Flow Measurement

Mark Murphy, PE Technical Director, Fluor Corp

Standards Certification Education & Training Publishing Conferences & Exhibits

COMMONLY USED FLOW DEVICES

Differential Pressure (Hea ! "#$e
! Orifi%e Plate & Con%entri%' E%%entri%' Se(mental' )ua rant E (e' Inte(ral' Con itionin( ! Venturi "u*e ! Flow No++les ! El*ow ! Pitot "u*e' ,-era(in( Pitot "u*e (,nnu*ar! ! Varia*le ,rea (.otameter! ! We (e Meter ! V&Cone

Mass "#$e / measures t0e mass flow rate ire%tl#1

! Coriolis ! "0ermal

Velo%it# "#$e
! ! ! ! Ma(neti% Ultrasoni% & "ransit "ime' Do$$ler "ur*ine Vorte2

O$en C0annel "#$e

! Weir ! Pars0all Flume

Ot0er "#$es
! Positi-e Dis$la%ement ! "ar(et

FLOW ME,SU.EMEN" & "E.MS

" DE#S$T% &r'
! ( Measure )f Mass Per *nit )f +olu,e &lb-ft. or kg-M.'

" SPEC$F$C /0(+$T%

! The 0atio )f The Density )f ( Material To The Density )f 1ater )r (ir Depending )n 1hether $t $s ( 2i3uid )r ( /as

" C)MP0ESS$42E F2*$D

! Fluids &Such (s /asses' 1here The +olu,e Changes 1ith 0espect To Changes $n The Pressure These Fluids Experience 2arge Changes $n Density Due To Changes $n Pressure

" #)#5C)MP0ESS$42E F2*$D

! Fluids &/enerally 2i3uids' 1hich 0esist Changes $n +olu,e (s The Pressure Changes These Fluids Experience 2ittle Change $n Density Due To Pressure Changes

FLOW ME,SU.EMEN" & "E.MS

" 2inear
! Trans,itter output is directly proportional to the flo6 input

" S3uare 0oot

! Flo6 is proportional to the s3uare root of the ,easured 7alue

" 4eta 0atio &d-D'

! 0atio of a differential pressure flo6 de7ice bore &d' di7ided by internal dia,eter of pipe &D' ! ( higher 4eta ratio ,eans a larger orifice si8e ( larger orifice plate bore si8e ,eans greater flo6 capacity and a lo6er per,anent pressure loss

" Pressure 9ead

! The Pressure (t ( /i7en Point $n ( 2i3uid Measured $n Ter,s )f The +ertical 9eight )f ( Colu,n )f The 2i3uid #eeded To Produce The Sa,e Pressure

FLOW ME,SU.EMEN" & UNI"S

" Flow is measure as a 3uantit# (eit0er -olume or mass! $er unit time " Volumetri% units
! 2i3uid
! gp,, bbl-day, ,.-hr, liters-,in, etc

! /as or +apor
! ft.-hr, ,.-hr, etc

" Mass units (eit0er li3ui ' (as or -a$or!

! lb-hr, kg-hr, etc

" Flow %an *e measure in a%%umulate (totali+e ! total amounts for a time $erio
! gallons, liters, ,eters passed in a day, etc

L,MIN,. FLOW
" Laminar Flow 5 $s Characteri8ed 4y Concentric 2ayers )f Fluid Mo7ing $n Parallel Do6n The 2ength )f ( Pipe The 9ighest +elocity &+,ax' $s Found $n The Center )f The Pipe The 2o6est +elocity &+:;' $s Found (long The Pipe 1all
SIDE VIEW END VIEW

VM,4

P,.,5OLIC FLOW P.OFILE

CONCEN".IC FLUID L,YE.S

"U.5ULEN" FLOW
" "ur*ulent Flow 5 $s Characteri8ed 4y ( Fluid Motion That 9as 2ocal +elocities (nd Pressures That Fluctuate 0ando,ly This Causes The +elocity )f The Fluid $n The Pipe To 4e More *nifor, (cross ( Cross Section

