First Edition (April, 1987)

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Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 1987. All rights reserved.
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Preface
This technical reference provides Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)
interface information. It is intended for developers who provide
hardware or software products to operate with the following IBM
products:
IBM PC Convertible
IBM PCjrTM
IBM Personal Computer
IBM Personal Computer AT
IBM Personal Computer XTTM
IBM Personal Computer XTTM Model 286
IBM Personal System/2 Models 30, 50, 60, and 80
IBM Portable Personal Computer
IBM Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter
IBM Enhanced Graphics Adapter
IBM ESDI Fixed Disk Drive Adapter/A
IBM Monochrome Display and Printer Adapter.
You should understand the concepts of computer architecture and
programming before using this publication.
This technical reference is divided into two parts: BIOS and
Supplements.
BIOS contains the following:
Section 1, "Introduction to BIOS," provides an overview of BIOS,
interrupts, parameter passing, data areas and read-only memory
(ROM) tables. It also describes how to determine the system
BIOS version date.
PCjr, Personal Computer XT, and Personal System/2 are trademarks of
the International Business Machines Corporation.
Personal Computer AT is a registered trademark of the International
Business Machines Corporation.
iii
Section 2, "Interrupts," contains detailed information about how
interrupts function across the IBM Personal System/2 and
Personal Computer product lines. Exceptions between products
are noted.
Section 3, "BIOS Data Areas and ROM Tables," contains detailed
information about regular data areas, extended data areas, and
ROM tables for system and adapter BIOS.
Section 4, "Additional Information," contains information about
sharing interrupts in IBM Personal System/2 and Personal
Computer products. It also contains information about adapter
ROM calls, video compatibility, multitasking provisions, system
identification bytes, keyboard keys, and scan code/character
code combinations.
Supplements is reserved for additional BIOS interface information. A
table of contents page is provided to record the supplements that you
add. Supplements to this technical reference will be offered for sale
as additional 610S interface information becomes available.
System-specific hardware and software interface information for IBM
systems and for IBM diskette drives, fixed disk drives, adapters, and
other options is contained in separate technical reference
publications.
iv
Contents - BIOS
Section 1. Introduction to BIOS .......................... 1-1
Interrupts ............................................ 1-3
Parameter Passing ..................................... 1-3
Data Areas and ROM Tables ............................. 1-4
BIOS Level Determination ............................... 1-4
System Groups ........................................ 1-5
Section 2. Interrupts ................................... 2-1
Interrupt 02H - Nonmaskable Interrupt (NMI) ................. 2-4
Interrupt 05H - Print Screen .............................. 2-6
Interrupt 08H - System Timer ............................. 2-7
Interrupt 09H - Keyboard ................................ 2-8
Interrupt 10H - Video .................................. 2-10
Interrupt 11 H - Equipment Determination .................. 2-46
Interrupt 12H - Memory Size Determination ................ 2-47
Interrupt 13H - Diskette ................................ 2-48
Interrupt 13H - Fixed Disk ............................... 2-58
Interrupt 14H - Asynchronous Communications ............. 2-70
Interrupt 15H - System Services ......................... 2-74
Interrupt 16H - Keyboard .............................. 2-104
Interrupt 17H - Printer ................................ 2-111
Interrupt 19H - Bootstrap Loader ........................ 2-114
Interrupt 1AH - System-Timer and Real-Time Clock Services ., 2-115
Interrupt 70H - Real-Time Clock Interrupt ................. 2-122
Section 3. Data Areas and ROM Tables .................... 3-1
BIOS Data Area ....................................... 3-3
Extended BIOS Data Area .............................. 3-15
ROM Tables ......................................... 3-16
Fixed Disk Drive Parameter Table .................... 3-16
Diskette Drive Parameter Table ...................... 3-23
Section 4. Additional Information ......................... 4-1
Interrupt Sharing ...................................... 4-3
Precautions ....................................... 4-3
Interrupt Request (IRan) Reset ........................ 4-4
Interrupt-Sharing Software Requirements ............... 4-4
Interrupt-Sharing Chaining Structure and Signature ....... 4-6
ROM Considerations ................................ 4-7
Implementation Information .......................... 4-7
Adapter ROM ........................................ , 4-12
Video Function Compatibility ............................ 4-14
. Video Presence Test ............................... 4-14
Video Mode Switching .............................. 4-15
Multitasking Provisions ................................ 4-16
System Identification .................................. 4-18
Application Guidelines ................................. 4-19
Hardware Interrupts ............................... 4-19
Programming Considerations ........................ 4-21
BIOS and Operating System Function Calls ............. 4-21
Scan Code/Character Code Combinations ................. 4-24
Glossary ............................................ X-1
Index . .............................................. X-13
Figures - BIOS
2-1. Interrupts ..................................... 2-3
2-2. INT 10H - Video Functions ....................... 2-10
2-3. Video Modes ................................. 2-11
2-4. Hardware Specific Video Mode Characteristics ...... 2-11
2-5. PC Convertible Display Types .................... 2-38
2-6. INT 13H - Diskette Functions ..................... 2-48
2-7. INT 13H - Fixed Disk Functions ................... 2-58
2-8. INT 14H - Asynchronous Communications Functions .. 2-70
2-9. INT 15H - System Services Functions .............. 2-74
2.:.10. Block Move Global Descriptor Table ............... 2-88
2-11. Global Descriptor Table ........................ 2-91
2-12. INT 16H - Keyboard Functions ................... 2-104
2-13. INT 17H - Printer Functions ..................... 2-111
2-14. INT 1AH - System-Timer and Real-Time Clock
Services .................................... 2-115
3-1. RS-232-C Port Base Address Data Area ..... " ....... 3-3
3-2. Printer Port Base Address Data Area ............... 3-3
3-3. System Equipment Data Area ..................... 3-4
3-4. Miscellaneous Data Area 1 ....................... 3-4
3-5. Memory Size Data Area ......................... 3-4
3-6. Keyboard Data Area 1 ........................... 3-5
3-7. Diskette Drive Data Area ......................... 3-6
3-8. Video Control Data Area 1 ........................ 3-7
3-9. System Data Area 1 ............................. 3-7
3-10. System-Timer Data Area ......................... 3-7
3-11. System Data Area 2 ............................. 3-8
3-12. Fixed Disk Drive Data Area ....................... 3-8
3-13. Printer Time-Out Value Data Area ................. 3-9
3-14. RS-232-C Time-Out Value Data Area ................ 3-9
3-15. Keyboard Data Area 2 ........................... 3-9
3-16. Video Control Data Area 2 ........................ 3-9
3-17. Diskette Drive/Fixed Disk Drive Control Data Area '" 3-10
3-18. Keyboard Data Area 3 .......................... 3-11
3-19. Real-Time Clock Data Area ...................... 3-11
3-20. Save Pointer Data Area ......................... 3-12
3-21. Secondary Save Pointer Data Area ................ 3-13
3-22. Miscellaneous Data Area 2 ...................... 3-15
3-23. Fixed Disk Drive Parameter Table Definition ........ 3-16
3-24. Fixed Disk Drive Parameters (AT and Personal
System/2 Products) ............................ 3-17
3-25. Fixed Disk Drive Parameter Table (Personal System/2
Products Except Model 30) ...................... 3-18
3-26. Fixed Disk Drive Drive Parameter Table 00 (PC XT
BIOS Dated 11/10/82) ........................... 3-19
3-27. Fixed Disk Drive Parameter Table 01 (PC XT BIOS
Dated 11/10/82) ............................... 3-19
3-28. Fixed Disk Drive Parameter Table 02 (PC XT BIOS
Dated 11/10/82) ............................... 3-20
3-29. Fixed Disk Drive Parameter Table 03 (PC XT BIOS
Dated 11/10/82) ............................... 3-20
3-30. Fixed Disk Drive Parameter Table 00 - Type 1 (PC XT
BIOS Dated 1/08/86) ........................... 3-21
3-31. Fixed Disk Drive Parameter Table 01 - Type 16 (PC XT
BIOS Dated 1/08/86) ........................... 3-21
3-32. Fixed Disk Drive Parameter Table 02 - Type 2 (PC XT
BIOS Dated 1/08/86) ........................... 3-22
3-33. Fixed Disk Drive Parameter Table 03 - Type 13 (PC XT
BIOS Dated 1/08/86) ........................... 3-22
3-34. Diskette Drive Parameter Table .................. 3-23
4-1. System Identification ........................... 4-18
4-2. Write and Format Head Settle Time ............... 4-22
4-3. Keyboard Keystrokes .......................... 4-24
4-4. Shift Keyboard Keystrokes ...................... 4-26
4-5. Ctrl Keyboard Keystrokes ....................... 4-28
4-6. Alt Keyboard Keystrokes ........................ 4-31
Section 1. Introduction to BIOS
Interrupts ............................................ 1-3
Parameter Passing ..................................... 1-3
Data Areas and ROM Tables ............................. 1-4
BIOS Level Determination ............................... 1-4
System Groups ........................................ 1-5
Introduction to BIOS 1-1
Notes:
1-2 Introduction to BIOS
The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) for IBM Personal System/2 and
Personal Computer products is a software interface or "layer" that
isolates operating systems and application programs from specific
hardware devices. BIOS routines allow assembly language
programmers to perform block and character-level operations without
concern for device addresses or hardware operating characteristics.
The BIOS also provides system services such as time-of-day and
memory size determination.
Operating systems and application programs should make functional
requests to BIOS rather than directly manipulating I/O ports and
control words of the hardware. Hardware design and timing changes
then become less critical, and software compatibility across systems
and features is enhanced.
Interrupts
BIOS is accessed by software interrupts; each BIOS entry point is
available through its own interrupt. The AH register, where
appropriate, indicates the specific routine within the overall interrupt
function that is being executed.
Software interrupts INT 10H through INT 1AH each access different
BIOS routines. For example, INT 12H invokes the BIOS routine for
determining memory size and returns the value to the caller.
See Section 2, "Interrupts," for additional information.
Parameter Passing
All parameters passed to and from the BIOS routines go through the
microprocessor registers. Each BIOS interrupt routine indicates the
registers used on the call and the return. In general, if a BIOS routine
has several possible functions, (AH) is used to select the desired
function. For example, to set the time, the following code is required:
MOV AH,l ;Function is to set time of day.
MOV CX,HIGH_COUNT ;Establish the current time.
MOV DX,LOW_COUNT
INT lAH ;Set the time.
Introduction to BIOS 1-3
To read the time, the following code is required:
MOV AH,0
INT lAH
;Function is to read time of day.
;Read the timer.
The BIOS interrupt handlers save all registers except (AX), the flags,
and those registers that return a value to the caller. In some cases
other registers are modified. See Section 2, "Interrupts," for
additional information.
All parameters are 1-based (that is, the count starts with 1, not 0),
unless noted as O-based.
Data Areas and ROM Tables
Data areas are the memory locations allocated specifically to system
BIOS and adapter BIOS to use as work areas. Read-only memory
(ROM) tables are used by BIOS to define the characteristics of the
hardware devices supported by a particular system BIOS or adapter
BIOS.
See Section 3, "Data Areas and ROM Tables," for additional
information.
BIOS Level Determination
The BIOS is contained in ROM modules located on the system boards
of Personal System/2 and Personal Computer products. It is also
contained in ROM modules on some optional features (usually
adapters) to provide device-level control of the features.
The BIOS has been amended several times since its inception. All
BIOS versions are dated. In this technical reference, BIOS version
dates are used when necessary to indicate interface differences in
similar systems.
1-4 Introduction to BIOS
To determine the BIOS version date, run the following BASIC
program. The date that is displayed is the version date of the BIOS
for that system:
10 DEF SEG=&HF000
20 FOR X=&HFFF5 TO &HFFFC
30 PRINT CHR$(PEEK(X;
40 NEXT
RUN
See "System Identification" on page 4-18 for a list of IBM products
and their BIOS version dates. To access this information, see INT
15H, "(AH) = COH Return System Configuration Parameters" on
page 2-94.
System Groups
In this technical reference, IBM systems are categorized into groups
with similar BIOS interfaces. These groups are referred to with any
exceptions noted. The groups with similar interfaces include:
Personal System/2 products - all models
Personal Computer XT products - includes Portable Personal
Computer
Personal Computer AT products - all models.
Important: Information added to the Supplements area of this
technical reference may have new information about subjects
covered in other parts of this technical reference. Refer to the
supplements for information that could affect your hardware or
software development decisions.
Introduction to BIOS 1-5
Notes:
1-6 Introduction to BIOS
Section 2. Interrupts
Interrupt 02H - Nonmaskable Interrupt (NMI) ................. 2-4
Interrupt 05H - Print Screen .............................. 2-6
Interrupt 08H - System Timer ............................. 2-7
Interrupt 09H - Keyboard ................................ 2-8
Interrupt 10H - Video .................................. 2-10
Interrupt 11 H - Equipment Determination .................. 2-46
Interrupt 12H - Memory Size Determination ................ 2-47
Interrupt 13H - Diskette ................................ 2-48
Interrupt 13H - Fixed Disk ............................... 2-58
Interrupt 14H - Asynchronous Communications ............. 2-70
Interrupt 15H - System Services ......................... 2-74
Interrupt 16H - Keyboard .............................. 2-104
Interrupt 17H - Printer ................................ 2-111
Interrupt 19H - Bootstrap Loader ........................ 2-114
Interrupt 1AH - System-Timer and Real-Time Clock Services .. 2-115
Interrupt 70H - Real-Time Clock Interrupt ................. 2-122
Interrupts 2-1
Notes:
2-2 Interrupts
The following figure lists each interrupt, its function, and, where
applicable, the location of a more detailed description of the interrupt:
Interrupt
Number (Hex)
00
01
02
03
04
05
06 to 07
08
09
OA to OD
OE
OF
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
1A
1B
1C
1D
1E
1F
20 to 3F
40
41
42 to 45
46
47 to 49
4A
4B to 5F
60 to 67
68 to 6F
70
71 to 74
75
76 to 7F
80 to 85
86 to FO
F1 to FF
Interrupt Function
Divide by 0
Single Step
Nonmaskable (NMI) (See page 2-4)
Breakpoint
Overflow
Print Screen (See page 2-6)
-Reserved-
System Timer (See page 2-7)
Keyboard (See page 2-8)
-Reserved-
Diskette (See INT 13H on page 2-48)
-Reserved-
Video (See page 2-10)
Equipment Determination (See page 2-46)
Memory Size Determination (See page 2-47)
Fixed Disk/Diskette (See pages 2-48 and 2-58)
Asynchronous Communications (See page 2-70)
System Services (See page 2-74)
Keyboard (See page 2-104)
Printer (See page 2-111)
Resident BASIC
Bootstrap Loader (See page 2-114)
System Timer and Real-Time Clock Services (See page 2-115)
Keyboard Break (See INT 09H on page 2-8)
User Timer Tick (See INT 08H on page 2-7)
Video Parameters
Diskette Parameters (See "Diskette Drive Parameter Table"
on page 3-23)
Video Graphics Characters
- Reserved for Disk Operating System (DOS)-
Diskette BIOS Revector
Fixed Disk Parameters (See INT 13H on page 2-58)
-Reserved-
Fixed Disk Parameters (See INT 13H on page 2-58)
-Reserved-
User Alarm (See INT 08H on page 2-7 and INT 70H on page
2-122)
-Reserved-
- Reserved for User Program Interrupts-
-Reserved-
Real-Time Clock (See page 2-122)
-Reserved-
Redirect to NMI Interrupt (See INT 02H on page 2-4)
-Reserved-
- Reserved for BASIC-
Used by BASIC Interpreter When Running BASIC
- Reserved for User Program Interrupts-
Figure 2-1. Interrupts
Interrupts 2-3
Interrupt 02H - Nonmaskable Interrupt (NMI)
For PCjr the nonmaskable interrupt (NMI) is attached to the keyboard
interrupt.
For PC, PC XT, AT , and Personal System/2 Model 30, this interrupt
handler displays PARITY CHECK 1 indicating a parity error occurred
on the system board, or PARITY CHECK 2 indicating a parity error
occurred on the I/O channel (assumes I/O channel memory). This
interrupt handler attempts to find the storage location containing the
bad parity, and if it is found, the segment address is displayed. If no
parity error is found, ????? appears in place of the address, indicating
an intermittent read problem.
For Personal System/2 products except Model 30, the above
paragraph applies except PARITY CHECK 1 and PARITY CHECK 2 are
replaced by error codes, 110 and 111, respectively. In addition, the
NMI detects two other errors. The error codes are as follows:
110 System Board Memory Failure
111 1/0 Channel Check Activated (assumes 1/0 channel memory)
112 Watchdog Time-Out
113 Direct Memory Access (DMA) Bus Time-Out
When the Watchdog Time-Out is enabled and a missing timer
interrupt (IRQ 0) is detected, the system generates the NMI. If this
occurs the NMI interrupt handler displays 112, indicating an expected
timer interrupt was missed. Also, when a DMA-driven device uses
the bus longer than the allowed 7.8 microseconds, the Central
Arbitration Control Point generates the NMI and 113 is displayed,
indicating a DMA bus time-out has occurred.
When an NMI occurs, the Central Arbitration Control Point is
implicitly disabled. The NMI interrupt handler explicitly reenables the
Central Arbitration Control Point by outputting a OOH to port 90H.
AT is a registered trademark of the International Business Machines
Corporation
2-4 INT 02H - Nonmaskable Interrupt (NMI)
For PC Convertible, the NMI is attached to the keyboard, the diskette,
the real-time clock, and the system suspend interrupts, and is
activated upon the I/O channel check.
Notes:
1. An 8087 math coprocessor error on 8088- or 8086-based systems
drives the NMI of the 8088 or 8086, respectively.
2. An 80287 or 80387 math coprocessor error on 80286- or
80386-based systems drives the IRQ 13 line. The IRQ 13 interrupt
handler issues a software INT 02H to be compatible with software
that expects the NMI to occur.
3. For all systems, the math coprocessor application that points the
NMI vector to itself must be sensitive to NMI errors. If the NMI
occurs due to an NMI error, control should be transferred to the
system NMI handler.
INT 02H - Nonmaskable Interrupt (NMI) 2-5
Interrupt 05H - Print Screen
This interrupt handler prints the screen to printer 1. When INT 05H is
issued, the cursor position is saved and is restored upon completion
of the interrupt. INT 05H runs with interrupts enabled. Additional
print screen requests are ignored when a print screen is already in
progress. An initial status error from the printer ends the print
request. Data area address 50:00 contains the status of the print
screen. The supported status values for 50:00 are as follows:
00 Print Screen not called or, on return, operation successfully completed
01 Print Screen in progress, ignore request
FF Error encountered during printing
For PC Convertible, an initial status error ends the print request and
also sounds a "beep." The Ctrl-Break sequence ends the print
screen.
