is n
ormnnonf mngnof d.c. gonornfor. Tho fIoId Is duo fo ormnnonf mngnof whIch onsuros fhnf fho
voIfngo oufuf wIII bo dIrocfIy roorfIonnI fo fho sood.
A d.c. fnchomofor cnn bo usod on n.c. sorvomochnnIsm by convorfIng fho d.c. oufuf voIf-
ngo fo nn n.c. voIfngo by usIng nn Invorfor cIrcuIf.
9.8 AC TACHOMETER
An n.c. fnchomofor Is usod In foodbnck confroI sysfom fo foodbnck nn n.c. voIfngo roorfIonnI fo
fho sood of fho shnff. ThIs Is bnsIcnIIy n fwo-hnso InducfIon mofor ns shown In IIg. 9.l3. Ono of
fho sfnfor wIndIngs Is usod ns fho roforonco wIndIng nnd fho ofhor fho confroI wIndIng. Tho
roforonco wIndIng Is fod n suIfnbIo n.c. voIfngo of consfnnf froquoncy nnd mngnIfudo. Thoroforo, n
voIfngo of fho snmo froquoncy Is Inducod In fho confroI wIndIng. ThIs oufuf voIfngo Is fod fo fho
hIgh Inuf Imodnnco cIrcuIf of nn nmIIfIor so fhnf fho confroI wIndIng cnn bo consIdorod ns oon
cIrcuIfod. If Is ossonfInI fhnf fho voIfngo Inducod In fho confroI wIndIng Is dIrocfIy roorfIonnI fo
fho shnff sood nnd hnso of fhIs voIfngo bo fIxod wIfh rosocf fo voIfngo suIIod fo fho roforonco
wIndIng.
Tho rIncIIo of oornfIon of nn n.c. fnchomofor cnn bo oxInInod usIng doubIo rovoIvIng
fIoId fhoory. WIfh roforonco fo roforonco wIndIng fho fnchomofor cnn bo consIdorod oquIvnIonf fo
n sIngIo hnso InducfIon mofor. Af sfnndsfIII, fho forwnrd nnd bnckwnrd fIoIds nro oqunI nnd
honco voIfngo Inducod In fho confroI wIndIng Is zoro.
SlNGLE PHASE lNDUCTlON MOTORS 339
Reference winding
Control winding
Rotor
Fig. 9.13. AC tachometer.
Whon fho rofor Is rovoIvIng, fho rofor curronf duo fo forwnrd rofnfIng fIoId docronsos sInco
Ifs offocfIvo Imodnnco Incronsos whorons for fho bnckwnrd rofnfIng fIoId fho Imodnnco docronsos,
fho dIfforonco bofwoon fhom boIng funcfIon of sood. Thoroforo, fho voIfngo dovoIood ncross con-
froI wIndIng Is n funcfIon of sood. !ovorsnI of dIrocfIon of rofnfIon rovorsos fho hnso of oufuf
voIfngo.
Ior n consfnnf hnso nngIo of oufuf voIfngo nnd IInonr roInfIonshI bofwoon oufuf voIf-
ngo nnd sood, n suIfnbIo vnIuo of rnfIo of rofor roncfnnco fo rofor rosIsfnnco shouId bo choson. If
If Is Iow, fho sonsIfIvIfy i.e. voIfs or rovoIufIon or mInufo Is sncrIfIcod buf IInonr sood rnngo Is
wIdo. Howovor, If If Is hIgh fho sood rnngo Is IImIfod fo n fnIrIy smnII frncfIon of synchronous
sood fo moof fho condIfIon of IInonrIfy of voIfngo nnd consIsfoncy of hnso nngIo. An n.c. fnchom-
ofor shouId hnvo Iow InorfIn whon rnId sood vnrInfIons nro oncounforod ns In nufomnfIc confroI
sysfom.
9.9 TWO PHASE SERVOMOTOR
A fwo-hnso sorvomofor Is commonIy usod In food bnck confroI sysfom fo drIvo fho Ionds nnd ns
sonsors fo monsuro sood nnd osIfIon of fho confroIIod oIomonf. If Is bnsIcnIIy n fwo-hnso Induc-
fIon mofor wIfh squIrroI cngo rofor. Tho rofor hns hIgh rosIsfnnco so fhnf n nognfIvo sIoo (In-
cronso In forquo rosuIfs docronso In sood nnd vIco vorsn) for fho forquo sood chnrncforIsfIcs ovor
fho onfIro oornfIng rnngo Is obfnInod Tho nognfIvo sIoo chnrncforIsfIc rovIdos sfnbIo oornfIon
nnd osIfIvo dnmIng. Tho rnfIo of rofor dInmofor fo Ifs Iongfh Is smnII so fhnf Ifs momonf of
InorfIn Is smnII nnd honco If gIvos good nccoIornfIon chnrncforIsfIc. Tho mofor Is quIfo ruggod nnd
roIInbIo nnd Is usod In dIfforonf rnngo from n frncfIon of n wnff fo nbouf hundrod wnffs.