SIDE VIEW

VM,4 6 V,V7

.EYNOLDS NUM5E.
" The 0eynolds nu,ber is the ratio of inertial forces & velocity and density that keep the fluid in motion' to 7iscous forces &frictional forces that slow the fluid down' and is used for deter,ining the dyna,ic properties of the fluid to allo6 an e3ual co,parison bet6een different fluids and flo6s 2a,inar Flo6 occurs at lo6 0eynolds nu,bers, 6here 7iscous forces are do,inant, and is characteri8ed by s,ooth, constant fluid ,otion Turbulent Flo6 occurs at high 0eynolds nu,bers and is do,inated by inertial forces, producing rando, eddies, 7ortices and other flo6 fluctuations The 0eynolds nu,ber is the ,ost i,portant 7alue used in fluid dy,anics as it pro7ides a criterion for deter,ining si,ilarity bet6een different fluids, flo6rates and piping configurations

" " "

.EYNOLDS NUM5E.

D7r Re : mC D : D$(METE0 &FT' 7 : +E2)C$T% &FT-SEC' r : DE#S$T% &24-FT.' m: +$SC)S$T% &cp' C : C)#ST(#T &< =>?@;5A 24-FT SEC cp'
; 2(M$#(0 >;;; A;;; T*04*2E#T

T0(#S$T$)#

IDE,L 7,S L,W

(n I eal 7as or perfect gas is a hypothetical gas consisting of identical particles 6ith no inter,olecular forces (dditionally, the constituent ato,s or ,olecules undergo perfectly elastic collisions 6ith the 6alls of the container 0eal gases act like ideal gases at lo6 pressures and high te,peratures .eal 7ases do not exhibit these exact properties, although the approxi,ation is often good enough to describe real gases The properties of real gases are influenced by co,pressibility and other ther,odyna,ic effects

IDE,L 7,S L,W

P+ : n0T
1hereB P : Pressure &psia' + : +olu,e &FT.' n : #u,ber of Moles of /as &@ ,ole : < ;> x @;>. ,olecules' 0 : /as Constant &@; =. FT. PS$( - lb5,ole o0' T : Te,perature &o0'

.E,L 7,SES
" Co,pressibility Factor &C' 5 The ter, Dco,pressibilityD is used to describe the de7iance in the ther,odyna,ic properties of a real gas fro, those expected fro, an ideal gas " 0eal /as 4eha7ior can be calculated asB

P+ : nC0T

S",ND,.D CONDI"IONS
" P : @A = PS$( " T : E>; deg 0 &<; deg F' " 4eha7ior of gases in a process can be e3ually co,pared by using standard conditions ! This is due to the nature of gases

,C"U,L CONDI"IONS
" Standard conditions can be con7erted to (ctual Conditions using the $deal /as 2a6

PS+S : n0TS

P(+( : n0T(

P (+ ( T(

P S+ S TS
PST( P(TS

+( : +S

5E.NOULLI8S L,W
" 5ernoulli9s Law Des%ri*es "0e 5e0a-ior Of ,n I eal Flui Un er Var#in( Con itions In , Close S#stem1 It States "0at "0e O-erall Ener(# Of "0e Flui ,s It Enters "0e S#stem Is E3ual "o "0e O-erall Ener(# ,s It Lea-es1 PE@ F GE@ : PE> F GE> PE : Potential Ener(# ;E : ;ineti% Ener(#

5E.NOULLI8S E)U,"ION
" 5ernoulli8s Law Is Des%ri*e 5# "0e Followin( E3uation For ,n I eal Flui 1

HE,D ME"E. "HEO.Y OF OPE.,"ION

4eta 0atio : d-D Should 4e ; . ! ; =E Meter 0un ! Dependent )n Piping #or,ally >; Dia,eters *pstrea, & E Dia,eters Do6nstrea,

P ME"E. / FLOW P.INCIPLES

Flo6 is ,easured by creating a pressure drop and applying the flo6 e3uation belo6 4asic Flo6 E3uation for single phase co,pressible and non5co,pressible fluidsB

3, : Flo6 C : Constant

: Expansion Factor
a : )rifice (rea

p : P@ 5 P>

@ : Density :d-D
d : Dia,eter of )rifice D : Dia,eter of Pipe

ME"E. .,N7E,5ILI"Y
"0e s3uare root fun%tion8s im$a%t on a ifferential $ressure e-i%e limits t0e measurement turn own (ran(ea*ilit#! to *etween <=> an ?=>1 @;; I; H; =; <; E; A; .; >; @; ; ; @; >; .; A; E; <; =; H; I; @;;