2-6 tNT 05H - Print Screen
Interrupt 08H - System Timer
This interrupt handler controls the timer interrupt from channel 0 of
the system timer. The input frequency is 1.19318 MHz and the divisor
is 65536, resulting in approximately 18.2 interrupts every second.
The interrupt handler:
Maintains a count of interrupts at data area address 40:6C (timer
counter) since power-on that may be used to establish time of
day. After 24 hours of operation, 40:70 (timer overflow) is
increased (made non 0).
Decrements 40:40 (motor off counter of the diskette drive) and,
when the count reaches 0, turns the diskette drive motor off, and
resets the motor running flags in 40:3F (motor status).
Calls a user routine through software interrupt 1CH every timer
tick.
For PC Convertible, this interrupt handler calls a user routine
through software interrupt 4AH when an alarm interrupt occurs.
tNT 08H - System Timer 2-7
Interrupt 09H - Keyboard
This interrupt handler is issued upon the make or break of every
keystroke.
For ASCII keys, when a make code is read from port 60H, the
character code and scan code are placed in the 32-byte keyboard
buffer that begins at data area address 40:1E, at the address pOinted
to by 40:1C (keyboard buffer tail pointer). The keyboard buffer tail
pointer is then increased by 2, unless it extends past the end of the
buffer. In this case it is reinitialized to the start of the buffer.
For every Ctrl, Alt, or Shift key make or break, the BIOS data areas
40:17 and 40:18 (keyboard control) and 40:96 (keyboard mode state
and type flags) are updated.
The Ctrl-Alt-Del sequence causes the handler to set 40:72 (reset flag)
to hex 1234 (bypass memory test), then jump to the power-on self-test
(POST). The POST checks 40:72 (reset flag) and does not retest
memory if it finds hex 1234. For PC Convertible, instead of a jump to
POST, a processor reset is done, causing POST to execute.
The Pause key sequence causes the handler to loop until a valid
ASCII keystroke is pressed. The PC Convertible issues INT 15H, (AH)
= 41H (Wait on External Event) to wait for a valid ASCII keystroke.
The print screen key sequence issues an INT 05H (Print Screen).
The Ctrl-Break sequence issues an INT 1 BH (Control Break).
For PC XT BIOS dated 1/10/86 and after, AT, PC XT Model 286, PC
Convertible, and Personal System/2 products, System Request
causes the handler to issue an INT 15H, (AH) = 85H (System Request
Key Pressed) to inform the system of a System Request key make or
break operation. Also, the keyboard interrupt issues an INT 15H, (AH)
= 91H (Interrupt Complete) with (AL) = 02H (Type = Keyboard),
indicating that a keystroke is available.
2-8 INT 09H - Keyboard
For AT BIOS dated 6/10/85 and after, PC XT Model 286, PC
Convertible, and Personal System/2 products, INT 15H, (AH) = 4FH
(Keyboard Intercept), is issued after reading the scan code from port
60H. This allows the system to replace or absorb the scan code. End
of Interrupt (EOI) processing is done upon return.
INT 09H - Keyboard 2-9
Interrupt 10H - Video
The following is a summary of the video functions of INT 10H:
(AH) = OOH - Set Mode
(AH) = 01H - Set Cursor Type
(AH) = 02H - Set Cursor Position
(AH) = 03H Read Cursor Position
(AH) = 04H - Read Light Pen Position
(AH) = 05H - Select Active Display Page
(AH) = 06H - Scroll Active Page Up
(AH) = 07H - Scroll Active Page Down
(AH) = 08H - Read Attribute/Character at Current Cursor Position
(AH) = 09H - Write Attribute/Character at Current Cursor Position
(A H) = OAH - Write Character at Current Cursor Position
(AH) = OSH - Set Color Palette
(AH) = OCH - Write Dot
(AH) = ODH - Read Dot
(AH) = OEH - Write Teletype to Active Page
(AH) = OFH - Read Current Video State
(AH) = 10H - Set Palette Registers
(AH) = 11 H - Character Generator
(AH) = 12H - Alternate Select
(AH) = 13H - Write String
(AH) = 14H - Load LCD Character Font/Set LCD High-Intensity Substitute
(AH) = 15H - Return Physical Display Parameters for Active Display
(AH) = 16H to 19H - Reserved
(AH) = 1AH - Read/Write Display Combination Code
(AH) = 1SH - Return Functionality/State Information
(A H) = 1CH - Save/Restore Video State
(AH) = 1DH to FFH - Reserved
Figure 2-2. INT 10H - Video Functions
2-10 INT 10H - Video
(AH) = OOH - Set Mode
(AL) - Requested video mode
The following table describes the supported video modes:
Mode Maximum Alpha Buffer
(Hex) Type Colors Format Start
0, 1 A/N 16 40x25 B8000
2,3 A/N 16 80x25 B8000
4,5 APA 4 40x25 B8000
6 APA 2 80x25 B8000
7 A/N Mono 80x25 BOOOO
8 APA 16 20x25 BOOOO
9 APA 16 40x25 BOOOO
A APA 4 80x25 BOOOO
B,C -Reserved-
D APA 16 40x25 AOOOO
E APA 16 80x25 AOOOO
F APA Mono 80x25 AOOOO
10 APA 16 80x25 AOOOO
11 APA 2 80x30 AOOOO
12 APA 16 80x30 AOOOO
13 APA 256 40x25 AOOOO
APA - All Points Addressable (Graphics)
A/N - Alphanumeric (Text)
Figure 2-3. Video Modes
The following table lists hardware specific video mode
characteristics:
Mode Display Box Maximum
(Hex) Size Size Supporting IBM Products Pages
0, 1 320x200 8x8 PCjr, Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter (CGA), 8
Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA), PC
Convertible, and Personal System/2
Products Except Model 30
320x350 8x14 EGA, and Personal System/2 Products 8
Except Model 30
320x400 8x16 Personal System/2 Model 30 8
360x400 9x16 Personal System/2 Products Except Model 30 8
Figure 2-4 (Part 1 of 2). Hardware Specific Video Mode Characteristics
INT 10H - Video 2-11
Mode Display Box Maximum
(Hex) Size Size Supporting IBM Products Pages
2,3 640x200 8x8 PCjr, CGA, and PC Convertible 4
640x200 8x8 EGA, and Personal System/2 Products 8
Except Model 30
640x350 8x14 EGA, and Personal System/2 Products 8
Except Model 30
640x400 8x16 Personal System/2 Model 30 8
720x400 9x16 Personal System/2 Products Except Model 30 8
4,5 320x200 8x8 PCjr, CGA, EGA, and Personal System/2
Products
6 640x200 8x8 PCjr, CGA, EGA, and Personal System/2
Products
7 720x350 9x14 Monochrome Display and Printer Adapter
(MDPA) and PC Convertible
720x350 9x14 EGA and Personal System/2 Products Except 8
Model 30
720x400 9x16 Personal System/2 Products Except Model 30 8
640x200 8x8 PC Convertible 4
8 160x200 8x8 PCjr
9 320x200 8x8 PCjr
A 640x200 8x8 PCjr
B,C -Reserved-
D 320x200 8x8 EGA and Personal System/2 Products Except 8
Model 30
E 640x200 8x8 EGA and Personal System/2 Products Except 4
Model 30
F,10 640x350 8x14 EGA and Personal System/2 Products Except 2
Model 30
11 640x480 8x16 Personal System/2 Products
12 640x480 8x16 Personal System/2 Products Except Model 30
13 320x200 8x8 Personal System/2 Products
Figure 2-4 (Part 2 of 2). Hardware Specific Video Mode Characteristics
2-12 INT 10H - Video
Notes:
1. PCjr and IBM Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter (CGA):
a. The cursor is not displayed in graphics (APA) modes.
b. Modes 0, 2, and 5 are identical to modes 1, 3, and 4 except
color burst is not enabled. Color burst on enables color
information on composite displays. Color burst off disables
color information on composite displays. RGB displays are
not affected by the state of color burst.
c. For PCjr during mode set, if bit 7 of (AL) is set, the video
buffer is not cleared.
2. IBM Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA):
a. The cursor is not displayed in graphics (APA) modes.
b. Modes 0, 2, and 5 are identical to modes 1, 3, and 4 except
color burst is not enabled. Color burst on enables color
information on composite displays. Color burst off disables
color information on composite displays. RGB displays are
not affected by the state of color burst.
c. The power-on default mode is based on switch settings on the
adapter.
d. During mode set, if bit 7 of (AL) is set, the video buffer is not
cleared.
See BIOS data area address 40:A8 on page 3-12 for save pointer
dynamic overrides.
3. PC Convertible:
a. The cursor is not displayed in graphics (APA) modes.
b. Modes 0, 2, and 5 are identical to modes 1, 3, and 4 except
color burst is not enabled. Color burst on enables color
information on composite displays. Color burst off disables
color information on composite displays. RGB displays are
not affected by the state of color burst.
c. The power-on default mode for color/graphics mode is 2.
d. The power-on default mode for monochrome mode is 7.
e. During mode set, if bit 7 of (AL) is set, the video buffer is not
cleared.
f. Mode 7 (640x200) is used for a liquid crystal display (LCD) as
monochrome.
g. Mode 7 (720x350) is used for a monochrome display.
INT 10H - Video 2-13
4. Personal System/2 Model 30:
a. The cursor is not displayed in graphics (APA) modes.
b. Modes 0, 2, and 5 are identical to modes 1, 3, and 4.
c. The power-on default mode is' 3.
d. During mode set, if bit 7 of (Al) is set, the video buffer is not
cleared.
e. For all modes except mode 13H, the first 16 color registers
are initialized and the values in the remaining 240 color
registers are undefined.
See BIOS data area address 40:A8 on page 3-12 for save pointer
dynamic overrides.
5. Personal System/2 products except Model 30:
a. The cursor is not displayed in graphics (APA) modes.
b. Modes 0, 2, and 5 are identical to modes 1, 3, and 4.
c. The power-on default mode with a color display attached is 3.
d. The power-on default mode with a monochrome display
attached is 7.
e. During mode set, if bit 7 of (Al) is set, the video buffer is not
cleared.
f. For all modes except mode 13, the first 64 color registers are
initialized and the values in the remaining 192 color registers
are undefined.
g. Refer to (AH) = 12H, (Bl) = 30H to select alpha mode scan
lines (200, 350 or 400.)
See BIOS data area address 40:A8 on page 3-12 for save pointer
dynamic overrides.
(AH) = 01 H Set Cursor Type
(CH) - Top line for cursor (bits 4 to 0)
(Hardware causes blinking cursor;
setting bit 6 or 5 causes erratic
blinking or no cursor)
(Cl) - Bottom line for cursor (bits 4 to 0)
214 INT 10H - Video
Notes:
1. The BIOS maintains only one cursor type for all video pages.
2. For Personal System/2 Model 30, before writing to the
hardware video ports, (CH) is multiplied by 2, and (CL) is
multiplied by 2 and increased by 1.
(AH) = 02H - Set Cursor Position
(OH,OL) - Row, column (0,0 is upper left)
(BH) - Page number (0-based), see Figure 2-4 on page 2-11 for
maximum pages
(AH) = 03H - Read Cursor Position
(BH) - Page number (0-based), see Figure 2-4 on page 2-11 for
maximum pages
On Return:
(OH,OL) - Row, column of current cursor for requested page
(CH,CL) - Cursor type currently set
(AH) = 04H - Read Light Pen Position
For PC Convertible and Personal System/2 products:
On Return:
(AH) = 00H - Light pen is not supported
(BX, CX, OX) are altered on return
For all others:
On Return:
(AH) = 00H - Light pen switch not activated
(BX, CX, OX) are altered on return
(AH) = 01H - Valid light pen value in registers
(OH,OL) - Row, column of character
(CH) - Raster line (0 to 199)
(CX) - Raster line (0 to nnn) new graphics modes
(BX) - PEL column (0 to 319,639)
INT 10H - Video 2-15
(AH) = OSH - Select Active Display Page
For PCjr:
(AL) = 80H - Read cathode ray tube (CRT) and microprocessor
page registers
(AL) = 81H - Set microprocessor page register
(BL) - Microprocessor page register
(AL) = 82H - Set CRT page register
(BH) - CRT page register
(AL) = 83H - Set microprocessor and CRT page registers
(BL) - Microprocessor page register
(BH) - CRT page register
On Return for all:
(BH) - CRT page register
(BL) - Microprocessor page register
For all others:
(AL) - New page number (0-based), see Figure 2-4 on page 2-11 for
maximum pages
(AH) 06H - Scroll Active Page Up
(AL) - Number of lines blanked at bottom of window
= 00H - Blank entire window
(CH,CL) - Row, column of upper left corner of scroll
(DH,DL) - Row, column of lower right corner of scroll
(BH) - Attribute to use on blank line
(A H) = 07H - Scroll Active Page Down
(AL) - Number of input lines blanked at top of window
= 00H - Blank entire window
(CH,CL) - Row, column of upper left corner of scroll
(DH,DL) - Row, column of lower right corner of scroll
(BH) - Attribute to use on blank line
2-16 INT 10H - Video
(AH) = 08H - Read AHribute/Character at Current Cursor Position
(BH) - Page number (0-based), see Figure 2-4 on page 2-11 for
maximum pages
On Return:
(AL) - Character read
(AH) - Attribute of character read (alpha modes only)
(AH) = 09H - Write Attribute/Character at Current Cursor Position
For the read/write character interface while in graphics modes 4,
5, and 6, the characters are formed from a character generator
maintained in the system ROM that contains only the first 128
characters. To read or write the second 128 characters, initialize
the pointer at INT 1 FH (location 0007CH) to point to the 1 Kb table
containing the code points for the second 128 characters
(128-255). For all other graphics modes, 256 graphics characters
are supplied in the system ROM.
For the write character interface while in graphics mode, the
character count contained in (CX) produces valid results for
characters on the same row only. Continuation to succeeding
rows produces invalid results.
Notes:
(BH) - Page number (0-based), see Figure 2-4 on page 2-11 for
maximum pages
(CX) - Count of characters to write
(AL) - Character to write
(BL) - Attribute of character (alpha)/color of
character (graphics)
1. Functions (AH) = 09H and (AH) = OAH are similar. Use (AH)
= 09H for graphics modes.
2. For graphics modes, if bit 7 of (Bl) = 01 H, then color value is
exclusively ORed with current video memory (except in mode
13H).
3. For mode 13H, the value passed in (BH) is used as the
background color.
INT 10H - Video 2-17
(AH) = OAH - Write Character at Current Cursor Position
(BH) - Page number (0-based), see Figure 2-4 on page 2-11 for
maximum pages
(CX) - Count of characters to write
(AL) - Character to write
Note: Use (AH) = 09H for graphics modes.
(AH) = OBH - Set Color Palette
Notes:
(BH) - Color ID being set (0 to 1)
(BL) - Color value to be used with color ID
(BH) = 00H - Set background color for 320x200 graphics modes
- Set border color for alphanumeric modes
- Set foreground color for 640x200 graphics
(BL) = (0 to 31)
(BH) = 01H - Select palette for 320x200 graphics
(BL) = 0 - Green (l)/red (2)/brown (3)
= 1 - Cyan (l)/magenta (2)/white (3)
1. This interface has meaning for 320x200 graphics only.
2. In 40x25 or BOx25 alpha modes, the value set for palette color
o indicates the border color to use (0 to 31), where values 16
to 31 select the high-intensity background set.
3. For EGA and Personal System/2 products, when in 640x200
graphics and color 10 = 0, the background color is set.
(AH) = OCH - Write Dot
(DX) - Row number
(CX) - Column number
(AL) - Color value
Note: If bit 7 of (AL) = 01H, then the color value is exclusively
ORed with the current contents of the dot (except in mode
13H).
2-18 INT 10H - Video
For graphics modes supporting more than one page:
(BH) - Page number (0-based). see Figure 2-4 on page 2-11 for
maximum pages
(AH) = ODH - Read Dot
(OX) - Row number
(CX) - Column number
For graphics modes supporting more than one page:
(BH) - Page number (0-based). see Figure 2-4 on page 2-11 for
maximum pages
On Return:
(Al) returns dot read
(AH) = OEH - Write Teletype to Active Page
(Al) - Character to write
(Bl) - Foreground color in graphics mode
Notes:
1. The screen width is controlled by the mode currently set.
2. Carriage Return, Line Feed, Backspace and Bell are treated
as commands rather than printable characters.
3. For PC BIOS dated 4/24/81 and 10/19/81, (BH) must be set to
the active page.
(AH) = OFH - Read Current Video State
On Return:
(Al) - Mode currently set
[see (AH) = 00H for explanation]
(AH) - Number of character columns on screen
(BH) - Current active page number (0-based). see
Figure 2-4 on page 2-11 for maximum pages
INT 10H - Video 2-19
(AH) = 10H - Set Palette Registers
For PCjr, systems with EGA capability, and Personal System/2
products except Model 30:
(Al) = 00H - Set individual palette register
(Bl) - Palette register to set
(BH) - Value to set
(Al) = 01H - Set overscan register
(BH) - Value to set
(Al) = 02H - Set all palette registers and overscan
(ES:DX) - Pointer to 17-byte table
Bytes 0 to 15 - Palette values
Byte 16 - Overscan value
(Al) = 03H - Toggle intensify/blinking bit
(Bl) = 00H - Enable intensify
= 01H - Enable blinking
For Personal System/2 products except Model 30:
(AL) = 04H to 06H - Reserved
(Al) = 07H - Read individual palette register
(Bl) - Palette register to read (range 0 to 15)
On Return:
(BH) - Value read
(Al) = 08H - Read overscan register
On Return:
(BH) - Value read
(Al) = 09H - Read all palette registers and overscan
(ES:DX) - fointer to 17-byte buffer for return values
On Return:
(ES:DX) - Pointer to 17-byte table destination
Bytes 0 to 15 - Palette values
Byte 16 - Overscan value
2-20 INT 10H - Video
(Al) = 10H - Set individual color register
(BX) - Color register to set
(DH) - Red value to set
(CH) - Green value to set
(Cl) - Blue value to set
(Al) = 11H - Reserved
(Al) = 12H - Set block of color registers
(ES:DX) - Pointer to table of color values
Table format: red, green, blue, red,
green, blue
(BX) - First color register to set
(CX) - Number of color register to set
(Al) = 13H - Select color page (not valid for mode 13H)
(Bl) = 00H - Select paging mode
(BH) - Paging mode
= 00H - Selects 4 register blocks of 64 registers
= 01H - Selects 16 register blocks of 16 registers
(Bl) = 01H - Select page
(BH) - Page number (0-based), see Figure 2-4 on page 2-11
for maximum pages
For 64-register block mode:
= 00H - Selects first block of 64 color registers
= 01H - Selects second block of 64 color registers
= 02H - Selects third block of 64 color registers
= 03H - Selects fourth block of 64 color registers
For 16-register block mode:
= 00H -Selects first block of 16 color registers
= 01H - Selects second block of 16 color registers
= 0FH - Selects 16th block of 16 color registers
Note: Function (AH) = OOH (Set Mode) defaults to the
64-register block mode, with the first block of 64 color
registers active. Only these 64 color registers are
initialized during mode set. When using page selection,
initialize alternate blocks of the color registers.