IIg 9.l4 shows schomnfIc dIngrnm of n 2-hnso sorvomofor. Ono of fho sfnfor wIndIngs Is
known ns n roforonco wIndIng nnd Is oxcIfod by n fIxod n.c. voIfngo V
r
whorons fho socond wIndIng
known ns confroI wIndIng Is oxcIfod by fho confroI voIfngo V
c
. Ior roducfIon of forquo If Is
nocossnry fhnf fho fwo voIfngos shouId bo In synchronIsm. Honco fho fwo voIfngos musf bo do-
rIvod from fho snmo sourco. Tho confroI voIfngo Is fod fo fho mofor fhrough nn nmIIfIor. AIso fho
fwo voIfngos musf hnvo n hnso dIfforonco of 90 (bnInnco 2-hnso oornfIon whoro fho forquo Is
mnxImum).
340 ELECTRlCAL ENGlNEERlNG
Control winding
From
controller
Amplifier
Fixed ac voltage
Reference
winding
Fig 9.14 Two-phase servomotor.
ThIs hnso shIff cnn bo obfnInod oIfhor by usIng n hnso shIffIng nofwork In fho nmIIfIor
or by nddIng n cnncIfor In sorIos wIfh fho roforonco wIndIng. Whon fho confroI voIfngo Ionds fho
roforonco voIfngo, rofnfIon In ono dIrocfIon Is obfnInod nnd whon confroI voIfngo Ings fho roforonco
voIfngo, rofnfIon In fho oosIfo dIrocfIon Is obfnInod. SInco for consfnnf hnso nngIo sny 90
bofwoon V
c
nnd V
r
fho forquo Is n funcfIon of V
c
nnd V
r
, chnngIng fho mngnIfudo of V
c
, fho forquo
dovoIood chnngos.
IIg. 9.l5 shows fho forquo-sood chnrncforIsfIcs of n fwo-hnso sorvo mofor for dIfforonf
vnIuos of confroI voIfngos nnd unIfy roforonco voIfngo. Tho sIoo of fho chnrncforIsfIc Is nognfIvo for
sfnbIo oornfIon. Tho forquo Is hIgh nf zoro sood. Tho mnxImum forquo Is dovoIood nf n sourco
sood of ono-hnIf fho synchronous sood whIch monns fho rofor wIII run sfnbIy nonr Ifs zoro sood.
1.0 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.2
1.0
V
=
1
.
0
c
0
.
8
0
.6
0
.4
0.2
Torque
Speed
Fig. 9.15. Torque-speed curve of two-phase servomotor.
24*-5
9.1. IxInIn why 3-hnso InducfIon mofor Is soIf-sfnrfIng nnd l-hnso Is nof.
9.2. IxInIn wIfh fho hoI of schomnfIc dIngrnm nnd hnsor dIngrnm fho rIncIIo of oornfIon of
l-hnso sIIf hnso InducfIon mofor.
SlNGLE PHASE lNDUCTlON MOTORS 341
9.3. oscrIbo how fo rovorso fho foIIowIng sIngIo hnso InducfIon mofors (o) !osIsfnnco sIIf hnso
(I) CnncIfor sfnrf (c) Iormnnonf sII cnncIfor (J) Two vnIuo cnncIfor (e) Shndod oIo mofor.
9.4. A sIngIo hnso InducfIon mofor hns oor orformnnco ns comnrod fo n 3-hnso InducfIon mofor.
Iscuss fho ronsons.
9.5. Iscuss fho dIfforoncos bofwoon cnncIfor sfnrf, cnncIfor sfnrf cnncIfor run nnd ormnnonf
sIIf cnncIfor mofors.
9.6. Whnf Is n unIvorsnI mofor IxInIn wIfh nonf dIngrnm consfrucfIon, rIncIIo of oornfIon nnd
nIIcnfIon of fho mofor.
9.?. Whnf Is n fwo-hnso sorvomofor CIvo Ifs nIIcnfIon. rnw fho connocfIon dIngrnm nnd Ifs
sood forquo chnrncforIsfIc.
9.B. IxInIn whnf you monn by sfnbIo oornfIon of n fwo-hnso sorvomofor nnd how If Is nchIovod.
9.9. Whnf Is n synchro IxInIn wIfh nonf dIngrnm fho workIng of n synchro frnnsmIffor sysfom nnd
gIvo Ifs nIIcnfIon.
9.10. Iscuss fho funcfIon of nn n.c. fncho-gonornfor. IxInIn wIfh nonf dIngrnm fho consfrucfIon nnd
rIncIIo of oornfIon.