J M(?$M*M METE0 9E(D

ME"E. .,N7E,5ILI"Y

NO.M,L .,N7E

J M(?$M*M F2)1 0(TE

O.IFICE PL,"E
, sim$le e-i%e' %onsi ere a $re%ision instrument1 It is sim$l# a $ie%e of flat metal wit0 a flow&restri%tin( *ore t0at is inserte into t0e $i$e *etween flan(es1 "0e orifi%e meter is well un erstoo ' ru((e an ine2$ensi-e1 It8s a%%ura%# un er i eal %on itions is in t0e ran(e of @1AB&>1BC1 It %an *e sensiti-e to a -ariet# of error&in u%in( %on itions' su%0 as if t0e $late is ero e or ama(e 1

)rifice Plate )rifice Flanges

CONCEN".IC O.IFICE PL,"E

"0e most %ommon orifi%e $late is t0e s3uare&e (e %on%entri% *ore orifi%e $late1 "0e %on%entri% *ore orifi%e $late is t0e ominant esi(n *e%ause of its $ro-en relia*ilit# in a -ariet# of a$$li%ations an t0e e2tensi-e amount of resear%0 %on u%te on t0is esi(n1 It is easil# re$ro u%e at a relati-el# low %ost1 It is use to measure a wi e -ariet# of sin(le $0ase' li3ui an (as $ro u%ts' t#$i%all# in %onDun%tion wit0 flan(e ta$s1

ECCEN".IC O.IFICE PL,"E

Eccentrically bored plates are plates 6ith the orifice off center, or eccentric, as opposed to concentric This type of plate is ,ost co,,only used to ,easure fluids 6hich carry a s,all a,ount of non5abrasi7e solids, or gases 6ith s,all a,ounts of li3uid, since 6ith the opening at the botto, of the pipe, the solids and li3uids 6ill carry through, rather than collect at the orifice plate ( higher degree of uncertainty as co,pared to the concentric orifice Eccentric orifice plates are used in ,any industries including hea7y and light che,icals and petroche,icals

)U,D.,N" ED7E O.IFICE PL,"E

The 3uadrant, 3uadrant edge or 3uarter5circle orifice is reco,,ended for ,easure,ent of fluids 6ith high 7iscosity 6hich ha7e pipe 0eynolds #u,bers belo6 @;,;;; The orifice incorporates a rounded edge of definite radius 6hich is a particular function of the orifice dia,eter Kuadrant in * S Conical in Europe

IN"E7.,L O.IFICE PL,"E

$ntegral )rifice Plate
identical to a s3uare5edged orifice plate installation except that the plate, flanges and DP trans,itter are supplied as one unit used for s,all lines &typically under >L' and is relati7ely inexpensi7e to install since it is part of the trans,itter

CONDI"IONIN7 O.IFICE PL,"E

" " " " " The Conditioning )rifice Plate is designed to be installed do6nstrea, of a 7ariety of disturbances 6ith ,ini,al straight pipe run, pro7iding superior perfor,ance 0e3uires only t6o dia,eters of straight pipe run after an upstrea, flo6 disturbance 0educed installation costs Easy to use, pro7e, and troubleshoot /ood for ,ost gas, li3uid, and stea, as 6ell as high te,perature and high pressure applications

VEN" ,ND WEEP HOLES

There are ti,es 6hen a gas ,ay be ha7e a s,all a,ount of li3uid or a li3uid ,ay ha7e a s,all a,ount of gas but not enough in either case to 6arrant the use of an eccentric orifice $n these cases it is best to si,ply add a s,all hole near the edge of the plate, flush 6ith the inside dia,eter of the pipe, allo6ing undesired substances to pass through the plate rather than collect on the upstrea, side $f such a hole is oriented up6ard to pass 7apor bubbles, it is called a 7ent hole $f the hole is oriented do6n6ard to pass li3uid droplets, it is called a drain hole