INT 10H - Video 2-21
(Al) = 14H - Reserved
(Al) = 15H - Read individual color register
(BX) - Color register to read
On Return:
(DH) - Red value read
(CH) - Green value read
(Cl) - Blue value read
(Al) = 16H - Reserved
(Al) = 17H - Read block of color registers
(ES:DX) - Pointer to destination table for values
Table format: red. green. blue. red.
green. blue
(BX) - First color register to read
(CX) - Number of color registers to read
On Return:
(ES:DX) - Pointer to table of values
(Al) = 18H to 19H - Reserved
(Al) = 1AH - Read color page state
On Return:
(Bl) - Current paging mode
(BH) - Current page
Note: See (AL) = 13H on page 2-21 for paging modes and page
information.
(Al) = 1BH - Sum color values to gray shades
(BX) - First color register to sum
(CX) - Number of color registers to sum
Note: This call reads red, green, and blue values found in color
registers, performs a weighted sum (300/0 red + 59%
green + 11 % blue), then writes the result into each red,
green, and blue component of the color register (original
data is not retained).
2-22 INT 10H - Video
For Personal System/2 Model 30:
(AL) = 00H
(BX) = 0712H - Color registers set resulting
in 8 consistent colors
(AL) = 01H to 02H - Reserved
(AL) = 03H - Toggle intensify/blinking bit
(BL) = 00H - Enable intensify
= 01H - Enable blinking
(AL) = 04H to 07H - Reserved
(AL) = 10H - Set individual color register
(BX) - Color register to set
(DH) - Red value to set
(CH) - Green value to set
(CL) - Blue value to set
(AL) = 11H - Reserved
(AL) = 12H - Set block of color registers
(ES:DX) - Pointer to table of color values
Table format: red, green, blue, red,
green, blue
(BX) - First color register to set
(CX) - Number of color registers to set
(AL) = 13H to 14H - Reserved
(AL) = 15H - Read individual color register
(BX) - Color register to read
On Return:
(DH) - Red value read
(CH) - Green value read
(CL) - Blue value to read
(AL) = 16H - Reserved
INT 10H - Video 2-23
(Al) = I7H - Read a block of color registers
(ES:DX) - Pointer to destination table for values
Table format: red. green. blue. red.
green. blue
(BX) - First color register to read
(CX) - Number of color registers to read
On Return:
(ES:DX) - Pointer to table of values
(Al) = I8H to IAH - Reserved
(Al) = IBH - Sum color values to gray shades
(BX) - First color register to sum
(CX) - Number of color registers to sum
Note: This call reads red, green, and blue values found in color
registers, performs a weighted sum (30% red + 59%
green + 11 % blue), then writes result into each red,
green, and blue component of the color register (original
data is not retained).
For all others no action is performed.
(AH) = 11 H - Character Generator
For systems with EGA capability, this call initiates a mode set,
completely resetting the video environment but maintaining the
regenerator buffer.
(Al) = 00H - User alpha load
(ES:BP) - Pointer to user table
(CX) - Count to store
(DX) - Character offset into table
(Bl) - Block to load
(BH) - Number of bytes per character
(Al) = 01H - ROM monochrome set
(Bl) - Block to load
(Al) = 02H - ROM 8x8 double dot
(Bl) - Block to load
2-24 INT 10H - Video
(AL) = 03H - Set block specifier (valid in alpha modes)
(BL) - Character generator block selects
Character attribute byte. bit 3 = 0:
(BL) bits 1. 0 select a block from blocks 0 to 3
Character attribute byte. bit 3 = 1:
(BL) bits 3. 2 select a block from blocks 0 to 3
For example:
To set a 256 character set using block 3, set (BL) = OFH; this
selects a single block. Character attribute bit 3 turns
foreground intensity on or off.
To specify a 512 character set as active using blocks 0 and 3,
set (BL) = OCH; this selects block 0 when character attribute
bit 3 = 0, and block 3 when character attribute bit 3 = 1.
If bits (1, 0) and bits (3, 2) are the same, only one block is
selected and bit 3 of the attribute byte turns the foreground
intensity on or off.
When 512 characters are active, a function call with (AX) = 1000H
and (BX) = 0712H is recommended to set the color planes with
eight consistent colors.
Register values, (AL) = 10H, 11H, and 12H, are similar to (AL) =
OOH, 01 H, and 02H, respectively, with the following exceptions:
1. Page 0 must be active.
2. Points (bytes per character) are recalculated.
3. Rows are calculated as follows:
INT [(200 or 350) / points] - 1
4. The length of the regenerative buffer is calculated as follows:
(Number of rows on screen) x (Number of columns on screen) x 2
5. The CRTC registers are reprogrammed as follows:
R09H = Points - 1 ~ x i m u m scan line
R0AH = Points - 2 Cursor start
R0BH = Points - 1 Cursor end
R12H = [(Number of rows on screen) x Points] - 1 Vertical display end
R14H = Points - 1 Underline location.
(Done in mode 7H only)
Note: The preceding register calculations must be close to the
original table values or the results may be unpredictable.
INT 10H - Video 2-25
(Al) = 10H - User alpha load
(ES:BP) - Pointer to user table
(CX) - Count to store
(DX) - Character offset into table
(Bl) - Block to load
(BH) - Number of bytes per character
(Al) = IlH - ROM monochrome set
(Bl) - Block to load
(Al) = 12H - ROM 8x8 double dot
(Bl) - Block to load
(Al) = 20H - Set user graphics characters pointer at INT IFH
(ES:BP) - Pointer to user table
(Al) = 21H - Set user graphics characters pointer at INT 43H
(ES:BP) - Pointer to user table
(CX) - Points (bytes per character)
(Bl) - Row specifier
= 00H - User
(Dl) - Rows
= 01H - 14 (0EH)
= 02H - 25 (19H)
= 03H - 43 (2BH)
(Al) = 22H - ROM 8x14 Set
(Bl) - Row specifier
(Al) = 23H - ROM 8x8 double dot
(Bl) - Row specifier
Note: (AL) = 10H, 11H, 12H, 20H, 21H, 22H, or 23H should be
called only immediately after a mode set is issued, or the
results may not be predictable.
(Al) = 30H - Information
(BH) - Font pointer
= 00H - Return current INT 1FH pointer
= 01H - Return current INT 44H pointer
= 02H - Return ROM 8x14 font pOinter
= 03H - Return ROM double dot pointer
= 04H - Return ROM double dot pointer (top)
= 05H - Return ROM alpha alternate 9x14
2-26 tNT 10H - Video
On Return:
(CX) - Points
(OL) - Rows
(ES:BP) - Pointer to table
For Personal System/2 products except Model 30:
(AL) = 00H - User alpha load
(ES:BP) - Pointer to user table
(CX) - Count to store
(OX) - Character offset into table
(BL) - Block to load
(BH) - Number of bytes per character
(AL) = 01H - ROM 8x14 font
(BL) - Block to load
(AL) = 02H - ROM 8x8 double dot font
(BL) - Block to load
(AL) = 03H - Set block specifier (valid in alpha modes)
(BL) - Character generator block selects
For example:
Character attribute byte bit 3 = 0:
(BL) bits 4. 1. 0 select a block from blocks 0 to 7
Character attribute byte bit 1 = 1:
(BL) bits 5. 3. 2 select a block from blocks 0 to 7
To set a 256-character set using block 6, set (BL) = 03AH;
this selects a single block. Character attribute bit 3 turns
foreground intensity on or off.
To specify a 512-character set as active using blocks 0 and 6,
set (BL) = 028H; this selects block 0 active when character
attribute bit 3 = 0, and block 6 active when character
attri bute bit 3 = 1.
If bits (4, 1, 0) and bits (5, 3, 2) are the same, then only one block
is selected and bit 3 of the attribute byte turns foreground
intensity on or off.
When 512 characters are active, a function call with (AX) = 1000H
and (BX) = 0712H is recommended to set color planes with eight
consistent colors.
INT 10H - Video 2-27
(AL) = 04H - ROM 8x16 Font
(BL) - Block to load
Register values (AL) = 10H, 11 H,12H, and 14H, are similar to
(AL) = OOH, 01H, 02H, and 04H, respectively, with the following
exceptions:
1. Page 0 is active.
2. Points (bytes per character) are recalculated.
3. Rows are calculated as follows:
INT[(200, 350, or 400) / pOints] - 1
4. The length of the regenerative buffer is calculated as follows:
(Number of rows on screen) x (Number of columns on screen) x 2
5. The CRTC registers are reprogrammed as follows:
R09H = Points - 1
R0AH = Points - 2
R0BH = Points - 1
R12H = Vertical displacement end
For 350 and 400 scan line modes:
Maximum scan line
Cursor start
Cursor end
[(Number of rows on screen) x Points] - 1
For 200 scan line modes:
{[(Number of rows on screen) x Points] x 2} - 1
R14H = Points - 1 Underline location
(Done in mode 7H only)
Note: The preceding register calculations must be close to the
original table values or the results may be unpredictable.
(AL) = 10H - User alpha load
(ES:BP) - Pointer to user table
(CX) Count to store
(OX) - Character offset into table
(BL) - Block to load
(BH) - Number of bytes per character
(AL) = IlH - ROM 8x14 font
(BL) - Block to load
(AL) = 12H - ROM 8x8 double dot font
(BL) - Block to load
2-28 INT 10H -Video
(Al) = 14H - ROM 8x16 font
(Bl) - Block to load
(Al) = 20H - Set user graphics characters pointer at INT 1FH
(ES:BP) - Pointer to user table
(Al) = 21H - Set user graphics characters pointer at INT 43H
(ES:BP) - Pointer to user table
(eX) - Points (bytes per character)
(Bl) - Row specifier
= 00H - User
(Dl) - Rows
= 01H - 14 (0EH)
= 02H - 25 (19H)
= 03H - 43 (2BH)
(Al) = 22H - ROM 8x14 font
(Bl) - Row specifier
(Al) = 23H - ROM 8x8 double dot font
(Bl) - Row specifier
(Al) = 24H - ROM 8x16 font
(Bl) - Row specifier
Note: (AL) = 10H, 11 H, 12H,14H, 20H, 21 H, 22H, 23H or 24H
should be called only immediately after a mode set is
issued, or the results may not be predictable.
(Al) = 30H - Information
(BH) - Font pointer
On Return:
= 00H - Return current INT 1FH pointer
= 01H - Return current INT 43H pointer
= 02H - Return ROM 8x14 font pointer
= 03H - Return ROM 8x8 font pointer
= 04H - Return ROM 8x8 font pointer (top)
= 05H - Return ROM 9x14 font alternate
= 06H - Return ROM 8x16 pointer
= 07H - Return ROM 9x16 font alternate
(eX) - Points
(Dl) - Rows (number of character rows on screen - 1)
(ES:BP) - Pointer to table
INT 10H - Video 2-29
For Personal System/2 Model 30:
(AL) = 00H - User alpha load
(ES:BP) - Pointer to user table
(CX) - Count to store
(OX) - Character offset into table
(BL) - Block to load
(BH) = 16 bytes per character for 400 scan lines
Note: If (BH) = 14 bytes per character for 400 scan lines,
characters are extended to 16 high, by extending the last
line of 14-high characters.
(AL) = 01H - Reserved
[If c l l e d ~ (AL) = 04H executed]
(AL) = 02H - ROM 8x8 double dot font
(BL) - Block to load
(AL) = 03H - Set block specifier (valid in alpha modes)
(BL) - Character generator block selects
For example:
Character attribute byte bit 3 = 0:
(BL) bits I, 0 select a block from blocks 0 to 3
Character attribute byte bit 3 = 1:
(BL) bits 3, 2 select a block from blocks 0 to 3
To specify a 256-character set active using block 2, set (BL)
= OAH; this selects a single block. Character attribute bit 3
turns foreground intensity on or off.
To specify a 512-character set active using blocks 0 and 2, set
(BL) = 08H; this selects block 0 active when character
attribute bit 3 = 0, and block 2 active when character
attribute bit 3 = 1.
If bits (1, 0) and bits (3, 2) are the same, then only one block is
selected and bit 3 of the attribute byte turns foreground intensity
on or off.
When 512 characters are active, a function call with (AX) = 1000H
and (BX) = 0712H is recommended to set color registers,
resulting in eight consistent colors.
2-30 INT 10H - Video
A block specifier command must be issued following any
character load command to make the loaded block an active
character set.
(Al) = 04H - ROM 8x16 font
(Bl) - Block to load
The following register values are reserved. Calls to (AL) = 10H,
11H, 12H, and 14H are executed as if they were calls to (AL) =
OOH, 01H, 02H, and 04H, respectively.
(Al) = 10H - Reserved
[if called - (Al) = 00H executed]
(Al) = 11H - Reserved
[if called - (Al) = 01H executed]
(Al) = 12H - Reserved
[if called - (Al) = 02H executed]
(Al) = 14H - Reserved
[if called - (Al) = 04H executed]
(Al) = 20H - Set user graphics characters pointer at INT 1FH
(ES:BP) - Pointer to user table
(Al) = 21H - Set user graphics characters pointer at INT 43H
(ES:BP) - Pointer to user table
(eX) - Points (bytes per character)
(Bl) - Row specifier
= 00H - User
(Dl) - Rows
= 01H - 14 (0EH)
= 02H - 25 (19H)
= 03H - 43 (2BH)
(Al) = 22H - Reserved
[if called, (Al) = 24H executed]
(Al) = 23H - ROM 8x8 double dot font
(Bl) - Row specifier
INT 10H - Video 2-31
(Al) = 24H ROM 8x16 font
(Bl) - Row specifier
Note: (AL) = 20H, 21 H, 22H, 23H or 24H should be called only
immediately after a mode set is issued, or the results may
not be predictable.
(Al) = 30H - Information
(BH) - Font pointer
On Return:
= 00H - Return current INT IFH pointer
= 01H - Return current INT 43H pOinter
= 02H - Reserved (if called. ROM 8x16 pointer returned)
= 03H - Return ROM 8x8 font pointer
= 04H - Return ROM 8x8 font pointer (top)
= 05H - Reserved
= 06H - Return ROM 8x16 pointer
= 07H - Reserved
(CX) - Points
(Ol) - Rows (number of character rows on screen - 1)
(ES:BP) - Pointer to table
For all others no action is performed.
(AH) = 12H - Alternate Select
For systems with EGA capability and Personal System/2 products
except Model 30:
(Bl) = 10H - Return EGA information
(BH) = 00H - Color mode in effect (30x address range)
= 01H - Monochrome mode in effect (3Bx address range)
(Bl) - Memory value
= 00H - 64Kb
= 01H - 128Kb
= 02H - 192Kb
= 03H - 256Kb
= 04H to FFH - Reserved
(CH) = Adapter bits
(Cl) = Switch setting
(Bl) = 20H - Select alternate print screen routine
2-32 INT 10H - Video
For Personal System/2 products except Model 30:
(BL) = 30H - Select scan lines for alphanumeric modes
(Takes effect on next mode set)
(AL) = 0 - 200 scan lines
= 1 - 350 scan lines
= 2 - 400 scan lines
On Return:
(AL) = 12H - Function supported
(BL) = 31H - Default palette loading during set mode
(AH) = 00H
(AL) = 0 - Enable default palette loading
= 1 - Disable default palette loading
On Return:
(AL) = 12H - Function supported
Note: The EGA 16-palette registers, the overscan register, and
the 256 color registers are not altered during any mode
set when in the disabled state.
(BL) = 32H - Video
(AL) = 0 - Enable video
= 1 - Disable video
On Return:
(AL) = 12H - Function supported
Note: The video I/O port and regenerator buffer address decode
is enabled/disabled for the display that is currently active.
(BL) = 33H - Summing to gray shades
(AL) = 0 - Enable summing
= 1 - Disable summing
On Return:
(AL) = 12H - Function supported
INT 10H - Video 2-33
Note: When enabled, summing occurs during (AH) = OOH (Set
Mode) color register loading and (AH) = 10H (Set Palette
Registers).
(BL) = 34H - Cursor emulation
(AL) = 0 - Enable cursor emulation
= 1 - Disable cursor emulation
On Return:
(AL) = 12H - Function supported
Note: When enabled, the requested start/end value passed to
(AH) = 01 H (Set Cursor Type), is scaled to the current
character height. The power-on default is to enable
cursor emulation.
For Personal System/2 Model 30:
(BL) = 30H - Reserved
(BL) = 31H - Default palette loading during set mode (AH = 00H)
(AL) = 0 - Enable default palette loading
On Return:
= 1 - Disable default palette loading (the 256 color
registers are not altered during any mode set
when disabled)
(AL) = 12H - Function supported
(BL) = 32H - Video (the video I/O address and buffers are
enabled/disabled)
(AL) = 0 - Enable video
= 1 - Disable video
On Return:
(AL) = 12H - Function supported
(BL) = 33H - Summing to gray shades
(AL) = 0 - Enable summing
= 1 - Disable summing
2-34 INT 10H - Video
On Return:
(AL) = 12H - Function supported
(BL) = 34H - Reserved
Note: When enabled, summing occurs during (AH) = OOH (Set
Mode) color register loading, and on (AH) = 10H (Set
Palette Registers).
For Personal System/2 products:
(BL) = 35H Display switch
(AL) = 00H - Initial adapter video off
(ES:DX) - Pointer to switch state save area of
128 bytes
= 01H - Initial system board video on
= 02H - Switch off active video
(ES:DX) - Pointer to switch state buffer save area
= 03H - Switch on inactive video
(ES:DX) = Pointer to previously saved switch state
buffer
On Return for all:
(AL) = 12H - Function supported
This interface allows display switching between a system
board video driven display and an adapter video driven
display when there is overlap in usage of the BIOS data area
and in hardware capabilities.
Display switching requires that a disable function is available
for the system board and the adapter video functions [(AH) =
12H, (BL) = 32H].
If there is no conflict between the adapter video and the
system board video, both video functions are active in the
system and display switching is not required.
If there is conflict between the adapter video and the system
board video, the adapter video function is the primary video.
The system board video function remains disabled until
display switching is enabled.
INT 10H - Video 2-35
The following steps initiate display switching:
1. Initial adapter video off, (AL) = OOH
2. Initial system board video on, (AL) = 01 H.
The initiate display switching steps are valid only the first
time switching is initiated. After the initiation steps,
switching between the system board and adapter displays is
done through 'the switch-off active video request, (AL) = 02H
and the switch-on inactive video request, (AL) = 03H.
