Nuclear Plant Systems

Lecture 0 Nuclear Plant Systems and the Role of a Nuclear Engineer

Outline
Introduction Syllabus Delivery

Introduction
Course Description
This course is offered to students pursuing non-nuclear majors as a part of the Nuclear Power Engineering Technology Certificate program. Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) Systems: the systems unique to the BWR for control of the fission process and the associated systems and strategy for reactor safety. Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Core Systems: the systems unique to the PWR for control of the fission process and the associated systems and strategy for reactor safety. Power Plant Generation: the balance of plant equipment used in the steam cycle.

Course Objectives
This course ensures that students understand engineering principles associated with systems and components used in two types of commercial nuclear power plants. Students will become familiar with basic principles of the design and operation of various PWR Plant systems and components, including the primary system, reactor vessel, reactor core, reactor coolant pumps, steam generators, emergency core cooling system, and auxiliary systems. Students will understand the operation of the plant during start up, shutdown and other important evolutions. Students will understand the design and operation of various BWR systems and components, including, the reactor vessel, reactor core, control rods, recirculating system, and reactor water cleanup system.

Instructor
Cable Kurwitz P.E, PhD Texas A&M University Department of Nuclear Engineering Zach 60g Contact Information Phone 979-845-6126 or 979-845-8768 Email [email protected] Office Hours TBD Instructor Office

Texts
Textbook purchase is not required Textbooks/Lecture Notes: Ronald Allen Knief Nuclear Engineering. Theory and technology of commercial nuclear power. American Nuclear Society, Inc. 555 North Kensington Ave, La Grange Park, Illinois 60526 USA. ISBN10: 0-89448-458-3 Paul Cohen Water coolant technology of power reactors. American Nuclear Society, Inc. 555 North Kensington Ave, La Grange Park, Illinois 60526 USA. ISBN: 0-89448-020-0 Geoffrey F. Hewitt, John G. Collier, Introduction to Nuclear Power, 2nd ed., Taylor Francis. Nuclides and Isotopes - Chart of the Nuclides, Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory Lockheed Martin, 16th ed., http://www.chartofthenuclides.com/products.html Suggested reference texts: John R.Lamarsh Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, ISBN: 0201142007- 2ND edition, ISBN: 0201824981- 3D edition Neil E. Todreas, Mujid S. Kazimi Nuclear systems I, Thermal Hydraulics Fundamentals, 1989, ISBN: 0891169350 (case), ISBN: 1560320516 (paper) John G. Collier, Geoffrey F. Hewitt Introduction to Nuclear Power, 1986, ISBN 0891162690 M.M. El-Wakil Nuclear Energy Conversion, 1992, ANS Publications, ISBN: 0894480154 Pp20000-20024 STP presentations for PWR Familiarization course based on ESP Orientation documents

Topics to be Covered
Introduction to Nuclear Power Basic Nuclear Theory
The Atom and Nuclear Stability Nuclear Radiation, Radioactive Decay, and Nuclear Reactions Nuclear Fission, Fission Products Neutron Life Cycle Energy Released in Fission Nuclear Reactor Fuels Nuclear Fuel Cycles Fundamentals of Thermodynamics Thermal Energy Generation, Deposition, and Heat Transfer Fluid Flow and Balance of Plant Nuclear Power Plant Components

Reactor Heat Transfer, Fluid Flow, and Thermodynamics

Topics to be Covered (cont.)

Systems Overview
Power Cycles Types of Nuclear Reactors Thermal Reactors: PWR, BWR Major Components of Nuclear Reactors
Schematic Arrangements for Pressurized Reactors Schematic Arrangements for Boiling Reactors Schematic Arrangements for Gas-Cooled Reactors /optional/

Topics to be Covered (cont.)