O.IFICE PL,"E SELEC"ION CONSIDE.,"IONS

" )ua rant E (e Orifi%e Plate %an *e %onsi ere if .e#nol s num*er is too low1 " Orifi%e $late must *e s$e%ifie wit0 $ro$er flan(e ratin( to a%%ount for $ro$er *olt %ir%le1 " "#$i%al a%%e$ta*le *eta ratio is 1EB to 1A for non %ommer%e meter' 1F to 1? for a%%ountin( meter *ut also %0e%G s$e%ifi%ations1 " ,ssure t0at %al%ulation a%%ounts for -ent or rain 0ole' if re3uire 1 " For ual transmitter installation on a %ommon set of orifi%e flan(es' %ustom ta$ lo%ations must *e s$e%ifie 1

O.IFICE PL,"E ",P LOC,"IONS

" " " " " " Differential pressure is ,easured through pressure taps located on each side of the orifice plate Pressure taps can be positioned at a 7ariety of different locations Flange Taps Corner Taps 0adius Taps +ena5Contracta Taps Pipe Taps
Orifi%e ta$s in 0ori+ontal lines s0oul *e as follows=

7as

Li3ui or Steam

VEN"U.I "U5E
$n a +enturi tube, the fluid is accelerated through a con7erging cone, inducing a local pressure drop (n expanding section of the ,eter then returns the flo6 to near its original pressure These instru,ents are often selected 6here it is i,portant not to create a significant pressure drop and 6here good accuracy is re3uired " " *sed 6hen higher 7elocity and pressure reco7ery is re3uired May be used 6hen a s,all, constant percentage of solids is present

FLOW NOHHLE

DP Type Flo6,eter *sed 6hen higher 7elocity & pressure reco7ery are re3uired 4etter suited for gas ser7ice than for li3uid

WED7E ME"E.
1edge flo6 ,eters can be used on Must about any li3uid or gas, Must like orifice plates 9o6e7er they are generally chosen for dirty ser7ice applications, or high 7iscosity applications such as slurry or hea7y oil, or 6here solids are present For regular ser7ice applications consider other types of ,eters first unless 6edge ,eters are specified by custo,er as preferred Since they are a differential pressure de7ice their si8ing calculation is si,ilar to that of other dP flo6,eters
P@ 9P 2P

Seal pots

Seal fluid

D
P>

Trans,itter

V&CONE

The +5Cone is si,ilar to other differential pressure &Dp' ,eters in the e3uations of flo6 that it uses +5Cone geo,etry, ho6e7er, is 3uite different fro, traditional Dp ,eters The +5Cone constricts the flo6 by positioning a cone in the center of the pipe This forces the flo6 in the center of the pipe to flo6 around the cone +5cones can be used 6ith 7iscous fluids and re3uire little straight run

Multi-aria*le Pressure "ransmitter

" , Multi-aria*le $ressure transmitter $ro-i es (au(e $ressure' ifferential $ressure' an tem$erature measurement in a sin(le instrument1 " Uses Smart i(ital H,." %ommuni%ations for multi$le measurements1 " Minimi+es t0e num*er of transmitters an $ro%ess %onne%tions

PI"O" "U5E
$n a pitot tube &insertion DP ,eter', a probe consisting of t6o parts senses t6o pressuresB i,pact &dyna,ic' and static The i,pact pressure is sensed by one i,pact tube bent to6ard the flo6 &dyna,ic head' The a7eraging5type pitot tube has four or ,ore pressure taps located at ,athe,atically defined locations, a7eraging the 7elocity profile across the pipe or flo6 area, to ,easure the dyna,ic pressure The static pressure is sensed through a s,all hole on the side &static head' They de7elop lo6 differential pressure and like all head ,eters they use a differential pressure trans,itter to con7ert the flo6 to an electrical trans,ission signal

PI"O" "U5E FLOW P.INCIPLES

Pitot tubes ,ake use of dyna,ic pressure difference )rifices in the leading face register total head pressure, dyna,ic F static, 6hile the hole in the trailing face only con7eys static pressure Pressure difference bet6een the t6o gi7es dyna,ic pressure in pipe, fro, 6hich flo6 can be calculated 4asic Mass rate of flo6 e3uation for single phase co,pressible and non5 co,pressible fluidsB