For a switch-off active video request, (AL) = 02H, the
currently active video function and display are disabled.
The switch state buffer saves the video state information.
This state information is required when reactivation of
this display is desired through a switch-on inactive video
request, (AL) = 03H.
For a switch-on inactive video request, (AL) = 03H, the
currently inactive video function and display are enabled.
The switch state buffer restores the video state
information. This state information was saved on a
previous switch-off active video request, (AL) = 02H, for
this display.
For Personal System/2 products except Model 30:
(BL) = 36H - Video screen off/on
(AL) = 1 - Screen off
= 0 - Screen on
On Return:
(AL) = 12H - Function supported
For all others no action is performed.
(AH) = 13H - Write String
For PC XT BIOS dated 1/10/86 and after, AT, EGA, PC
Convertible, and Personal System/2 products:
(ES:BP) - Pointer to string to write
(ex) - Character-only count
(OX) - Position to begin string, in cursor terms
(BH) - Page number (0-based), see Figure 2-4 on page 2-11 for
maximum pages
2-36 INT 10H - Video
(AL) = 00H
(BL) - Attribute
String - (Char, char, char, ... ); Cursor not moved
(AL) = 01H
(BL) - Attribute
String - (Char, char, char, .. ); Cursor is moved
(AL) = 02H
String - (Char, attr, char, attr, ... )
Cursor not moved, valid for alpha modes only
(AL) = 03H
String - (Char, attr, char, attr, ... )
Cursor is moved, valid for alpha modes only
Note: Carriage Return, Line Feed, Backspace, and Bell are
treated as commands rather than printable characters.
For all others no action is performed.
(AH) = 14H - Load LCD Character Font/Set LCD High-Intensity
Substitute
For PC Convertible:
(AL) = 00H - Load user specified font
(ES:OI) - Point to character font within user table where
loading starts
(CX) - Number of characters to store (1 to 256) value
checked
(OX) - Character offset into RAM font area
(BL) = 00H - Load main font (block 0)
= 01H - Load alternate font (block 1)
= 02H to FFH - No operation
(BH) - Number of bytes per character (1 to 255) value
checked
(AL) = 01H - Load system ROM default font
(BL) = 00H - Load main font (block 0)
= 01H - Load alternate font (block 1)
= 02H to FFH - No operation
(AL) = 02H - Set mapping of LCD high intensity attribute
(BL) = 00H - Ignore high-intensity attribute
= 01H - Map high-intensity to reverse image
= 02H - Map high-intensity to underscore
= 03H - Map high-intensity to select alternate font
= 04H to FFH - No operation
INT 10H - Video 2-37
(AL) = 03H to FFH - No operation
For all others no action is performed.
(AH) = 15H - Return Physical Display Parameters for Active
Display
For PC Convertible:
On Return:
(AX) - Alternate display adapter type
= 0 - No alternate adapter
= 5140 - LCD
= 5153- CGA type display
= 5151 - Monochrome type display
(ES:DI) - Points to table defined as follows:
Word 1 - Display model number
Word 2 - Number of vertical PELs per meter
Word 3 - Number of horizontal PELs per meter
Word 4 - Total number of vertical PELs
Word 5 - Total number of horizontal PELs
Word 6 - Horizontal PEL separation in micrometers
(center to center)
Word 7 - Vertical PEL separation in micrometers
(center to center)
The PC Convertible has defined the following display types and
tables:
Word Monochrome CGA LCD as CGA
1 5151H 5153H 5140H
2 0 0498H 08E1H
3 0 OA15H 0987H
4 0 OOC8H OOC8H
5 0 0280H 0280H
6 0 0352H 0188H
7 0 0184H 019AH
Figure 2-5. PC Convertible Display Types
For all others no action is performed.
(AH) = 16H to 19H - Reserved
2-38 INT 10H - Video
LCD (Monochrome)
5140H
0
0
0
0
0
0
(AH) = 1 AH - Read/Write Display Combination Code
For Personal System/2 products:
(AL) = 00H - Read display combination code
On Return:
(AL) = lAH - Function supported (see display codes on page
2-39)
(BL) - Active display code
(BH) - Alternate display code
(AL) = 01H - Write display combination code (see display codes
on page 2-39)
(BL) - Active display code
(BH) - Alternate display code
On Return:
(AL) = lAH - Function supported
Display Codes:
00H - No display
01H - Monochrome with 5151 (monochrome)
02H - CGA with 5153/4 (color)
03H - Reserved
04H - EGA with 5153/4 (color)
05H - EGA with 5151 (monochrome)
06H - Professional Graphics System with 5175 (color)
07H - Personal System/2 products except Model 30 with analog
monochrome
08H - Personal System/2 products except Model 30 with analog color
09H to 0AH - Reserved
0BH - Personal System/2 Model 30 video with analog monochrome
0CH - Personal System/2 Model 30 video with analog color
0DH to FEH - Reserved
-1 - Unknown
For all others no action is performed.
INT 10H - Video 2-39
(AH) = 1 BH - Return Functionality/State Information
For Personal System/2 products:
(BX) - Implementation type
(ES:DI) - User buffer pOinter for return of information
On Return:
User buffer contains functionality/state information
(AL) = IBH - Function supported
For implementation type eeH:
(BX) = e0H
(ES:DI) = Buffer of size 40H bytes
(DI+00H) word - Offset to static functionality information
(DI+02H) word - Segment to static functionality information
Video states:
(The following information is dynamically generated and
reflects the current video state.)
(DI+04H) byte - Video mode [see (AH) = 00H on page 2-11 for
supported modes]
(DI+05H) word - Columns on screen (character columns on screen)
(DI+07H) word - Length of regenerator buffer (bytes)
(DI+09H) word - Starting address in regenerator buffer
(DI+0BH) word - Cursor pOSition for eight display pages (row.
column)
(DI+IBH) word - Cursor type setting (cursor start/end value)
(DI+IDH) byte - Active display page
(DI+IEH) word - CRT controller address (3BX-monochrome. 3DX-color)
(DI+20H) byte - Current setting of 3xS register
(DI+21H) byte - Current setting of 3x9 register
(DI+22H) byte - Rows on screen (character lines on screen)
(DI+23H) word - Character height (scan lines per character)
(DI+25H) byte - Display combination code (active)
(DI+26H) byte - Display combination code (alternate)
(DI+27H) word - Colors supported for current video mode
(DI+29H) byte - Display pages supported for current video mode
(DI+2AH) byte - Scan lines in current video mode
2-40 INT 10H - Video
= 0 - 20e scan lines
= 1 - 350 scan lines
= 2 - 400 scan lines
= 3 - 4Se scan lines
= 4 to 255 - Reserved
(DI+2BH) byte - Primary character block (Reserved on
Personal Systemj2 Model 30)
= 0 - Block 0
= 1 - Block 1
= 2 - Block 2
= 255 - Block 255
This information is based on block specifier [see (AH) = IlH,
(AL) = 03H].
(DI+2CH) byte - Secondary character block (Reserved on
Personal Systemj2 Model 30)
= 0 - Block 0
= 1 - Block 1
= 2 - Block 2
= 255 - Block 255
This information is based on block specifier [see (AH) IlH,
(AL) = 03H].
(DI+2DH) byte - Miscellaneous state information
Bits 7, 6 - Reserved
Bit 5 = 0 - Background intensity
= 1 - Blinking
Bit 4 = 1 - Cursor emulation active
(Always 0 for Personal Systemj2 Model 30)
Bit 3 = 1 - Mode set default palette loading disabled
Bit 2 = 1 - Monochrome display attached
Bit 1 = 1 - Summing active
Bit 0 = 1 - All modes on all displays active
(Always 0 for Personal Systemj2 Model 30)
(DI+2EH) byte - Reserved
(DI+2FH) byte - Reserved
(DI+30H) byte - Reserved
(DI+31H) byte - Video memory available
= 0 - 64Kb
= 1 - 128Kb
= 2 - 192Kb
= 3 - 256Kb
= 4 to 255 - Reserved
INT 10H .,. Video 2-41
(DI+32H) byte - Save pointer state information
Bits 7, 6 - Reserved
Bit 5 = 1 - DCC extension active
Bit 4 = 1 - Palette override active
Bit 3 = 1 - Graphics font override active
Bit 2 = 1 - Alpha font override active
Bit 1 = 1 - Dynamic save area active
Bit 0 = 1 - 512-character set active
(DI+33H) to (DI+3FH) 13 bytes - Reserved
Format of static functionality table:
o = Not supported
1 = Supported
(00H) byte - Video modes
Bit 7 = Mode 07H
Bit 6 = Mode 06H
Bit 5 = Mode 05H
Bit 4 = Mode 04H
Bit 3 = Mode 03H
Bit 2 = Mode 02H
Bit 1 = Mode 01H
Bit 0 = Mode 00H
(01H) byte - Video modes
Bit 7 = Mode 0FH
Bit 6 = Mode 0EH
Bit 5 = Mode 0DH
Bit 4 = Mode 0CH
Bit 3 = Mode 0BH
Bit 2 = Mode 0AH
Bit 1 = Mode 09H
Bit 0 = Mode 08H
(02H) byte - Video modes
Bits 7 to 4 - Reserved
Bit 3 = Mode 13H
Bit 2 = Mode 12H
Bit 1 = Mode 11H
Bit 0 = Mode 10H
See (AH) = 00H on page 2-11 for video mode information.
2-42 INT 10H - Video
(03H) to (07H) 4 bytes - Reserved
(07H) byte - Scan lines available in text modes
Bits 7 to 3 - Reserved
Bit 2 = 400 scan lines
Bit 1 = 350 scan lines
Bit 0 = 200 scan lines
See (AH) = 12H, (BL) = 30H for text mode scan line selection.
(08H) byte - Character blocks available in text modes
(09H) byte - Maximum number of active character blocks in text
modes
See (AH) = IlH for character block loading interfaces.
(0AH) byte - Miscellaneous functions
Bit 7 = Color paging [see (AH) = 10H]
(Always 0 for Personal System/2 Model 30)
Bit 6 = Color palette [see (AH) = 10H]
Bit 5 = EGA palette [see (AH) = 10H]
Bit 4 = Cursor emulation [see (AH) = 01H]
Bit 3 = Mode set default palette loading [see
(AH) = 12H]
Bit 2 = Character font loading [see (AH) IlH]
Bit 1 = Summing [see (AH) = 10H and (AH) 12H]
Bit 0 = All modes on all displays
(Always 0 for Personal System/2 Model 30)
(0BH) byte - Miscellaneous functions
Bits 7 to 4 - Reserved
Bit 3 = DCC [see (AH) = lAH]
Bit 2 = Background intensity/blinking control [see
(AH) = 10H]
Bit 1 = Save/restore [see (AH) = lCH]
(Always 0 for Personal System/2 Model 30)
Bit 0 = Light pen [see (AH) = 04H]
(0CH) to (0DH) 2 bytes - Reserved
INT 10H - Video 2-43
(0EH) byte - Save pointer functions
Bits 7. 6 = Reserved
Bit 5 = Dee extension
(Always 0 for Personal System/2 Model 30)
Bit 4 = Palette override
Bit 3 = Graphics font override
Bit 2 = Alpha font override
Bit 1 = Dynamic save area
Bit 0 = 512-character set
(0FH) byte - Reserved
For all others no action is performed.
(AH) == 1 CH - Save/Restore Video State
For Personal System/2 products except Model 30:
(AL) = 00H - Return save/restore state buffer size
(eX) - Requested states (see supported save/restore states
on page 2-45)
On Return:
(AL) = lCH - Function supported
(BX) - Save/restore buffer size block count [number of
64-byte blocks for saving requested states in (eX)]
(AL) = 01H - Save state
(CX) = Requested states (see supported save/restore states
on page 2-45)
(ES:BX) = Buffer pOinter to save state
On Return:
(AL) = lCH - Function supported
Requested states saved
(AL) = 02H - Restore state
(CX) - Requested states (see supported save/restore states
on page 2-45)
(ES:BX) - Buffer pointer to restore state
2-44 INT 10H - Video
On Return:
(AL) = lCH - Function supported
Requested states restored
Supported save/restore states
Bits 15 to 3 - Reserved and set to 0
Bit 2 = 1 - Save/restore video DAC state and color registers
Bit 1 = 1 - Save/restore video BIOS data area
Bit 0 = 1 - Save/restore video hardware state
Note: The current video state is altered during save a state
operation. To maintain the current video state, perform a
restore state operation.
For all others no action is performed.
(AH) = 1 DH to FFH - Reserved
INT 10H - Video 2-45
Interrupt 11 H - Equipment Determination
This routine returns the optional devices that are attached to the
system. BIOS data area 40:10 (installed hardware) is set during the
POST as follows:
On Return:
(AX) - Equipment flags
Bits 15,14 - Number of printers attached
Bit 13 - Internal modem installed
Bit 12 - Not used
Bits 11,10,9 - Number of RS-232-C cards attached
Bit 8 - Not used
Bits 7,6 - Number of diskette drives, if bit 0 = 1
(values are binary)
= 00 - 1 drive
= 01 - 2 drives
Bits 5,4 - Video mode type (values are binary)
= 00 - Reserved
= 01 - 40x25 (color)
= 10 - 80x25 (color)
= 11 - 80x25 (monochrome)
Bit 3 - Not used
Bit 2 - Pointing device installed
Bit 1 = Math coprocessor installed
Bit 0 = IPL diskette installed
2-46 INT 11 H - Equipment Determination
Interrupt 12H - Memory Size Determination
This routine returns the amount of RAM up to 640Kb in the system as
determined by the POST, minus the memory allocated to the
Extended BIOS Data Area. See INT 15H, (AH) = C1H (Return
Extended BIOS Data Area Segment Address) on page 2-96, and INT
15H, (AH) = 88H (Extended Memory Size Determine) on page 2-89 for
additional information.
The following assumptions are made during memory size
determination:
All installed memory is functional
All memory from 0 to 640Kb is contiguous.
On Return, (AX) contains the number of contiguous 1 Kb blocks of
memory.
INT 12H - Memory Size Determination 2-47
Interrupt 13H - Diskette
This interface provides access to diskette drives. The following is a
summary of the diskette functions of Interrupt 13H:
(AH) = OOH - Reset Diskette System
(AH) = 01 H - Read Status of Last Operation
(AH) = 02H - Read Desired Sectors into Memory
(AH) = 03H - Write Desired Sectors from Memory
(AH) = 04H - Verify Desired Sectors
(AH) = OSH - Format Desired Track
(AH) = 06H to 07H - Reserved for Fixed Disk
(AH) = 08H - Read Drive Parameters
(A H) = 09H to 14H - Reserved for Fixed Disk
(AH) = 1SH - Read DASD Type
(A H) = 16H - Diskette Change Line Status
(A H) = 17H - Set DASD Type for Format
(A H) = 18H - Set Media Type for Format
(AH) = 19H to FFH - Reserved
Figure 2-6. INT 13H - Diskette Functions
Note: For the diskette drive parameters see "Diskette Drive
Parameter Table" on page 3-23.
For AT, PC XT BIOS dated 1/10/86 and after, PC XT Model 286, PC
Convertible, and Personal System/2 products, operations that require
the diskette drive motor to be turned on call INT 15H, (AX) = 90FDH
(Diskette, Drive Motor Start). This allows the operating system to
perform a different task while waiting for the diskette drive motor to
accelerate.
Prior to waiting for the diskette interrupt, BIOS calls INT 15H, (AH) =
90H (Device Busy) with (AL) = 01H (Type = Diskette). This informs
the operating system of the wait. The complementary INT 15H, (AH)
= 91 H (Interrupt Complete) with (AL) = 01 H (Type = Diskette) is
called indicating the operation is complete. See "Multitasking
Provisions" on page 4-16 for additional information.
(AH) = OOH - Reset Diskette System
(DL) - Drive number (0-based)
Bit 7 = 0 - Diskette
2-48 INT 13H - Diskette
Notes:
On Return:
CF = 1 - Status is non 0
= 0 - Status is 0
(AH) - Status of operation
= 80H - Diskette drive not ready
= 40H - Seek operation failed
= 20H - General controller failure
= 10H - Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) error on diskette
read
= 0CH - Media type not found
= 09H -Attempt to DMA across a 64Kb boundary
= 08H - DMA overrun on operation
= 06H - Diskette change line active
= 04H - Requ&sted sector not found
= 03H - Write protect error
= 02H - Address mark not found
= 01H - Invalid diskette parameter
= 00H - No error
Diskette status at 40:41 - Status of operation
1. If an error is reported by the diskette BIOS, reset the diskette
system and retry the operation.
2. If (DL) is greater than or equal to hex 80, the diskette system
is reset then the fixed disk system is reset. The status
returned in (AH) is the status of fixed disk reset. Read the
status of the diskette system after completion of the
operation.
(AH) = 01 H - Read Status of Last Operation
(DL) - Drive number (0-based)
Bit 7 = 0 - Diskette (value checked)
On Return:
CF = 1 - Status is non 0
= 0 - Status is 0
(AH) - Status of operation (see values for the status of
operation on page 2-49)
INT 13H - Diskette 2 .. 49
(AH) = 02H - Read Desired Sectors Into Memory
(Dl) - Drive number (0-based)
Bit 7 = 0 - Diskette (value checked)
(DH) - Head number (not value checked. 0-based)
(CH) - Track number (not value checked. 0-based)
(Cl) - Sector number (not value checked)
(Al) - Number of sectors (not value checked)
(ES:BX) - Address of buffer
On Return:
CF = 1 - Status is non 0
= 0 - Status is 0
(Al) - Number of sectors actually transferred
(AH) - Status of operation (see values for the status of
operation on page 2-49)
Diskette status at 40:41 - Status of operation
Note: If an error is reported by the diskette BIOS. reset the
diskette system, then retry the operation.
(AH) = 03H - Write Desired Sectors from Memory
(Dl) - Drive number (0-based)
Bit 7 = 0 - Diskette (value checked)
(DH) - Head number (not value checked. 0-based)
(CH) - Track number (not value checked. 0-based)
(Cl) - Sector number (not value checked)
(Al) - Number of sectors (not value checked)
(ES:BX) - Address of buffer
On Return:
CF = 1 - Status is non 0
= 0 - Status is 0
(Al) - Number of sectors actually transferred
(AH) - Status of operation (see values for the status of
operation on page 2-49)
Diskette status at 40:41 - Status of operation
2-50 INT 13H - Diskette
Notes:
1. If an error is reported by the diskette BIOS, reset the diskette
system, then retry the operation.