Coolant System: Primary loop. Secondary loop.
PWR Primary Systems
Reactor Coolant Flow Path Between the Major Components Reactor Vessel Pressurizer, Pressurizer Relief Tank Primary Coolant Loop Pump Steam Generator

PWR Secondary Systems

Turbine Condensate Feedwater

BWR Steam Supply Systems

Topics to be Covered (cont.)

PWR Support Systems
Residual Heat Removal Chemical and Volume Control Emergency Core Cooling Plant Cooling Reactor Control System Nuclear Instrumentation Turbine Control Pressurizer Pressure and Level Control

Reactor Protection and Safeguards Actuation

Topics to be Covered (cont.)

Integrated Plant Operation
Plant Heatup Plant Startup Plant Operation at Power Plant Shutdown Plant Cool Down Fuel Handling Containment Support Radioactive Waste Fire Protection Instrument/Station Air

Support Systems /optional/

Electrical Distribution /optional/

Grading
The grades will be determined on the usual scale:
Final Course Score 90% and above 80 - 89.5% 70 - 79.5% 60 - 69.5% Final Course Grade
A

B C D

Grades will be computed according to the table below.

Homework Assignments: Short Quizzes Mid-term exam #1 Mid-term exam #2 Final exam 20% 10% 20% 20% 30%

Grading
Homework
Homework assignments will be assigned periodically. All homework assignments are to be emailed to [email protected] with homework in the subject line. The solution sets are due by 9:00 pm on the assigned due date. No late homework will be accepted, except for university excused absences. Homework Preparation:
give an assignment number and attach assignment as a cover, use only front side of each page and provide a brief problem statement, be neat and legible and present work logically (step by step ) to allow partial credit, if asked for a numerical result, give formula and number with units, send pdf of homework set to [email protected] with homework in the subject line, It is allowed to type your HW instead of handwriting, if you show all steps of your solution

Submission of the homework solution sets:

Work together is encouraged. The participating classmates must be listed on the first page. However, the final submitted assignments must be individual work efforts. If blatant copying is detected for the first time, the score will be 0 for all involved

Late submission (1 week to explain and ask for a new due date):
If a student cannot submit his work by the due date, he has 1 week after the due date to explain the reasons for delay and ask for a new due date without GRADE PENALTY. If the student fails to contact instructor, the delayed work will not be accepted

Grading
Short Quizzes
Short quizzes will be given to facilitate and enhance the learning process. Online quizzes will be based on the material from the preceding lectures and associated reading assignments. The reading assignments may cover material before it is covered in the class. Short quizzes will be designed for approximately 10-15 min. Quizzes will be taken using the e-learning site assessments

Examinations
Two major exams and a final exam will be given during the semester. These exams will be an in-class, closed-book, closed-notes exams. A final exam for the class will be scheduled according to the approved University Final Examination Schedule. All exams will be comprehensive and cover all information discussed up to the date of the exam. Questions about exam scores must be submitted in writing within one week after the exams have been returned or the scores will be considered correct.

Delivery
The course will be delivered online using TAMU elearning with periodic video conferences using the Centra/SABA system The elearning site will provide lecture notes, recorded lectures, homework assignments, quizzes, and other material Video conferences will be held to go over previous material and provide a forum to ask questions and discuss course material Video conferences will be recorded and saved on the elearning site for download

Role of a Nuclear Engineer

In order to protect the health and safety of the public, the nuclear power plant engineer must have a knowledge of the regulatory and design basis requirements for the equipment and procedures used in the operation of the plant. Understanding the systems that work together to produce electricity from nuclear energy is the focus of this course

WHERE TO BEGIN

PPF200.02.TP.18

A Brief History of Nuclear Power

Discovery of Fission in 1939 Dec 2, 1942: First reactor went into operation under the west stands of the football field at the University of Chicago
Demonstration of self-sustaining chain reaction using natural occurring Uranium