PIP PCCFL@@> S".,I7H" .UN .E)UI.EMEN"S

P$P PCCF2;;@ includes tables for ,ini,u, straight run lengths 6ith 7arious upstrea, disturbances, pro7iding upstrea, re3uire,ents for different beta ratios and do6nstrea, re3uire,ents per beta ratios regardless of upstrea, disturbance type

DP ME"E. CH,.,C"E.IS"ICS

0eco,,ended Ser7iceB Clean & Dirty 2i3uids, /ases, So,e Slurries 0angeabilityB .B@ to <B@ Maxi,u, Flo6B IEJ of 0ange Pressure 2ossB >; to <;J of Measured 9ead (ccuracyB ; E to AJ Straight 0un 0e3NdB E 5 A;D *pstrea,, >5ED Do6nstrea, +iscosity EffectB 9igh Si8eB >L to >AL ConnectionB Dependent on ,eter type Type of )utputB S3uare 0oot

V,.I,5LE ,.E, FLOWME"E. (.O",ME"E.! FLOW P.INCIPLES

0ota,eters are a 7ariable area de7ice The float ,o7es up and do6n in proportion to the fluid flo6 rate and the annular area bet6een the float and the tube 6all (s the float rises, the si8e of the annular opening increases (s this area increases, the differential pressure across the float decreases The float reaches a stable position 6hen the up6ard force exerted by the flo6ing fluid e3uals the 6eight of the float E7ery float position corresponds to a particular flo6 rate for a particular fluidOs density and 7iscosity For this reason, it is necessary to si8e the rota,eter for each application 1hen si8ed correctly, the flo6 rate can be deter,ined by ,atching the float position to a calibrated scale on the outside of the rota,eter Many rota,eters co,e 6ith a built5in 7al7e for adMusting flo6 ,anually

V,.I,5LE ,.E, (.O",ME"E.! CH,.,C"E.IS"ICS

0eco,,ended Ser7iceB Clean, Dirty & +iscous 2i3uids 0angeabilityB @; to @ Pressure 2ossB Mediu, (ccuracyB @ to @;J Straight 0un 0e3uiredB #one +iscosity EffectB Mediu, 0elati7e CostB 2o6 Si8esB P: AL ConnectionsB Threaded or Flanged Type of )utputB 2inear

CO.IOLIS
Direct ,ass flo6 ,easure,ent is generally chosen for ,ore critical control applications such as the blending of feedstocks or the custody transfer of 7aluable fluids /enerally chosen for high rangeability and ,ass flo6 applications, Coriolis technology is unaffected by changes in te,perature, density, 7iscosity and conducti7ity $n ,ost flo6 ,eters changes in these conditions re3uire ,onitoring and correction

CO.IOLIS FLOW P.INCIPLES

1hen the fluid is flo6ing, it is led through t6o parallel tubes (n actuator &not sho6n' induces a 7ibration of the tubes The t6o parallel tubes are counter57ibrating, to ,ake the ,easuring de7ice less sensiti7e to outside 7ibrations The actual fre3uency of the 7ibration depends on the si8e of the ,ass flo6 ,eter, and ranges fro, H; to @;;; 7ibrations per second 1hen no fluid is flo6ing, the 7ibration of the t6o tubes is sy,,etrical

Flo6 is ,easured by using 7elocity sensors to detect the t6ist in the tube and trans,it electrical signals ha7ing a relati7e phase shift that is proportional to ,ass flo6 Coriolis ,eters also ,easure density, 6hereby the resonant fre3uency of the forced rotation is a function of fluid density

CO.IOLIS CH,.,C"E.IS"ICS

0eco,,ended Ser7iceB Clean, Dirty & +iscous 2i3uids, /ases, So,e Slurries 0angeabilityB @; to @ Pressure 2ossB Mediu, to 9igh (ccuracyB to ; @J in li3uids & to ; .EJ in gas Straight 0un 0e3uiredB #one +iscosity EffectB #one 0elati7e CostB 9igh Si8esB Q RL ConnectionsB Flanged & Cla,p5on Design Type of )utputB 2inear