2. For PC XT Model 286, (AL) is not requi red.
(AH) = 04H - Verify Desired Sectors
Notes:
(DL) - Drive number (O-based)
Bit 7 = 0 - Diskette (value checked)
(DH) - Head number (not value checked, O-based)
(CH) - Track number (not value checked, 0-based)
(CL) - Sector number (not value checked)
(AL) - Number of sectors (not value checked)
(ES:BX) - Address of buffer
On Return:
CF = 1 - Status is non 0
= 0 - Status is 0
(AL) - Number of sectors verified
(AH) - Status of operation (see values for the status of
operation on page 2-49)
Diskette status at 40:41 - Status of operation
1. If an error is reported by the diskette BIOS, reset the diskette
system, then retry the operation.
2. ES:BX is not required for AT BIOS dated 11/15/85 and after,
PC XT Model 286, PC Convertible, or Personal System/2
products.
(AH) = 05H - Format Desired Track
The buffer pointer (ES:BX) must pOint to the collection of desired
address fields for the track. Each field has the following four
bytes:
Byte 0 - Track number
Byte 1 - Head number
Byte 2 - Sector number
tNT 13H - Diskette 2-51
Byte 3 - Number of bytes per sector
= 99H - 128-bytes per sector
= 91H - 256-bytes per sector
= 92H - 512-bytes per sector
= a3H - 1924-bytes per sector
There must be one entry for every sector on the track. This
information is used to find the requested sector during read/write
access. Prior to formatting a diskette, if there is more than one
supported format for the drive in question, it is necessary to call
(AH) = 17H (Set DASD Type for Format), or (AH) = 18H (Set
Media Type for Format) to set the diskette type to be formatted.
Notes:
(AL) - Number of sectors to format (not value checked)
(DL) - Drive number (9-based)
Bit 7 = a - Diskette (value checked)
(DH) - Head number (not value checked. a-based)
(CH) - Track number (not value checked. a-based)
(ES:BX) - Address of buffer
On Return:
CF = 1 - Status is non a
= 9 - Status is a
(AH) - Status of operation (see values for the status of
operation on page 2-49)
Diskette status at 4a:41 - Status of operation
1. If an error is reported by the diskette BIOS, reset the diskette
system, then retry the operation.
2. The diskette parameter table is used to format the diskette.
See "Diskette Drive Parameter Table"on page 3-23.
3. For PC XT Model 8 6 ~ (AL). is not requi red.
(AH) = 06H to 07H - Reserved for Fixed Disk
2-52 tNT 13H - ,Diskette
(AH) == 08H .. Read Drive Parameters
There is a parameter table for each supported media type.
For PCjr, PC, PC XT, or for AT BIOS dated 1110/84:
On Return:
CF = 1 - Error
(AH) - Status of operation
= 01H - Invalid command
Diskette status at 40:41 - Status of operation
For all others:
(Dl) - Drive number (0-based)
Bit 7 = 0 - Diskette (value checked)
On Return:
(ES:DI) - Pointer to II-byte parameter table
associated with the maximum supported media type
within the drive in question (see
"Diskette Drive Parameter Table" on page 3-23.)
(CH) - Maximum number of tracks (low S bits of 10-bit track
number. 0-based)
(Cl) - Bits 7. 6 - Maximum number of tracks (high 2 bits of
10-bit track number. 0-based)
- Bits 5 to 0 - Maximum sectors per track
(DH) - Maximum head number
(Dl) - Number of diskette drives installed
(BH) = 0
(Bl) - Bits 7 to 4 = 0
Bits 3 to 0 - Valid drive type value in CMOS
(AX) = 0
= 01H - 360Kb. 5.25 inch. 40 track
= 02H - 1.2Mb. 5.25 inch. 'S0 track
= 03H - 720Kb. 3.5 inch. S0 track
= 04H - 1.44Mb. 3.5 inch. S0 track
When the drive type is known but the CMOS type is invalid,
CMOS is not present, CMOS battery is discharged or CMOS
checksum is invalid, all registers are returned as above except
(BL) = O.
tMT 3 H ~ Diskette 2 .. 53
If the requested drive is not installed, then (AX), (BX), (CX), (OX),
(DI), and (ES) = o.
Diskette status 40:41 = 0 and CF = 0
For drive number 80H or above (indicating fixed disks):
CF = 1 - Error
(AH) - Status of operation
= 01H - Invalid command
(ES), (AX), (BX), (CX), (DH), and (01) all equal 0 and (DL) contains
the number of drives when any of the following conditions exist:
Drive number is invalid
Drive type is unknown and the CMOS is not present
CMOS battery is discharged or CMOS checksum is invalid
Drive type is unknown and the CMOS drive type is invalid.
Diskette status 4a:41 = a and CF = a
(AH) = 09H to 14H - Reserved for Fixed Disk
(AH) == 15H - Read DASD Type
For AT, PC XT BIOS dated 1110/86 and after, PC XT Model 286, PC
Convertible, and Personal System/2 products:
(DL) - Drive number (a-based)
Bit 7 = a - Diskette (value checked)
On Return:
CF = a - Operation successfully completed
(AH) = a0H - Drive not present
= 01H - Diskette. no change line available
= 02H - Diskette. change line available
= 03H - Reserved for fixed disk interface
Diskette status at 40:41 - Status of operation
2-54 INT 13H - Diskette'
For all others:
On Return:
CF = 1 - Error
(AH) - Status of operation
= 01H - Invalid command
Diskette status at 40:41 - Status of operation
(AH) = 16H - DlskeHe Change Line Status
For AT, PC XT BIOS dated 1/10/86 and after, PC XT Model 286, PC
Convertible, and Personal System/2 products:
(DL) - Drive number (0-based)
Bit 7 = 0 - Diskette (value checked)
On Return:
(AH) = 00H - 'Diskette change' signal not active
= 01H - Invalid diskette parameter
= 06H - 'Diskette change' signal active
= 80H - Diskette drive not ready
CF = 0 if (AH) is 0
= 1 if (AH) is non 0
Diskette status at 40:41 - (AH) on return
For all others:
On Return:
(AH) - Status of operation
= 01H - Invalid command
CF = 1 - Error
Diskette status at 40:41 - Status of operation
(AH) = 17H - Set DASD Type for Format
The 'diskette change' signal is checked for all drives that support
it. If found active, the logic attempts to reset 'diskette change' to
the inactive state. If successful, the BIOS sets the data rate for
format and returns the disk change error code. If the attempt
fails, the logic returns the time-out error code and sets the DASD
type to a predetermined state, indicating that the media type is
unknown.
INT 13H - Diskette 2-55
When the 'diskette change' signal is found active, as it is after a
diskette is changed, this function is called again.
For PC XT BIOS dated 1110/86 and after, AT, PC Convertible, and
Personal System/2 products:
(OL) - Drive number (0-based)
Bit 7 = 0 - Diskette (value checked)
(AL) = 00H - Invalid request
= 01H - Diskette 320/360Kb in 360Kb drive
= 02H - Diskette 360Kb in 1.2Mb drive
= 03H - Diskette 1.2Mb in 1.2Mb drive
= 04H - AT BIOS before 6/10/85: Invalid request
- All others: Diskette 720Kb in 720Kb drive
= 05H through 0FFH - Invalid request
On Return:
CF = 1 - Status is non 0
= 0 - Status is 0
(AH) - Status of operation (see values for the status of
operation on page 2-49)
Diskette status at 40:41 - Status of operation
For all others:
On Return:
(AH) - Status of operation
= 01H - Invalid command
CF = 1 - Error
Diskette status at 40:41 - Status of operation
(AH) = 18H - Set Media Type for Format
For AT BIOS dated 11115/85 and after, PC XT BIOS dated 1110/86
and after, PC XT Model 286, and Personal System/2 products, this
function is called before issuing INT 13H, (AH) = 05H (Format the
Desired Track). If the diskette is changed, the function is called
again. A diskette must be present in the drive.
2.;56 INT 13H - Diskette
There is one parameter table for each supported media type.
(Dl) - Drive number (a-based)
Bit 7 = a - Diskette (value checked)
(CH) - Number of tracks (low 8 bits, a-based)
(Cl) - Bits 7, 6 - Number of tracks (high two bits, a-based)
- Bits 5 to a - Sectors per track
On Return:
(ES:DI) - Pointer to ii-byte parameter table for this
media type, unchanged if (AH) is non a (see
"Diskette Drive Parameter Table" on page 3-23.)
CF = 1 - Status is non a
= a - Status is a
(AH) - Status of operation (see values for the status of
operation on page 2-49)
Note: For PC XT Model 286 and Personal System/2 products,
this function monitors the 'diskette change' signal. If the
signal is active, the logic attempts to reset the change line
to the inactive state. If the attempt succeeds (for example,
as when media is present), the BIOS sets the correct data
rate for format. If the attempt fails (for example, as when
no media is present), then the BIOS returns (AH) = 80H
(Diskette Drive Not Ready) and the carry flag is set.
When the 'diskette change' signal is inactive, the BIOS performs
the function as requested.
For all others:
On Return:
(AH) - Status of operation
= alH - Invalid command
CF = 1 - Error
Diskette status at 40:41 - Status of operation
(AH) == 19H to FFH - Reserved
INT 13H - Diskette 2-57
Interrupt 13H - Fixed Disk
This interface provides access to fixed disk drives. The following is a
summary of the fixed disk functions of INT 13H:
(AH) = OOH - Reset Disk System
(AH) = 01H - Read Status of Last Operation
(AH) = 02H - Read Desired Sectors into Memory
(A H) = 03H - Write Desired Sectors from Memory
(AH) = 04H - Verify Desired Sectors
(AH) = 05H - Format Desired Cylinder
(AH) = 06H - Format Desired Cylinder and Set Bad Sector Flags
(AH) = 07H - Format Drive Starting at Desired Cylinder
(AH) = 08H - Read Drive Parameters
(AH) = 09H - Initialize Drive Pair Characteristics
(AH) = OAH to OBH - Reserved for Diagnostics
(AH) = OCH - Seek
(AH) = ODH - Alternate Disk Reset
(A H) = OEH to OFH - Reserved for Diagnostics
(AH) = 10H - Test Drive Ready
(AH) = 11 H - Recalibrate
(A H) = 12H to 14H - Reserved for Diagnostics
(AH) = 15H - Read DASD Type
(AH) = 16H to 18H - Reserved for Diskette
(A H) = 19H - Park Heads
(AH) = 1AH - Format Unit
(AH) = 1 BH to FFH - Reserved
Figure 2-7. INT 13H - Fixed Disk Functions
Notes:
1. If a fixed disk drive adapter is not installed, the code is not
hooked into INT 13H. The returns are described in the diskette
interface.
2. For the fixed disk interface, the drive number (DL) is value
checked for all functions that use (DL).
3. For AT, PC XT Model 286, and Personal System/2 products, prior
to waiting for interrupt, the BIOS calls INT 15H, (AH) = 90H
(Device Busy) with (AL) = OOH (Type = Disk), informing the
operating system of the wait. The complementary INT 15H, (AH)
= 91H (Interrupt Complete) with (AL) = OOH (Type = Disk), is
called indicating the operation is complete.
4. For Personal System/2 products, prior to waiting for the fixed disk
reset the BIOS calls INT 15H, (AH) = 90H (Device Busy) with (AH)
= FCH (Type = Fixed Disk Reset). This is a time-out only
2-58 INT 13H - Fixed Disk
function. There is no complementary Post operation. See
"Multitasking Provisions" on page 4-16.
5. Bit 7 of the drive number must be set upon entry to the fixed disk
BIOS.
6. For the drive parameters see "Fixed Disk Drive Parameter Table"
on page 3-16.
(AH) = OOH - Reset Disk System
(DL) - Drive number, bit 1 = 1 for fixed disk drive (0-based)
On Return:
CF = 1 - Status is non 0
= 0 - Status is 0
(AH) - Status of operation
= 00H - No error
= 01H - Invalid function request
= 02H - Address mark not found
= 03H - Write protect error
= 04H - Sector not found
= 05H - Reset failed
= 07H - Drive parameter activity failed
= 08H - DMA overrun on operation
= 09H - Data boundary error
= 0AH - Bad sector flag detected
= 0BH - Bad cylinder detected
= 0DH - Invalid number of sectors on format
= 0EH - Control data address mark detected
= 0FH - DMA arbitration level out of range
10H - Uncorrectable error checking and correction (ECC)
or cyclic redundancy check (CRC) error
IlH - ECC corrected data error
= 20H - General controller failure
= 40H - Seek operation failed
= 80H - Time-out
= BBH - Undefined error occurred
= CCH - Write fault on selected drive
= E0H - Status error/error register = 0
= FFH - Sense operation failed
INT 13H - Fixed Disk 2-59
Notes:
1. Reset Disk System is issued only if the 7-bit drive number is
less than or equal to the maximum number of fixed disk
drives. The diskette system is also reset for all values of
(DL).
2. For Personal System/2 products, prior to waiting for the fixed
disk reset, the BIOS calls INT 15, (AH) = 90H (Device Busy)
with,(AL) = OOH (Type = Disk) informing the operating
system of the wait.
(AH) = 01.H Read Status of Last Operation
(Ol) - Drive number. bit 7 = 1 for fixed disk drive (a-based)
On Return:
CF = 1 - Status is non 0
= a - Status is 0
(AH) - Status of operation (see values for the status of
operation on page 2-59)
Disk status is reset to a
(AH) = 02H Read Desired Sectors into Memory
(Ol) - Drive number. bit 7 = 1 for fixed disk drive (0-based)
(OH) - Head number (0-based. not value checked)
(CH) - Cylinder number (low 8 bits of 10-bit cylinder number,
a-based, not value checked)
(Cl) - Bits 7, 6 - Cylinder number (high 2 bits of 10-bit
cylinder number, 0-based, not value checked)
- Bits 5 to 0 - Sector number (not value checked)
(Al) - Number of sectors
(ES:BX) - Address of buffer
On Return:
CF = 1 - Status is non 0
= 0 - Status is 0
(AH) - Status of operation (see values for the status of
operation on page 2-59)
2-60 INT 13H - Fixed Disk
Notes:
1. An 11H error indicates the data read had a recoverable error
that was corrected by the ECC algorithm. The data may be
good; however, the BIOS routine indicates an error to allow
the controlling program to make this determination. The
error may not recur if the data is rewritten.
2. If an error is reported by the fixed disk BIOS, reset the disk
system, then retry the operation.
(AH) == 03H - Write Desired Sectors from Memory
(DL) - Drive number. bit 7 = 1 for fixed disk drive (a-based)
(DH) - Head number (a-based. not value checked)
(CH) - Cylinder number (low 8 bits of la-bit cylinder number.
a-based. not value checked)
(CL) - Bits 7. 6 - Cylinder number (high 2 bits of la-bit
cylinder number. a-based. not value checked)
- Bits 5 to a - Sector number (not value checked)
(AL) - Number of sectors
(ES:BX) - Address of buffer
On Return:
CF = 1 - Status is non a
= a - Status is a
(AH) - Status of operation (see values for the status of
operation on page 2-59)
Note: If an error is reported by the fixed disk BIOS, reset the
disk system, then retry the operation.
(AH) == 04H - Verify Desired Sectors
(DL) - Drive number. bit 7 = 1 for fixed disk drive (a-based)
(DH) - Head number (a-based. not value checked)
(CH) - Cylinder number (low 8 bits of la-bit cylinder number.
a-based. not value checked)
(CL) - Bits 7. 6 - Cylinder number (high 2 bits of la-bit
cylinder number. a-based. not value checked)
- Bits 5 to a - Sector number (not value checked)
(AL) - Number of sectors
INT 13H - Fixed Disk 2-61
On Return:
CF = 1 - Status is non 0
= 0 - Status is 0
(AH) - Status of operation (see values for the status of
operation on page 2-59)
Note: If an error is reported by the fixed disk BIOS, reset the
disk system, then retry the operation.
(AH) = 05H - Format Desired Cylinder
(Dl) - Drive number, bit 7 = 1 for fixed disk drive (0-based)
(DH) - Head number (0-based, not value checked)
(CH) - Cylinder number (low 8 bits of I0-bit cylinder number,
0-based, not value checked)
(Cl) - Bits 7, 6 - Cylinder number (high 2 bits of I0-bit
cylinder number, 0-based, not value checked)
For PC XT:
(Al) - Contains interleave value
On Return:
CF = 1 - Status is non 0
= 0 - Status is 0
(AH) - Status of operation (see values for the status of
operation on page 2-59)
For AT, PC XT Model 286, and Personal System/2 products:
(ES:BX) - Address of buffer
(ES:BX) points to a 5I2-byte buffer. The first
2 x (Sectors per cylinder) bytes contain F, N for each sector.
On Return:
F = 00H - Good sector
= 80H - Bad sector
N - Sector number
CF = 1 - Status is non 0
= 0 - Status is 0
(AH) - Status of operation (see values for the status of
operation on page 2-59)
2-62 INT 13H - Fixed Disk
For the IBM ESDI Fixed Disk Drive Adapter/A:
On Return:
(AH) - Status of operation = 01H - Invalid function request
CF = 1 - Error
Note: If an error is reported by the fixed disk BIOS, reset the
disk system, then retry the operation.
(AH) = 06H - Format Desired Cylinder and Set Bad Sector Flags
Warning: Formatting destroys all information on the fixed disk
drive.
For PC XT:
(Dl) - Drive number, bit 7 = 1 for fixed disk drive (0-based)
(DH) - Head number (0-based, not value checked)
(CH) - Cylinder number (low 8 bits of 10-bit cylinder number,
0-based, not value checked)
(Cl) - Bits 7, 6 - Cylinder number (high 2 bits of 10-bit
cylinder number, 0-based, not value checked)
(Al) - Interleave value
On Return:
CF = 1 - Status is non 0
= 0 - Status is 0
(AH) - Status of operation (see values for the status of
operation on page 2-59)
For AT, PC XT Model 286, Personal System/2 products, and the
IBM ESDI Fixed Disk Drive Adapter/A:
On Return:
(AH) - Status of operation = 01H - Invalid function request
CF = 1 - Error
Note: If an error is reported by the fixed disk BIOS, reset the
disk system, then retry the operation.
INT 13H - Fixed Disk 2-63
(AH) = 07H - Format Drive Starting at Desired Cylinder
For PC XT:
(Dl) - Drive number, bit 7 = 1 for fixed disk drive (0-0ased)
(CH) - Cylinder number (low 8 bits of 10-bit cylinder number,
0-based, not value checked)
(Cl) - Bits 7, 6 - Cylinder number (high 2 bits of 10-bit
cylinder number, 0-based, not value checked)
(Al) - Interleave value
On Return:
CF = 1 - Status is non 0
= 0 - Status is 0
(AH) - Status of operation (see values for the status of
operation on page 2-59)
For AT, PC XT Model 286, Personal System/2 products, and the
IBM ESDI Fixed Disk Drive Adapter/A:
On Return:
(AH) - Status of operation = 01H - Invalid function request
CF = 1 - Error
Note: If an error is reported by the fixed disk BIOS, reset the
disk system, then retry the operation.