Dec 20, 1951: First electricity produced from nuclear energy in Idaho at Experimental Breeder Reactor 1 Feb. 1958: First commercial operating reactor went into operation in Shippingport, PA. Reactor orders dramatically increase through the early 70s as uncertainty of fossil fuels drive utilities to ramp up nuclear power program Three Mile Island 1979 and Chernobyl Plant up-rates and the quiet improvement of nuclear power Nuclear renaissance

Neutron Incident on fissionable Nucleus

Distortion of the compound nucleus

Separation, fission fragments are in a highly excited state

High Excitation Energy Causes radiation emission

2 or 3 neutrons are promptly emitted

Neutron is Absorbed and a compound nucleus is formed

The two daughter products may also emit neutrons after a short delay THE FISSION OF A FISSIONABLE NUCLIDE SUCH AS URANIUM 235

Weight of Uranium vs. Coal

One pound of Uranium235 when totally fissioned will produce approximately 3 X 1010 BTU of energy This is equivalent to 3 billion pounds of coal

Reactor Requirements
Fuel
Form Ceramic, metal, aqueous Type Uranium, Plutonium, Thorium

Coolant
Fluid light water, heavy water, Sodium, Helium State single phase, two phase

Neutron Spectrum
Fast vs. Slow Moderator Control Action
Material Geometry

Nuclear Fuel
Most use either
Natural Uranium or Natural Uranium enriched with U235

Can also use

Plutonium Thorium

Fuel type and form is designed to provide multiple barriers to the release of radioactive material The form, material, and geometry is based on the compatibility with other reactor materials, nuclear characteristics, thermal characteristics, and performance in the reactor environment

Energy Production
Energy released from fission is mainly kinetic energy of fission fragments The slowing down of fission fragments and the absorption of radiation increases the temperature of the material Thermal energy is removed by coolant flowing past the fuel Fuel is cooled, coolant is heated Heater coolant is converted to mechanical energy to turn a generator producing electricity

PPF200.02.TP.27

Fuel Consumption
Fission Fragments are the result of fission Some fragments are neutron absorbers When too many fragments exist, and not enough fresh fuel exists to compensate, the fuel bundle must be replaced with a new or less burnt fuel assembly

Reactor Coolants and Moderator

Coolants transfer thermal energy and keep the fuel from overheating Moderators slow neutrons down so they are available for fission Most reactors use water as both coolant and moderator
Some of these use Heavy Water at the moderator

Some use graphite as the moderator

Moderators - Reflectors
The purpose of the reflector is to reflect (as a mirror) some of the escaping neutrons back into the core area where they become available to induce fission. Water serves this function in most reactor designs.

CONTROL MATERIAL
Control Rods Liquid material Installed Poisons All absorb neutrons, making them unavailable for fission

Reactor Size and Shape

Leakage depends on surface area of core Neutron production is enhanced with a larger core volume, since more fuel can be put into the core A Cylindrical shape is used Surface/Volume ratio will be small Reactor size is based on the desired power level and safety considerations

Nuclear Power
Most nuclear electricity is generated using just two kinds of reactors which were developed in the 1950s and have been steadily improved since Over 16% of the worlds electricity is produced from nuclear energy, more than from all sources worldwide in 1960!

Introduction to Nuclear Power

Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)

Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)

RBMK

CANDU

PPF200.02.TP.29

Gas Cooled Fast Reactor

Packed Bed Modular Reactor

Engineers Place in Nuclear Power

The design, development, operation, and decommissioning of nuclear power facilities is a labor intensive industry The expected growth of nuclear power as a competitive form of energy production requires new engineers
In the US,
Proposals for over twenty new reactors The first 17 combined construction and operating licenses for these have been applied for. It is expected that 4 to 8 new reactors will be on line by 2020.

Graying of industry Uncertainty of fossil fuels Environmental concerns

Engineers of all disciplines are needed to operate nuclear power plants and associated nuclear facilities economically and safely

PPF200.02.TP.38

Conclusion
Course Objectives and Expectations Topics to be covered Grading Delivery Background Reactor Types