"HE.M,L M,SS FLOWME"E. FLOW P.INCIPLES

Ther,al ,ass flo6 ,eters introduce heat into the flo6 strea, and ,easure ho6 ,uch heat dissipates using one or ,ore te,perature sensors This ,ethod 6orks best 6ith gas ,ass flo6 ,easure,ent The constant te,perature differential ,ethod ha7e a heated sensor and another sensor that ,easures the te,perature of the gas Mass flo6 rate is co,puted based on the a,ount of electrical po6er re3uired to ,aintain a constant difference in te,perature bet6een the t6o te,perature sensors $n the constant current ,ethod the po6er to the heated sensor is kept constant Mass flo6 is ,easured as a function of the difference bet6een the te,perature of the heated sensor and the te,perature of the flo6 strea, 4oth ,ethods are based on the principle that higher 7elocity flo6s result in a greater cooling effect 4oth ,easure ,ass flo6 based on the ,easured effects of cooling in the flo6 strea,

"HE.M,L M,SS FLOWME"E. CH,.,C"E.IS"ICS

0eco,,ended Ser7iceB Clean, Dirty & +iscous 2i3uids, So,e Slurries, /ases 0angeabilityB @; to @ Pressure 2ossB 2o6 (ccuracyB @J Straight 0un 0e3uiredB #one +iscosity EffectB #one 0elati7e CostB 9igh Si8esB >L to >AL ConnectionsB Threaded, Flanged Type of )utputB Exponential

M,7NE"IC FLOWME"E. FLOW P.INCIPLES

( ,agnetic flo6 ,eter &,ag flo6,eter' is a 7olu,etric flo6 ,eter 6hich does not ha7e any ,o7ing parts and is ideal for 6aste6ater applications or any dirty li3uid 6hich is conducti7e or 6ater based Magnetic flo6,eters 6ill generally not 6ork 6ith hydrocarbons, distilled 6ater and ,any non5a3ueous solutions' Magnetic flo6,eters are also ideal for applications 6here lo6 pressure drop and lo6 ,aintenance are re3uired The operation of a ,agnetic flo6,eter or ,ag ,eter is based upon FaradayOs 2a6, 6hich states that the 7oltage induced across any conductor as it ,o7es at right angles through a ,agnetic field is proportional to the 7elocity of that conductor

M,7NE"IC FLOWME"E. CH,.,C"E.IS"ICS

0eco,,ended Ser7iceB Clean, Dirty & +iscous Conducti7e 2i3uids & Slurries 0angeabilityB A; to @ Pressure 2ossB #one (ccuracyB ; EJ Straight 0un 0e3uiredB ED *pstrea,, >D Do6nstrea, +iscosity EffectB #one 0elati7e CostB 9igh Si8esB @L to @>;L ConnectionsB Flanged Type of )utputB 2inear

UL".,SONIC ME"E.
Transit ti,e ultrasonic ,eters e,ploy t6o transducers located upstrea, and do6nstrea, of each other Each trans,its a sound 6a7e to the other, and the ti,e difference bet6een the receipt of the t6o signals indicates the fluid 7elocity Transit ti,e ,eters usually re3uire clean fluids and are used 6here high rangeability is re3uired (ccuracy is 6ithin @J for ideal applications

UL".,SONIC ME"E. FLOW P.INCIPLES

B
FLOW Trans,itter0ecei7er &T-0' Frequency pulse Transit length 2

t dn

t up A

Transit ti,e difference is proportional to ,ean 7elocity +,, therefore +, can be calculated as follo6sB

Flo6 is ,easured by ,easuring the difference in transit ti,e for t6o ultrasonic bea,s trans,itted in a fluid both upstrea, and do6nstrea, *ltrasonic Meters are ,ainly used on large si8e lines 6here high rangeability is re3uired.