(AH) = 08H - Read Drive Parameters
If the drive number is invalid then (AH) and 40:74 = 07H (last
fixed disk drive operation status), (CX) and (OX) = 0, and CF is
set. If no fixed disk drive is attached or no fixed disk drive
adapter is installed, (AH) and 40:41 = 01H (last diskette drive
operation status), and CF is set.
(Dl) - Drive number, bit 7 = 1 for fixed disk drive (0-based)
On Return:
(Dl) - Number of consecutive drives attached (I, 2; controller
card o tally only)
(DH) - Maximum value for head number (range 0-3FH)
(CH) - Maximum value for cylinder number (range 0-3FFFH)
(Cl) - Maximum value for sector and high order 2 bits of
cylinder numbers
2-64 INT 13H - Fixed Disk
(AH) = 09H - Initialize Drive Pair Characteristics
(DL) - Drive number, bit 7 = 1 for fixed disk drive (0-based)
On Return:
CF = 1 - Status is non 0
= 0 - Status is 0
(AH) - Status of operation (see values for the status of
operation on page 2-59)
For PC XT:
Interrupt 41H points to the parameter tables. Four entries in
the PC XT table correspond to the switch settings on the fixed
disk drive adapter. The switches act as an index into the
parameter table. For example, if both switches are set to the
On position, the drive is initialized with the first entry of the
parameter table. If the drive number is an allowable value
[80H (DL) 87H] then both drives 0 and 1 are initialized.
For all other values, an invalid command status is returned.
If drive 0 initialization fails, drive 1 initialization is not
attempted. If either attempt fails, 40:74 = 07H (last fixed disk
drive operation status) and (AH) are updated with the
appropriate error.
For AT, PC XT Model 286, and Personal System/2 products:
Interrupt 41H points to the single parameter table for drive 0,
and interrupt 46H points to the single parameter table for
drive 1. If (DL) = 80H, then drive 0 is initialized using
interrupt 41 H. If (DL) = 81 H, then drive 1 is initialized using
interrupt 46H. For all other values, an invalid command
status is returned.
For the IBM ESDI Fixed Disk Drive Adapter/A:
This function performs no action. Drive configuration
information is obtained from the drive, not from a table in the
host ROM. Drive type initialization is performed
automatically by the controller.
Note: If an error is reported by the fixed disk BIOS, reset the
disk system, then retry the operation.
INT 13H - Fixed Disk 2-65
(AH) = OAH to OBH - Reserved for Diagnostics
(AH) = OCH - Seek
(DL) - Drive number, bit 7 = 1 for fixed disk drive (0-based)
(DH) - Head number (0-based, not value checked)
(CH) - Cylinder number (low 8 bits of I0-bit cylinder number,
0-based, not value checked)
(Cl) - Bits 7, 6 - Cylinder number (high 2 bits of I0-bit
cylinder number, 0-based, not value checked)
On Return:
CF - 1 - Status is non 0
= 0 - Status is 0
(AH) - Jtatus of operation (see values for the status of
operation on page 2-59)
Note: If an error is reported by the fixed disk BIOS, reset the
disk system, then retry the operation.
(AH) = ODH - Alternate Disk Reset
Notes:
(DL) - Drive number, bit 7 = 1 for fixed disk drive (0-based)
On Return:
CF = 1 - Status is non 0
= 0 - Status is 0
(AH) - Status of operation (see values for the status of
operation on page 2-59)
1. Alternate Disk Reset is issued only if the 7-bit drive number is
less than or equal to the maximum number of fixed disk
drives.
2. For the IBM ESDI Fixed Disk Drive Adapter/A, (AH) = ODH is
reserved for diagnostics.
(AH) = OEH to OFH - Reserved for Diagnostics
(AH) = 10H - Test Drive Ready
(Dl) - Drive number, bit 7 = 1 for fixed disk drive (0-based)
2-66 INT 13H - Fixed Disk
On Return:
CF = 1 - Status is non 0
= 0 - Status is 0
(AH) - Status of operation (see values for the status of
operation on page 2-59)
(AH) = 11 H - Recalibrate
(OL) - Drive number. bit 7 = 1 for fixed disk drive (0-based)
On Return:
CF = 1 - Status is non 0
= 0 - Status is 0
(AH) - Status of operation (see values for the status of
operation on page 2-59)
Note: If an error is reported by the fixed disk BIOS, reset the
disk system, then retry the operation.
(AH) = 12H to 14H - Reserved for Diagnostics
(AH) = 15H - Read DASD Type
For PC XT:
On Return:
(AH) - Status of operation = 01H - Invalid function request
CF = 1 - Error
For AT, PC XT Model 286, and Personal System/2 products:
(OL) - Drive number. bit 7 = 1 for fixed disk drive (0-based)
On Return:
(AH) = 00H - Drive not present or (OL) invalid
= 01H - Reserved for diskette interface
= 02H - Reserved for diskette interface
= 03H - Fixed disk
(CX.OX) - Number of 512-byte blocks
If (AH) = 0 then (CX) and (OX) = 0
CF = 0 - Operation successfully completed
INT 13H - Fixed Disk 2-67
(AH) = 16H to 18H - Reserved for DiskeHe
(AH) = 19H - Park Heads
For PC XT, AT, and PC XT Model 286:
On Return:
(AH) - Status of operation = 01H - invalid function request
CF = 1 - Error
For Personal System!2 products:
(Dl) - Drive number, bit 7 = 1 for fixed disk drive (0-based)
On Return:
(AH) - Status of operation (see values for the status of
operation on page 2-59)
CF = 1 - Error
(AH) = 1 AH - Format Unit
For the IBM ESDI Fixed Disk Drive Adapter! A:
Warning: Formatting destroys all information on the fixed disk
drive.
This command may take more than an hour to complete.
(AH) = lAH - Format fixed disk drive
(Al) - Relative block address (RBA) defect table block count
= 0 - No RBA table associated with this format request
> 0 - RBA table used
(ES:BX) - Address of RBA table
(Cl) - Modifier bits
Bits 7, 6, 5 - Must be 0
Bit 4 - Periodic interrupt. The controller interrupts the
host for every cylinder completed during each phase
of the formatting operation. This feature allows
the host to display formatting progress. The phase
is defined as follows:
2-68 INT ~ H - Fixed Disk
o - Reserved
1 - Surface analysis
2 - Formatting
An INT 15H (AH) = 0FH. (AL) = Phase Code is executed
by BIOS. The return must clear CF to allow
formatting to continue. Set CF to end formatting.
The host must keep a running count of interrupts
for each phase. This running count is the cylinder
number. The host may display formatting progress
in granularities other than 1. although interrupts
occur for every cylinder.
Bit 3 - Perform extended surface analysis. (A format with this
bit set to 0 must have occurred before attempting to
format with this bit set.)
Bit 2 - Update secondary defect map. This map is updated to
reflect defects found during surface analysis and
those passed with the format command. If this bit
is set with bit 1. the secondary defect map is
replaced.
Bit 1 - Ignore secondary defect map. The secondary defect
map is not processed.
Bit 0 - Ignore primary defect map. The primary defect map
is not processed.
(DL) - Drive number. bit 7 = 1 for fixed disk drive (0-based)
For all others this function is reserved.
(AH) = 1 BH to FFH - Reserved
INT 13H - Fixed 6 9
~
Interrupt 14H - Asynchronous Communications
These routines provide RS-232-C support. The following is a
summary of the RS-232-C support functions of Interrupt 14H:
(AH) = OOH - Initialize the Communications Port
(AH) = 01H - Send Character
(AH) = 02H - Receive Character
(AH) = 03H - Read Status
(AH) = 04H - Extended Initialize
(AH) = OSH - Extended Communications Port Control
(AH) = 06H to FFH - Reserved
Figure 2-8. INT 14H - Asynchronous Communications Functions
(AH) = OOH - Initialize the Communications Port
(AL) - Parameters for initialization
Bits 7. 6. 5 - Baud rate (values are binary)
= 000 - 110
= 001 - 150
= 010 - 300
= 011 - 600
= 100 - 1200
= 101 - 2400
= 110 - 4800
= 111 - 9600
On Personal System/2 products. for baud rates above
9600. see INT 14H. (AH) = 04H and (AH) = 05H.
Bits 4. 3 - Parity (values are binary)
= 00 - None
= 01 - Odd
= 10 - None
= 11 - Even
Bit 2 - Stop bit
= 0 - 1
= 1 - 2
Bits 1. 0 - Word length (values are binary)
= 10 - 7 Bits
= 11 - 8 Bits
(OX) - RS-232-C Communications line to use (0.1.2.3) corresponding
to actual port base address at 40:00
2-70 INT 14H - Asynchronous Communications
On Return:
(AL) - Modem status
Bit 7 - Received line signal detect
Bit 6 - Ring indicator
Bit 5 - Data set ready
Bit 4 - Clear to send
Bit 3 - Delta receive line signal detect
Bit 2 - Trailing edge ring detector
Bit 1 - Delta data set ready
Bit 0 - Delta clear to send
(AH) - Line status
Bit 7 - Time-out
Bit 6 - Transmitter shift register empty
Bit 5 - Transmitter holding register empty
Bit 4 - Break detect
Bit 3 - Framing error
Bit 2 - Parity error
Bit 1 - Overrun error
Bit 0 - Data ready
Note: If bit 7 of the line status byte is set to one, other bits are
unpredictable.
(AH) = 01 H - Send Character
(AL) - Character to send
(OX) - RS-232-C communications line to use (0,1,2,3) corresponding
to actual port base addresses at 40:00
On Return:
(AL) is preserved
(AH) - Line status (see values for the line status on page 2-71)
(AH) = 02H - Receive Character
(OX) - RS-232-C communications line to use (0,1,2,3) corresponding
to actual port base addresses at 40:00
On Return:
(AL) - Character received
(AH) - Line status (see values for the line status on page 2-71)
Note: The routine waits for the character.
INT 14H - Asynchronous Communications 2-71
(AH) = 03H - Read Status
(OX) - RS-232-C communications line to use (0.1.2.3) corresponding
to actual port base addresses at 40:00
On Return:
(Al) - Modem status (see values for the modem status on page 2-71)
(AH) - line status (see values for the line status on page 2-71)
(AH) = 04H - Extended Initialize
For Personal System/2 products:
(DX) - R5232-C communications line to use (0.1.2.3) corresponding
to actual port base addresses at 40:00
(Al) - Break
= 00H - No break
= 01H - Break
(BH) - Parity
= 00H - None
= 01H - Odd
= 02H - Even
= 03H - Stick parity odd
= 04H - Stick parity even
(Bl) - Stop bit
= 00H - One
= 01H - Two if 6-. 7-. or 8-bit word length
- One-and-one-half if 5-bit word length
(CH) - Word length
= 00H - 5 bits
= 01H - 6 bits
= 02H - 7 bits
= 03H - 8 bits
(Cl) - Baud rate
= 00H - 110 baud
= 01H - 150 baud
= 02H - 300 baud
= 03H - 600 baud
= 04H - 1200 baud
= 05H - 2400 baud
= 06H - 4800 baud
= 07H - 9600 baud
= 08H - 19200 baud
2-72 INT 14H - Asynchronous Communications
On Return:
(AL) - Modem status (see values for the modem status on page 2-71)
(AH) - Line status (see values for the line status on page 2-71)
For all others no action is performed.
(AH) = 05H - Extended Communications Port Control
For Personal System/2 products:
(AL) = 00H - Read modem control register
(OX) - RS-232-C communications line to use (0,1,2,3)
corresponding to actual port base addresses at 40:00
On Return:
(BL) - Modem control register
Bit 7 to 5 - Reserved
Bit 4 = 1 - Loop
Bit 3 = 1 - Out2
Bit 2 = 1 - Out1
Bit 1 = 1 - Request to send
Bit 0 = 1 - Data terminal ready
(AL) = 01H - Write modem control register
(OX) - RS-232-C communications line to use (0,1,2,3)
corresponding to actual port base addresses at 40:00
On Return:
(BL) - Modem control register
Bit 7 to 5 - Reserved
Bit 4 = 1 - Loop
Bit 3 = 1 - Out2
Bit 2 = 1 - Out1
Bit 1 = - Request to send
Bit 0 = - Data terminal ready
On Return:
(AL) - Modem status (see values for the modem status on page 2-71)
(AH) - Line status (see values for the line status on page 2-71)
For all others no action is performed.
(AH) = 06H to FFH - Reserved
INT 14H - Asynchronous Communications 2-73
Interrupt 15H - System Services
The following is a summary of the system services of Interrupt 15H:
(AH) = OOH - Turn Cassette Motor On
(AH) = 01 H - Turn Cassette Motor Off
(AH) = 02H - Read Blocks from Cassette
(AH) = 03H - Write Blocks to Cassette
(AH) = 04H to OEH - Reserved
(AH) = OFH - Format Unit Periodic Interrupt
(AH) = 10H to 20H - Reserved
(AH) = 21H - Power-On Self-Test Error Log
(AH) = 22H to 3FH - Reserved
(AH) = 40H - Read/Modify Profiles
(AH) = 41 H - Wait for External Event
(AH) = 42H - Request System Power-Off
(AH) = 43H - Read System Status
(AH) = 44H - Activate/Deactivate Internal Modem Power
(AH) = 45H to 4EH - Reserved
(AH) = 4FH - Keyboard Intercept
(AH) = SOH to 7FH - Reserved
(AH) = 80H - Device Open
(AH) = 81H - Device Close
(AH) = 82H - Program Termination
(AH) = 83H - Event Wait
(AH) = 84H - Joystick Support
(A H) = 8SH - System Request Key Pressed
(AH) = 86H - Wait
(AH) = 87H - Move Block
(AH) = 88H - Extended Memory Size Determine
(AH) = 89H - Switch Processor to Protected Mode
(AH) = 8AH to 8FH - Reserved
(AH) = 90H - Device Busy
(AH) = 91H - Interrupt Complete
(AH) = 92H to BFH - Reserved
(AH) = COH - Return System Configuration Parameters
(AH) = C1H - Return Extended BIOS Data Area Segment Address
(AH) = C2H - Pointing Device BIOS Interface
(AH) = C3H - Enable/Disable Watchdog Time-Out
(AH) = C4H - Programmable Option Select
(AH) = CSH to FFH - Reserved
Figure 2-9. INT 15H - System Services Functions
(AH) = OOH - Turn Cassette Motor On
For PCjr and PC:
On Return:
(AH) = 00H
CF = 0
2-74 INT 15H - System Services
For all others:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
(AH) = 01 H - Turn Cassette Motor Off
For PCjr and pc:
On Return:
(AH) = (:)(:)H
CF = (:)
For all others:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
(AH) = 02H - Read Blocks from Cassette
For PCjr and PC:
(ES:BX) - Pointer to data buffer
(CX) - Count of bytes to read
On Return:
(ES:BX) - Pointer to last byte read + 1
(DX) - Count of bytes read
CF = (:) - No error
= 1 - Error
For PCjr when CF = 1, (AH) contains:
(:)1H = CRC error
For all others:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
02H = Lost data transitions
(:)4H = No data found
INT 15H - System Services 2-75
(AH) = 03H - Write Blocks to Cassette
For PCjr and PC:
(ES:BX) - Pointer to data buffer
(CX) - Count of bytes to write
On Return:
(ES:BX) - Pointer to last byte written + 1
(CX) = 00H
CF = 0 - No error
= 1 - Error
For PCjr when CF = 1. (AH) contains:
01H = CRC error
For all others:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
02H = Lost data transitions
04H = No data found
(AH) = 04H to OEH - Reserved
(AH) = OFH - Format Unit Periodic Interrupt
For the IBM ESDI Fixed Disk Drive Adapter/A:
(AL) - Phase code
= 00H - Reserved
= 01H - Surface analysis
= 02H - Formatting
On Return:
CF = 0 - Continue formatting or scanning
= 1 - End formatting or scanning
Note: Function (AH) = OFH provides a hook to the caller upon
completion of formatting or scanning each cylinder. If no
,handler is hooked, CF is set to 1 on return.
2-76 INT 15H- System Services
For PCjr and PC:
On Return:
(AH) = 80H
CF = 1
For all others:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
(AH) = 10H to 20H - Reserved
(AH) = 21 H - Power-On SeH-Test Error Log
For PCjr and PC:
On Return:
(AH) = 80H
CF = 1
For Personal System/2 products except Model 30:
(Al) = 00H - Read POST error log
On Return:
(ES:DI) - Pointer to POST error log
(BX) - Number of POST error codes stored
CF = 0
(AH) = 000
(Al) = 01H - Write error code to POST error log
(BX) - POST error code (word)
(BH) - Device code
(Bl) - Device error
On Return:
CF = 0 - Successfully stored
= 1 - Error code location full
(AH) = 00H - Successfully stored
= 01H - Error code location full
tNT 15H - System Services ~ 7 7
For all others:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
(AH) = 22H to 3FH - Reserved
(AH) = 40H - Read/Modify Profiles
For PCjr and PC:
On Return:
(AH) = 80H
CF = 1
For PC Convertible:
(AL) = 00H - Read system profile
On Return:
(CX.BX) - Profile information
(AL) = 01H - Modify system profile
(CX.BX) - Profile information
(AL) = 02H - Read internal modem profile
On Return:
(BX) - Profile information
(AL) = 03H - Modify internal modem profile
(BX) - Profile information
On Return for all:
(AL) = 00H - Operation successfully completed
= 80H - Profile execution failed
CF = 0 - Operation successfully completed
= 1 - Profile execution failed
2-78 INT 15H - System Services
For all others:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
(AH) = 41 H - Wait for External Event
For PCjr and PC:
On Return:
(AH) = 80H
CF = 1
For PC Convertible:
(ES:Ol) - Pointer to byte in user area for event
determination (event type codes 01H to 04H)
-or-
- (OX) contains the address of the I/O port address
to read for event determination
(AL) - Event type code
= 00H - Return after any event has occurred
= 01H - Compare value. return if equal
= 02H - Compare value. return if not equal
= 03H - Test bit. return if not 0
= 04H - Test bit. return if 0
(BH) - Condition compare or mask value
(BL) - Time-out value (in 55 millisecond units). 0 = No time-out
On Return:
CF = 1 - Time-out
Note: Event type codes (AH) = 11H, 12H, 13H, and 14H are the
same as codes (AH) = 01 H, 02H, 03H, and 04H,
respectively, except that (OX) is used to contai n the event
determination address.