+, : &2 - > S cos ' S T(T(4 ! T4(' - &T(4 T4('U

4asic Flo6 E3uationB K : ( S +

UL".,SONIC (DOPPLE.! FLOW P.INCIPLES

*ltrasonic flo6,eters are ideal for 6aste6ater applications or any dirty li3uid 6hich is conducti7e or 6ater based The basic principle of operation e,ploys the fre3uency shift &Doppler Effect' of an ultrasonic signal 6hen it is reflected by suspended particles or gas bubbles &discontinuities' in ,otion Current technology re3uires that the li3uid contain at least @;; parts per ,illion &PPM' of @;; ,icron or larger suspended particles or bubbles

UL".,SONIC CH,.,C"E.IS"ICS

0eco,,ended Ser7iceB Clean & +iscous 2i3uids, #atural-Flare /as 0angeabilityB >; to @ Pressure 2ossB #one (ccuracyB ; >EJ to EJ Straight 0un 0e3uiredB E to .;D *pstrea, +iscosity EffectB #one 0elati7e CostB 9igh Si8esB Q RL ConnectionsB Flanged & Cla,p5on Design Type of )utputB 2inear

"U.5INE ME"E.
Turbine ,eter is kept in rotation by the linear 7elocity of the strea, in 6hich it is i,,ersed The nu,ber of re7olutions the de7ice ,akes is proportional to the rate of flo6

"U.5INE ME"E. CH,.,C"E.IS"ICS

0eco,,ended Ser7iceB Clean & +iscous 2i3uids, Clean /ases 0angeabilityB >; to @ Pressure 2ossB 9igh (ccuracyB ; >EJ Straight 0un 0e3uiredB E to @;D *pstrea, +iscosity EffectB 9igh 0elati7e CostB 9igh Si8esB Q VL ConnectionsB Flanged Type of )utputB 2inear

VO."E4 ME"E.
+ortex ,eters can be used on ,ost clean li3uid, 7apor or gas 9o6e7er, they are generally chosen for applications 6here high flo6 rangeability is re3uired Due to break do6n of 7ortices at lo6 flo6 rates, 7ortex ,eters 6ill cut off at a lo6 flo6 li,it 0e7erse flo6 ,easure,ent is not an option For regular ser7ice applications this ,eter is the ,eter of choice by ,any end users

VO."E4 ME"E. FLOW P.INCIPLES

e .e%or#

4asic Flo6 E3uationB K : ( S +

Flo6ing +elocity of FluidB + : &f S d' - St
f : Shedding Fre3uency d : Dia,eter of 4luff 4ody St : Stouhal #u,ber &0atio bet6een 4luff 4ody Dia,eter and +ortex $nter7al' ( : (rea of Pipe

VO."E4 CH,.,C"E.IS"ICS
0eco,,ended Ser7iceB Clean & Dirty 2i3uids, /ases 0angeabilityB @; to @ Pressure 2ossB Mediu, (ccuracyB @J Straight 0un 0e3uiredB @; to >;D *pstrea,, ED Do6nstrea, +iscosity EffectB Mediu, 0elati7e CostB Mediu, Si8eB RL to @>L ConnectionB Flanged Type of )utputB 2inear

POSI"IVE DISPL,CEMEN" (PD! FLOWME"E.

PD ,eters ,easure flo6 rate directly by di7iding a strea, into distinct seg,ents of kno6n 7olu,e, counting seg,ents, and ,ultiplying by the 7olu,e of each seg,ent Measured o7er a specific period, the result is a 7alue expressed in units of 7olu,e per unit of ti,e PD ,eters fre3uently report total flo6 directly on a counter, but they can also generate output pulses 6ith each pulse representing a discrete 7olu,e of fluid

POSI"IVE DISPL,CEMEN" (PD! FLOWME"E. FLOW P.INCIPLES

PD ,eters ha7e . partsB " 4ody " Measuring *nit " Counter Dri7e Train

2i3uids inlet pressure exerts a pressure differential against the lo6er face of o7al gear (, causing the t6o interlocked o7al gears to rotate to position >

2i3uid enters the ca7ity bet6een o7al gear 4 and ,eter body 6all, 6hile an e3ual 7olu,e of li3uid passes out of the ca7ity bet6een o7al gear ( and ,eter body 6all Mean6hile, inlet pressure continues to force the t6o o7al gears to rotate to position .