INT 15H - System Services 2-79
For all others:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
(AH) = 42H - Request System Power-Off
For PCjr and PC:
On Return:
(AH) = 80H
CF = 1
For PC Convertible:
(AL) = 00H - Use system profile for
suspendjIPL determination
(AL) = 01H - Force system suspend mode
regardless of profile
On Return:
(AX) is modified
For all others:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
(AH) = 43H - Read System Status
For PCjr and PC:
On Return:
(AH) = 80H.
CF = 1
2-80 INT 15H - System Services
For PC Convertible:
On Return:
(AL) - Status
Bit 7 - Low battery indication
Bit 6 - Operating on external power source
Bit 5 - Standby power lost (real-time clock time bad)
Bit 4 - Power activated by real-time clock alarm
Bit 3 - Internal modem power-on
Bit 2 - RS-232-C/parallel power-on
Bit 1 - Reserved
Bit 0 - LCD detached
(AH) is modified
For all others:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
(AH) = 44H - Activate/Deactivate Internal Modem Power
For PCjr and PC:
On Return:
(AH) = 80H
CF = 1
For PC Convertible:
(AL) = 00H - Power-off internal modem
(AL) = 01H - Power-on internal modem and configure according
to system profile
On Return:
(AL) = 00H - Operation successfully completed
= 80H - Request failed
CF = 0 - Operation successfully completed
= 1 - Request failed
For all others:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
INT 15H - System Services 2-81
(AH) = 45H to 4EH - Reserved
(AH) = 4FH - Keyboard Intercept
For PCjr and PC:
On Return:
(AH) = 80H
CF = 1
For PC XT BIOS dated 11/08/82, and AT BIOS dated 1110184:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF '" 1
For all others, the keyboard intercept (keyboard escape), is called
by the INT 09H (keyboard) routine to allow the keystroke to be
changed or absorbed. Normally, the system returns the scan
code unchanged, but the operating system can point INT 15H to
itself and do one of the following:
1. Replace (AL) with a different scan code and return with the
carry flag set, effectively changing the keystroke.
2. Process the keystroke and return with the carry flag reset
causing the INT 09H routine to ignore the keystroke.
(Al) - Scan code
CF = 1
On Return:
(Al) - New scan code
CF = 1
-or-
(Al) - Unchanged scan code
CF = 0
Note: To dynamically determine the products that support this
feature, see INT 15H, (AH) = COH (Return System
Configuration Parameters) on page 2-94.
(AH) = 50H to 7FH - Reserved
2-82 INT 15H - System Services
(AH) = 80H - Device Open
For PCjr and PC:
On Return:
(AH) = 80H
CF = 1
For PC XT BIOS dated 11/08/82:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
For all others:
(BX) - Device 1D
(CX) - Process 1D
(AH) = 81 H - Device Close
For PCjr and pc:
On Return:
(AH) = 80H
CF = 1
For PC XT BIOS dated 11/08/82:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
For all others:
(BX) - Device 1D
(eX) - Process 1D
tNT 15H - System Services 2-83
(AH) = 82H - Program Termination
For PCjr and PC:
On Return:
(AH) = 80H
CF = 1
For PC XT BIOS dated 11/08/82:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
For all others:
(BX) - Device 1D
(AH) = 83H - Event Wait
For PCjr and PC:
On Return:
(AH) = 80H
CF = 1
For PC XT:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
For AT BIOS dated 1/10/84:
(ES:BX) - Pointer to byte in caller's memory that has
the high order bit set as soon as possible after
interval expires.
(CX.DX) - Microseconds until posting
(Granularity is 976 microseconds)
On Return:
CF = 0 - Operation successfully completed
= 1 - Operation unsuccessful. function busy
2-84 tNT 15H - System Services
For all others:
(AL) = 00H - Set interval
(ES:BX) - Pointer to byte in caller's memory that has
the high order bit set as soon as possible after
interval expires.
(CX,OX) - Microseconds until posting
(Granularity is 976 microseconds)
On Return:
CF = 0 - Operation successfully completed
= 1 - Operation unsuccessful, function busy
(AL) = 01H - Cancel set interval
On Return:
CF = 0 - Operation successfully completed
= 1 - Operation unsuccessful, function busy
(Personal System/2 Model 30 always returns with CF = 1)
(AH) = 84H - Joystick Support
For PCjr, PC, and PC Convertible:
On Return:
(AH) = 80H
CF = 1
For PC XT BIOS dated 11/08/82:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
For all others:
(OX) = 00H - Read current switch settings
On Return:
(AL) - Switch settings (bits 7 to 4)
CF = 1 - Invalid call
(OX) = 01H - Read resistive inputs
INT 15H - System Services 2-85
On Return:
(AX) - A{x) value
(BX) - A{y) value
(CX) - B{x) value
(DX) - B{y) value
CF = 1 - Invalid call
(AH) = 8SH - System Request Key Pressed
For PCjr and PC:
On Return:
(AH) = 80H
CF = 1
For PC XT BIOS dated 11/08/82:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
For all others:
(AL) = 00H - Key make
(AL) = 01H - Key break
(AH) = 86H - Wait
For PCjr and PC:
On Return:
(AH) = 80H
CF = 1
For PC XT:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
2-86 INT 15H - System Services
For all others:
(CX,DX) - Time before return to caller, in microseconds
(Granularity is 976 microseconds)
CF = 0 - Successful wait
= 1 - Wait function already in progress
(AH) = 87H Move Block
For PCjr and PC:
On Return:
(AH) = 80H
CF = 1
For PC XT, PC Convertible, and Personal System/2 Model 30:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
For AT, PC XT Model 286, and Personal System/2 products except
Model 30, this function allows a real mode program or system to
transfer a block of data to and from storage above the 1 Mb
protected mode address range by switching to the protected
mode.
(AH) = 87H - Block move.
(CX) - Word count of storage block to be moved.
[maximum count = 8000H for 32Kb words (65Kb)J
(ES:SI) - Location of a global descriptor table (GDT)
built by routine using this function.
(ES:SI) points to a global descriptor table (GOT) built before
interrupting to this function. The descriptors are used to perform
the block move in the protected mode. The source and target
descriptors built by the user must have a segment length = 2 x
CX-1 or greater. The data access rights byte must be set to
CPLO-R/W (93H). The 24-bit address (byte high, word low) must
be set to the target/source.
Note: No interrupts are allowed during transfer. Large block
moves may cause lost interrupts.
INT 15H - System Services 287
On Return:
(AH) = 00H - Operation successfully completed
(AH) = 01H - RAM parity (parity error registers cleared)
(AH) = 02H - Other exception interrupt error occurred
(AH) = 03H - Gate address line 20H failed
All registers are restored except (AH)
If (AH) = 00H:
CF = 0
ZF = 1
If (AH) = 01H to 03H:
CF = 1
ZF = 0
The following shows the organization of a block move GOT:
(ES:SI) ---.. + 00
J
Dummy
+08
GDT
r--
Location
+10
Source
GDT
+18
Target
GDT
+20
BIOS
CS
+28
SS
Figure 2-10. Block Move Global Descriptor Table
The descriptors are defined as follows:
The first is the required dummy and is user initialized to O.
The second points to the GOT as a data segment. It is user
initialized to 0 and can be modified by the BIOS.
The third points to the source to be moved and is user
initialized.
2-88 INT 15H - System Services
The fourth pOints to the destination segment and is user
initialized.
The fifth is used by the BIOS to create the protected mode
code segment. It is user initialized to 0 and can be modified
by the BIOS.
The sixth is used by the BIOS to create a protected mode
stack segment. It is user initialized to 0, can be modified by
the BIOS, and points to the user stack.
The following is a sample of a source or target descriptor:
SOURCE_TARGET_DEF STRUC
SEG_LIMIT OW
LO_WORD DW
HI_BYTE DB
DATA_ACC_RIGHTS DB
Reserved DW
? ; Segment limit (1 to 65536 bytes)
; 24-bit segment physical
? address [0 to (16Mb-I)]
93H ; Access rights byte (CPL0-R/W)
o ; Reserved word (must be 0)
SOURCE_TARGET_DEF ENDS
The global descriptor table [actual location pointed to by (ES:SI)]
BLOCKMOVE_GDT_DEF STRUC
DW 0.0.0.0 ; First descriptor not accessible
CGDT_LOC OW 7.??0 ; Location of calling routine GOT
SOURCE OW 7.7.?0 ; Source descriptor
TARGET OW ???0 ; Target descriptor
BIOS_CS OW 7.7.7.0 ; BIOS code descriptor
TEMP_SS OW ???0 ; Stack descriptor
BLOCKMOVE_GDT_OEF ENOS
(AH) = 88H - Extended Memory Size Determine
For PCjr and pc:
On Return:
(AH) = 80H
CF = 1
For PC XT, PC Convertible, and Personal System/2 Model 30:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
INT 15H - System Services 2-89
For AT, PC XT Model 286, and Personal System/2 products except
Model 30, this routine returns the amount of system memory
beginning at address 100000H, as determined by the POST. The
system may not be able to use I/O memory unless the system
board is fully populated.
On Return:
(AX) - Contiguous lKb blocks of memory available beginning
at address 100000H
(AH) = 89H - Switch Processor to Protected Mode
For PCjr and PC:
On Return:
(AH) = 80H
CF = 1
For PC XT, PC Convertible, and Personal System/2 Model 30:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
For AT, PC XT Model 286, and Personal System/2 products except
Model 30, this function allows the user to switch into protected
(virtual address) mode. Upon completion, the processor is in the
protected mode and control is transferred to the code segment
specified by the user.
Entry requirements:
(ES:SI) points to a GOT built before calling this function.
These descriptors initialize the interrupt descriptor table (lOT)
register, the GOT register, and the stack segment (SS)
selector. The data segment (OS) selector and the extra
segment (ES) selector are initialized from descriptors built by
the routine using this function.
(BH) contains an index into the interrupt descriptor table that
states where the first eight hardware interrupts begin
(interrupt level 1). (BL) contains an index into the interrupt
descriptor table that states where the second eight hardware
interrupts begin (interrupt level 2).
2-90 INT 15H - System Services
The following shows the organization of a GOT; actual location
pointed to by (ES:SI):
E S : S I ) ~ +00

Dummy
+08
GDT
-
+10
lOT
+18
OS
+20
ES
+28
SS
+30
CS
+38
Temporary BIOS
CS
Figure 2-11. Global Descriptor Table
Each descriptor must contain the limit, the base address, and the
access rights byte. The descriptors are defined as follows:
The first is the required dummy and is user initialized to O.
The second points to the GOT as a data segment and is user
initialized.
The third points to the user-defined interrupt descriptor table
and is user initialized.
The fourth paints to the user data segment (OS) and is user
initialized.
The fifth points to the user extra segment (ES) and is user
initialized.
The sixth points to the user stack segment (SS) and is user
initialized.
INT 15H - System Services 2-91
The seventh pOints to the code segment that this function
returns to the user, initialized to the user code segment.
The eighth is used to establish a code segment for itself. This
is necessary for this function to complete its operation while
in the protected mode. When control is passed to the user
code, this descriptor can be reused.
(AH) = 89H
(ES:SI) - Location of GOT built by routine using this
function.
On Return:
(AH) = 00H - Operation successfully completed
All segment registers are changed, (AX) and (BP) are modified.
Considerations:
1. BIOS functions are not available to the user. The user must
handle all lID commands.
2. Interrupt vector locations must be moved, due to the 80286
reserved areas.
3. The hardware interrupt controllers must be reinitialized to
define locations that do not reside in the 80286 reserved
areas.
4. An exception interrupt table and handler must be initialized
by the user.
5. The interrupt descriptor table cannot overlap the real mode
BIOS interrupt descriptor table.
The following is an example of a way to call the protected (virtual
address) mode:
- User code -
MOV AX, GOT SEGMENT
MOV ES,AX
MOV SI,GOT OFFSET
MOV BH,HAROWARE INT LEVEL 1 OFFSET
MOV BL,HAROWARE INT LEVEL 2 OFFSET
MOV AH,89H
INT 15H
- User code -
(Protected mode established)
2-92 INT 15H - System Services
(AH) = 8AH to 8FH - Reserved
(AH) = 90H - Device Busy
For PCjr and PC:
On Return:
(AH) = 80H
CF = 1
For PC XT BIOS dated 11/08/82:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
For all others, this function is called to tell the operating system
that the system is about to wait for a device.
The type code assignments for (AH) = 90H and 91 H use the
following general guidelines:
OOH to 7FH: Serially reusable devices (operating system must
serialize access).
80H to BFH: Reentrant devices; (ES:BX) is used to distinguish
different calls (multiple 1/0 calls are allowed
si m ultaneously).
COH to FFH: Wait only calls; there is no complementary Post for
these waits. These are time-out only. Times are
function number dependent.
(AL) - Type code
= 00H - Disk (time-out)
= 01H - Diskette (time-out)
= 02H - Keyboard (no time-out)
= 03H - Pointing device (time-out)
= 80H - Network (no time-out)
(ES:BX) = Network control block (NCB)
= FCH - Fixed disk reset for Personal System/2 products only
(time-out)
= FDH - Diskette drive motor start (time-out)
= FEH - Printer (time-out)
INT 15H - System Services 2-93
On Return:
CF = 0 - Wait not satisfied
= 1 - Minimum wait time satisfied for
this type code
(AH) = 91 H - Interrupt Complete
For PCjr and PC:
On Return:
(AH) = 80H
CF = 1
For PC XT BIOS dated 11/08/82:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
For all others the interrupt complete flag is set to tell the
operating system that the interrupt has occurred.
(AL) - Type code [see (AH) = 90H (Device Busy)]
(AH) = 92H to BFH - Reserved
(AH) = COH - Return System Configuration Parameters
For PCjr and PC:
On Return:
(AH) = 80H
CF = 1
For PC XT BIOS dated 11/08/82 and AT BIOS dated 1/10/84:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
2-94 INT 15H - System Services
For AT BIOS dated 6/10/85 and after, PC XT BIOS dated 1/10/86
and after, PC XT Model 286, PC Convertible, and Personal
System/2 products:
(AH) = C0H
On Return:
(ES:BX) - Pointer to system descriptor vector in ROM
(AH) = 0
CF = 0
System Descriptor:
DW XXXX
DB xx
DB xx
DB xx
DB xx
Byte count of data that follows;
minimum length = 8
Model byte
See "System Identification" on page 4-18
Submodel byte
See "System Identification" on page 4-18
BIOS revision level
See "System Identification" on page 4-18
00 = First release
Revision level is increased by one
for each subsequent release of code
Feature information byte 1
Bit 7 = 1 - Fixed disk BIOS uses
DMA channel 3
= 0 - DMA channel 3 not used by
fixed disk BIOS or channel 3
usage cannot be determined
Bit 6 = 1 - 2nd interrupt chip present
= 0 - 2nd interrupt chip not present
Bit 5 = 1 - Real-time clock present
= 0 - Real-time clock not present
INT 15H - System Services 2-95
DB xx
DB xx
DB xx
DB xx
Bit 4 = 1 - Keyboard intercept sequence
(INT 15H) called in keyboard
interrupt (INT 09H)
= 0 - Keyboard intercept sequence not
ca 11 ed
Bit 3 = 1 - Wait for external event
supported
= 0 - Wait for external event not
supported
Bit 2 = 1 - Extended BIOS data area is
allocated
= 0 - Extended BIOS data area is
not allocated
Bit 1 = 1 - Micro Channel implemented
= 0 - PC type 1/0 channel implemented
Bit 0 - Reserved
Feature information byte 2 - Reserved
Feature information byte 3 - Reserved
Feature information byte 4 - Reserved
Feature information byte 5 - Reserved
Note: For Personal System/2 products except Model 30, if the
system model cannot be determined, (AH) = 86H, CF =
1, and (ES:BX) is not changed.
(AH) = C1 H - Return Extended BIOS Data Area Segment Address
For PCjr and PC:
On Return:
(AH) = 80H
CF = 1
2-96 INT 15H - System Services
For PC XT, AT, PC XT Model 286, and PC Convertible:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
For all others:
On Return:
(ES) - Extended BIOS data area segment address
CF = 0 - No error
= 1 - Error
(AH) = C2H - Pointing Device BIOS Interface
For PCjr and PC:
On Return:
(AH) = 80H
CF = 1
For PC XT, AT, PC XT Model 286, and PC Convertible:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
For all others:
(AL) = 00H - Enable/disable pointing device
(BH) = 00H - Disable
= 01H - Enable
On Return:
CF = 0 - Operation successfully completed
CF = 1 - Operation unsuccessful
(AH) - Status
= 00H - No error
= 01H - Invalid function call
= 02H - Invalid input
= 03H - Interface error
= 04H - Resend
= 0SH - No far call installed
INT 15H - System Services 2-97
(Al) = 01H - Reset pointing device
On Return:
See Return for (Al) = 00H on page 2-97
If the operation successfully completed:
(BH) - Device ID
= 00H
The pointing device state is as follows:
-Disabled
-Sample rate at 100 reports per second
-Resolution at 4 counts per millimeter
-Scaling at 1 to 1
-Data package size remains the same as before this
function was called
(Bl) is modified on return
(Al) = 02H - Set sample rate
(BH) - Sample rate value
On Return:
= 00H - 10 reports per second
= 01H - 20 reports per second
= 02H - 40 reports per second
= 03H - 60 reports per second
= 04H - 80 reports per second
= 0SH - 100 reports per second
= 06H - 200 reports per second
See Return for (Al) = 00H on page 2-97
(Al) = 03H - Set resolution
(BH) - Resolution value
On Return:
= 00H - 1 count per millimeter
= 01H - 2 counts per millimeter
= 02H - 4 counts per millimeter
= 03H - 8 counts per millimeter
See Return for (Al) = 00H on page 2-97
(Al) = 04H - Read device type
2-98 INT 15H - System Services
On Return:
See Return for (AL) = 00H on page 2-97
If the operation successfully completed:
(BH) - Devi ce ID
= 00H
(AL) = 0SH - Pointing device interface initialization
(BH) - Data package size
= 00H - Reserved
= 01H - 1 byte
= 02H - 2 bytes
= 03H - 3 bytes
= 04H - 4 bytes
= 0SH - 5 bytes
= 06H - 6 bytes
= 07H - 7 bytes
= 08H - 8 bytes
On Return:
See Return for (AL) = 00H on page 2-97
The pointing device state is as follows:
-Disabled
-Sample rate at 100 reports per second
-Resolution at 4 counts per millimeter
-Scaling at 1 to 1
(AL) = 06H - Extended commands
(BH) = 00H - Return status
On Return:
See Return for (AL) = 00H on page 2-97
If the operation successfully completed:
(BL) - Status byte 1
Bit 7 = 0 - Reserved
Bit 6 = 0 - Stream mode
= 1 - Remote mode
Bit 5 = 0 - Disable
= 1 - Enable
Bit 4 = 0 - 1:1 scaling
= 1 - 2:1 scaling
Bit 3 = 0 - Reserved
Bit 2 = 1 - Left button pressed
Bit 1 = 0 - Reserved
Bit 0 = 1 - Right button pressed
INT 15H - System Services 2-99
On Return:
(Cl) - Status byte 2
= 00H - 1 count per millimeter
= 01H - 2 counts per millimeter
= 02H - 4 counts per millimeter
= 03H - 8 counts per millimeter
(DL) - Status byte 3
= 0AH - 10 reports per second
= 14H - 20 reports per second
= 28H - 40 reports per second
= 3CH - 60 reports per second
= 50H - 80 reports per second
= 64H - 100 reports per second
= C8H - 200 reports per second
(BH) = 01H - Set scaling to 1:1
See Return for (Al) = 00H on page 2-97
(BH) = 02H - Set scaling to 2:1
On Return:
See Return for (Al) = 00H on page 2-97
(Al) = 07H - Device driver far call initialization
(ES) - Segment
(BX) - Offset
On Return:
See Return for (Al) = 00H on page 2-97
The user codes a routine to receive control upon pointing device
data availability. The device driver far call initialization
communicates the address of this routine to the BIOS. Each time
the pointing device data is available, the pointing device interrupt
handler calls the user routine, with the following parameters on
the stack:
Status - First word pushed on the stack
X data - Second word pushed on the stack
Y data - Third word pushed on the stack
Z data - Fourth word pushed on the stack
2-100 INT 15H - System Services
Word 1 on stack:
Low byte - Status
Bit 7 - Y data overflow
= 1 - Overflow
Bit 6 - X data overflow
= 1 - Overfl ow
Bit 5 - Y data sign
= 1 - Negative
Bit 4 - X data sign
= 1 - Negative
Bit 3 - Reserved (must be 1)
Bit 2 - Reserved (must be 0)
Bit 1 - Right button status
= 1 - Pressed
Bit 0 - Left button status
= 1 - Pressed
High byte = 0
Word 2 on stack:
Low byte - X data
Bit 7 = Most significant bit
Bit 0 - Least significant bit
High byte = 0
Word 3 on stack:
Low byte - Y data
Bit 7 = Most significant bit
Bit 0 - Least significant bit
High byte = 0
Word 4 on stack:
High byte = 0
Low byte = 0
The pointing device interrupt handler uses a far call to transfer
control to the user routine. This routine should be coded as a far
procedure and should not pop the parameters off the stack before
returning.