Kuantity of li3uid has again filled the ca7ity bet6een o7al gear 4 and ,eter body This pattern is repeated ,o7ing four ti,es the li3uid capacity of each ca7ity 6ith each re7olution of the rotating gears Therefore, the flo6 rate is proportional to the rotational speed of the gears

POSI"IVE DISPL,CEMEN" (PD! CH,.,C"E.IS"ICS

0eco,,ended Ser7iceB Clean & +iscous 2i3uids, Clean /ases 0angeabilityB @; to @ Pressure 2ossB 9igh (ccuracyB ; EJ Straight 0un 0e3uiredB #one +iscosity EffectB 9igh 0elati7e CostB Mediu, Si8esB Q@>L ConnectionsB Flanged Type of )utputB 2inear

P.,C"ICES' INDUS".Y S",ND,.DS I O"HE. .EFE.ENCES

Process $ndustry Practices &P$P' " P$P PCC/#;;> ! /eneral $nstru,ent $nstallation Criteria " P$P PCEF2;;@ ! Flo6 Measure,ent /uidelines $ndustry Codes and Standards " (,erican /as (ssociation &(/('

! (/( I ! Measure,ent of /as by Multipath *ltrasonic Meters

" (,erican #ational Standards $nstitute &(#S$'

! (#S$5>E.;-(P$5@A .-(/(5.-/P(5H@HE ! #atural /as Fluids Measure,ent ! Concentric, S3uare5Edged )rifice Meters
! ! ! ! Part @ /eneral E3uations and *ncertainty /uidelines Part > Specification and $nstallation 0e3uire,ents Part . #atural /as (pplications Part A 4ackground, De7elop,ent, $,ple,entation Procedures and Subroutine Docu,entation

"

(,erican Petroleu, $nstitute &(P$'

! (P$ 0P EE@ ! Process Measure,ent $nstru,entation ! (P$ 0P EEA ! Process $nstru,ent and Control ! (P$ Manual of Petroleu, Measure,ent Standards &MPMS'B
! Chapter A ! Pro7ing Syste,s ! Chapter E ! Metering ! Chapter @A ! #atural /as Fluids Measure,ent

P.,C"ICES' INDUS".Y S",ND,.DS I O"HE. .EFE.ENCES

" (,erican Society of Mechanical Engineers &(SME'
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! (SME 4@< .< ! )rifice Flanges (SME MFC5@M ! /lossary of Ter,s *sed in the Measure,ent of Fluid Flo6 in Pipes (SME MFC5>M ! Measure,ent *ncertainty for Fluid Flo6 in the Closed Conduits (SME MFC5.M ! Measure,ent of Fluid Flo6 in Pipes *sing )rifice, #o88le and +enturi (SME MFC5EM ! Measure,ent of 2i3uid Flo6 in Closed Conduits *sing Transit5Ti,e *ltrasonic Flo6,eters (SME MFC5<M ! Measure,ent of Fluid Flo6 in Pipes *sing +ortex Flo6 Meters (SME MFC5=M ! Measure,ent of /as Flo6 by Means of Critical Flo6 +enturi #o88les (SME MFC5@@M ! Measure,ent of Fluid Flo6 by Means of Coriolis Mass Flo6,eters (SME MFC5@AM ! Measure,ent of Fluid Flo6s *sing S,all 4ore Precision )rifice Meters (SME MFC5@<M ! Measure,ent of Fluid Flo6 in Closed Conduit by Means of Electro,agnetic Flo6,eter

P.,C"ICES' INDUS".Y S",ND,.DS I O"HE. .EFE.ENCES

" The $nternational Society for Measure,ent and Control &$S('
! $S( S>; ! Specification For,s for Process Measure,ent and Control $nstru,ents, Pri,ary Ele,ents and Control +al7es

" $nternational )rgani8ation for Standardi8ation &$S)'

! $S) E@<= 5 Measure,ent of Fluid Flo6 by Means of Pressure Differential De7ices $nserted in Circular Cross5Section Conduits 0unning Full
! ! ! ! Part @B /eneral principles and re3uire,ent Part >B )rifice Plates Part .B #o88le and +enturi Tubes Part AB +enturi Tubes

)ther 0eferences " Miller, 0 1 , Flo6 Measure,ent Engineering 9andbook " $S( ! Flo6 Measure,ent ! Practical /uides for Measure,ent and Control, Spit8er, D 1 , Editor " (SME ! Fluid Meters, Their Theory and (pplication

)UES"IONS

,n# )uestionsJJJ