!NT 15H - System Services 2-101
(AH) = C3H - Enable/Disable Watchdog Time-Out
For PCjr and PC:
On Return:
(AH) = 80H
CF = 1
For PC XT, AT, PC XT Model 286, PC Convertible, and Personal
System/2 Model 30:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
For Personal System/2 products except Model 30:
(AL) = 00H - Disable watchdog time-out
= 01H - Enable watchdog time-out
(BX) - Watchdog timer count
(1 to 255 is valid for Personal System/2products)
On Return:
CF = 0 Operation successfully completed
= 1 - Operation unsuccessful
(AH) == C4H - Programmable Option Select (POS)
For PCjr and PC:
On Return:
(AH) = 80H
CF = 1
For PC XT, AT, PC XT Model 286, PC Convertible, and Personal
System/2 Model 30:
On Return:
(AH) = 86H
CF = 1
2-102 INT 15H - System Services
For Personal System/2 products except Model 30:
(AL) = 00H - Return base POS adapter register address
On Return:
(AL) = 00H
(OX) - Base POS adapter register address
(AL) = 01H - Enable slot for setup
(BL) - Slot number
On Return:
(AL) = 01H
(BL) - Slot number
(AL) = 02H - Adapter enable
On Return:
(AL) = 02H
On Return for all:
CF = 0 - Operation successfully completed
= 1 - Request failed
(AH) = C5H to FFH - Reserved
INT 15H - System Services 2-103
Interrupt 16H - Keyboard
These routines provide keyboard support. The following is a
summary of the keyboard functions of Interrupt 16H:
(AH) = OOH - Keyboard Read
(AH) = 01H - Keystroke Status
(AH) = 02H - Shift Status
(A H) = 03H - Set Typematic Rate
(A H) = 04H - Keyboard Click Adjustment
(AH) = OSH - Keyboard Write
(AH) = 06H to OFH - Reserved
(AH) = 10H - Extended Keyboard Read
(AH) = 11H - Extended Keystroke Status
(AH) = 12H - Extended Shift Status
(AH) = 13H to FFH - Reserved
Figure 2-12. INT 16H - Keyboard Functions
The extended functions, (AH) = 10H, 11H, and 12H, have been added
to the BIOS interface to support the 101/102-Key Keyboard. The
extended-function keyboard scan codes fall into one of three
categories:
1. When only one key produces an ASCII character, the scan code
read from the keyboard port is the same as with the standard
keyboards.
2. When more than one key produces the same character, one of the
keys generates the standard keyboard scan code. The other key
generates a unique sequence of scan codes, enabling the system
to differentiate between the keys.
3. New scan codes are assigned to keys that did not exist on the
standard keyboards.
The extended functions allow new programs to take advantage of all
categories and avoid compatibility problems with existing programs.
If the extended functions are not supported by the system BIOS, the
scan code/character code combination placed in the keyboard buffer
by the keyboard interrupt handler are returned without change upon
calling (AH) = OOH (Keyboard Read) and (AH) = 01 (Keystroke
Status).
2-104 INT 16H - Keyboard
f the extended functions are supported by the system BIOS:
I The character code placed in the keyboard buffer by the keyboard
interrupt handler differentiates between keys with identical
nomenclature.
I The keyboard interrupt handler places the scan code/character
code combination for new keys in the keyboard buffer.
I (AH) = 10H (Extended Keyboard Read) and (AH) = 11 H
(Extended Keystroke Status) extract the scan code/character
code combination from the buffer as is, and return it to the caller.
The scan code/character code combination is returned for new
keys. The scan code/character code combination is returned for
like keys, with the character code used to differentiate between
them. If the character code is equal to hex FOH and the scan
code is not equal to hex OOH, the character code is set to hex OOH.
I (AH) = OOH (Keyboard Read) and (AH) = 01 H (Keystroke Status)
extract the scan code/character code combination and translate
it, if necessary, to the the scan code/character code combination
compatible with previous keyboards. The translation:
1. Converts like codes to compatible codes
2. Extracts the scan code/character code combination until a
compatible combination is found.
(AH) = 12H (Extended Shift Status) returns the existing keyboard
shift state and the shift state of the separate Ctrl and Alt keys.
ro determine if the extended functions, (AH) = 10H, 11H, and 12H,
ire supported by the system BIOS, the program must use INT 16H,
AH) = 05H (Keyboard Write) to write an scan code/character code
:ombination of hex FFFF to the buffer. If on return (AL) = OOH, the
unction successfully inserted hex FFFF into the buffer. Next, INT 16H,
AH) = 10H (Extended Keyboard Read) is issued to read the scan
:ode/character code combination from the keyboard buffer. If on
'eturn (AX) is hex FFFF, the extended keyboard functions are
iupported. If on return (AX) is not hex FFFF, INT 16H, (AH) = 10H
Extended Keyboard Read) is issued until (AX) is hex FFFF on return.
f after 16 tries (the buffer size) or each of the calls to the Extended
(eyboard Read function yields an (AX) not equal to hex FFFF, the
~ x t e n e keyboard functions are not supported.
INT 16H - Keyboard 2-105
See "Scan Code/Character Code Combinations" on page 4-24 for
scan code/character code combinations.
(AH) = OOH -Keyboard Read
The scan code/character code is extracted from the buffer. The
keyboard buffer head pointer (40:1A) is increased by 2 or, if the
pointer is already at the end, is reinitialized to the start of the
buffer.
On Return:
(AL) - ASCII character code
(AH) - Scan code
For AT, PC XT Model 286, PC Convertible, and Personal System/2
products, if no keystroke is available, INT 15H, (AH) = 90 (Device
Busy) is called with (AH) = 02H (Type = Keyboard), to inform the
operating system that a keyboard loop is about to take place,
allowing the operating system to perform another task. When the
keyboard operation is completed, INT 09H calls INT 15H, (AH) =
91 H (Interrupt Complete) with (AH) = 02H (Type = Keyboard).
See "Multitasking Provisions" on page 4-16 for additional
information.
Note: Control is returned only when a keystroke is available.
The keystroke is removed from buffer.
(AH) = 01 H - Keystroke Status
On Return:
ZF = 1 - No code available
= 0 - Code is available
If code is available:
(AL) - ASCII character code
(AH) - Scan code
Note: The keystroke is not removed from the buffer.
2-106 INT 16H - Keyboard
(AH) = 02H - Shift Status
On Return:
(AL) - Current shift status
Bit 7 = 1 - Insert locked
Bit 6 = 1 - Caps Lock locked
Bit 5 = 1 - Num Lock locked
Bit 4 = 1 - Scroll Lock locked
Bit 3 = 1 - Alt key pressed
Bit 2 = 1 - Ctrl key pressed
Bit 1 = 1 - Left Shift key pressed
Bit 0 = 1 - Right Shift key pressed
(AH) - Reserved
(AH) = 03H - Set Typematlc Rate
For PCjr only:
(AL) = 00H - Returns to default. restores original state
(typematic on. normal initial delay and normal
typematic rate)
(AL) = 01H - Increases initial delay (this is the delay between
first character and the burst of typematic
characters)
(AL) = 02H - Slows typematic characters by one-half
(AL) = 03H - Increases initial delay and slows typematic
characters by one-half
(AL) = 04H - Turns off typematic characters
INT 16H - Keyboard 2-107
For AT BIOS dated 11/15/85 and after, PC XT Model 286, and
Personal System/2 products:
(Al) = 05H - Set typematic rate and delay
(Bl) - Typematic rate (in characters per second)
00H = 30.0 0BH = 10.9 16H = 4.3
01H = 26.7 0CH = 10.0 17H = 4.0
02H = 24.0 0DH = 9.2
03H = 21.8 0EH = 8.6
04H = 20.0 0FH = 8.0
05H = 18.5 10H = 7.5
06H = 17.1 llH = 6.7
07H = 16.0 12H = 6.0
08H = 15.0 13H = 5.5
09H = 13.3 14H = 5.0
0AH = 12.0 15H = 4.6
(BH) - Delay value (in milliseconds)
00H = 250
01H = 500
02H = 750
03H = 1000
04H to FFH - Reserved
For all others no action is performed.
(AH) = 04H - Keyboard Click Adjustment
For PCjr and PC Convertible:
(Al) = 00H - Set keyboard click off
(Al) = 01H - Set keyboard click on
For all others no action is performed.
(AH) = OSH - Keyboard Write
18H = 3.7
19H = 3.3
1AH = 3.0
ISH = 2.7
1CH = 2.5
lDH = 2.3
1EH = 2.1
1FH = 2.0
20H to FFH - Reserved
For AT BIOS dated 11/15/85 and after, PC XT dated 1/10/86 and
after, PC XT Model 286, and Personal System/2 products, this
function places scan code/character code combination in the
keyboard buffer as if they came from the keyboard.
2-108 tNT 16H - Keyboard
(Cl) - ASCII character code
(CH) - Scan code
On Return:
(Al) = 00H - Operation successfully completed
= 01H - Buffer full
For all others no action is performed.
(AH) = 06H to OFH - Reserved
(AH) = 10H - Extended Keyboard Read
For AT BIOS dated 11/15/85 and after, PC XT dated 1/10/86 and
after, PC XT Model 286, and Personal System/2 products, the
scan code/character code combination is extracted from the
buffer. The keyboard buffer head pointer (40:1A) is increased by
2. If the pointer is already at the end, it is reinitialized to the start
of the buffer.
On Return:
(Al) - ASCII character code
(AH) - Scan code
Note: Control is returned only when a keystroke is available.
The keystroke is removed from buffer.
For all others no action is performed.
(AH) = 11 H - Extended Keystroke Status
For AT BIOS dated 11/15/85 and after, PC XT dated 1/10/86 and
after, PC XT Model 286, and Personal System/2 products:
On Return:
ZF = 1 - No code available
= 0 - Code is available
If code is available:
(Al) - ASCII character code
(AH) - Scan code
Note: The keystroke is not removed from the buffer.
INT 16H - Keyboard 2-109
For all others no action is performed.
(AH) = 12H - Extended Shift Status
For AT BIOS dated 11/15/85 and after, PC XT dated 1110186 and
after, PC XT Model 286, and Personal System/2 products:
On Return:
(AL) - Shift status
Bit 7 = 1 - Insert locked
Bit 6 = 1 - Caps Lock locked
Bit 5 = 1 - Num Lock locked
Bit 4 = 1 - Scroll Lock locked
Bit 3 = 1 - Alt key pressed
Bit 2 = 1 - Ctrl key pressed
Bit 1 = 1 - Left Shift key pressed
Bit 0 = 1 - Right Shift key pressed
(AH) - Extended shift status
Bit 7 = 1 - SysRq key pressed
Bit 6 = 1 - Caps Lock key pressed
Bit 5 = 1 - Num Lock key pressed
Bit 4 = 1 - Scroll Lock key pressed
Bit 3 = 1 - Right Alt key pressed
Bit 2 = 1 - Right Ctrl key pressed
Bit 1 = 1 - Left Alt key pressed
Bit 0 = 1 - Left Ctrl key pressed
For all others no action is performed.
(AH) = 13H to FFH - Reserved
2-110 INT 16H - Keyboard
Interrupt 17H - Printer
These routines provide printer support. The following is a summary
of the printer support functions of Interrupt 17H:
(AH) = OOH - Print Character
(AH) = 01H - Initialize the Printer Port
(AH) = 02H - Read Status
(AH) = 03H to FFH - Reserved
Figure 2-13. INT 17H - Printer Functions
(AH) = OOH - Print Character
(AL) - Character to print
(DX) - Printer to use (0.1.2); index into the port base address
table at 40:08
On Return:
(AH) - Status
Bit 7 = 1 - Not busy
Bit 6 = 1 - Acknowledge
Bit 5 = 1 - Out of paper
Bit 4 = 1 - Selected
Bit 3 = 1 - I/O error
Bits 2. 1 - Reserved
Bit 0 = 1 - Time-out
(AH) = 01 H - Initialize the Printer Port
(DX) - Printer to use (0.1.2); index into the port base address
table at 40:08
On Return:
(AH) - Status
Bit 7 = 1 - Not busy
Bit 6 = 1 - Acknowledge
Bit 5 = 1 - Out of paper
Bit 4 = 1 - Selected
Bit 3 = 1 - I/O error
Bits 2. 1 - Reserved
Bit 0 - Time-out
INT 17H - Printer 2-111
(AH) = 02H - Read Status
(DX) - Printer to use (0,1,2); index into the port base address
table at 40:08
On Return:
(AH) - Status
Bit 7 = 1 - Not busy
Bit 6 = 1 - Acknowledge
Bit 5 = 1 - Out of paper
Bit 4 = 1 - Selected
Bit 3 = 1 - I/O error
Bits 2, 1 - Reserved
Bit 0 - Time-out
(AH) = 03H to FFH - Reserved
Notes:
1. For AT, PC XT Model 286, PC Convertible, and Personal System/2
products, when the printer is busy, the BIOS calls INT 15H, (AH)
= 90 (Oevice Busy) with (AL) = FEH (Type = Printer), informing
the operating system that a time-out loop is about to begin. See
"Multitasking Provisions" on page 4-16 for additional
information.
2. For AT BIOS dated before 11/15/85, PCjr, PC, and PC XT BIOS
dated 11/08/82, the printer port number associated with (OX) is
tested for O. If found to be 0, no action occurs. If it is non 0, the
print operation is performed. The (OX) register is not tested for a
valid printer port number at the offset into the printer base
address data area at 40:08.
3. For PC XT BIOS dated 1/10/86 and after, if (OX) is greater than 3
or the printer port associated with (OX) is 0, no action is
performed and, on return (AH) = 29H.
4. For PC Convertible, if the printer port associated with (OX) is 0,
the return is (AH) = 01 H. If (OX) is non 0, the print operation is
performed. No test is made on (OX) to see if a valid printer port
number exists at the offset into the printer base address data
area at 40:08.
5. For AT BIOS dated 11/15/85 and PC XT Model 286, if (OX) is
greater than 3 or the printer port associated with (OX) is 0, no
action is performed and (AH) is returned unchanged.
2-112 INT 17H - Printer
6. For Personal System/2 products, if (DX) is greater than 2 or the
printer port associated with (DX) is 0, no action is performed and
(AH) is returned unchanged.
INT 17H - Printer 2-113
Interrupt 19H - Bootstrap Loader
Track 0, sector 1 is read into segment 0, offset 7COO. Control is then
transferred as follows:
(CS) = 0000H
(IP) = 7C00H
(DL) - Drive where bootstrap sector was read
Note: If there is a hardware error, control is transferred to the ROM
BASIC entry point.
2-114 tNT 19H - Bootstrap Loader
Interrupt 1AH - System-Timer and Real-Time
Clock Services
The following is a summary of the system-timer and real-time clock
services of Interrupt 1AH:
(AH) = OOH - Read System-Timer Time Counter
(AH) = 01H - Set System-Timer Time Counter
(A H) = 02H - Read Real-Time Clock Time
(A H) = 03H - Set Real-Time Clock Time
(AH) = 04H - Read Real-Time Clock Date
(AH) = 05H - Set Real-Time Clock Date
(AH) = 06H - Set Real-Time Clock Alarm
(AH) = 07H - Reset Real-Time Clock Alarm
(AH) = 08H - Set Real-Time Clock Activated Power-On Mode
(AH) = 09H - Read Real-Time Clock Alarm Time and Status
(AH) = OAH - Read System-Timer Day Counter
(AH) = OSH - Set System-Timer Day Counter
(A H) = OCH to 7FH - Reserved
(AH) = 80H - Set Up Sound Multiplexer
(A H) = 81 H to FFH - Reserved
Figure 2-14. INT 1AH - System-Timer and Real-Time Clock Services
(AH) = OOH - Read System-Timer Time Counter
On Return:
(eX) - High portion of count
(OX) - Low portion of count
(AL) = 0 - Timer has not passed 24 hours worth of counts since
power-on, last system reset, last system-timer time
counter read, or last system-timer time counter set.
> 0 - Timer has passed 24 hours worth of counts since
power-on, last system reset, last system-timer time
counter read, or last system-timer time counter set.
Note: Execution causes the timer overflow (40:70) flag to be
reset to O. Counts occur at the rate of 1193180+65536
counts per second (about 18.2 per second).
INT 1AH - System-Timer and Real-Time Clock Services 2-115
(AH) = 01 H - Set System-Timer Time Counter
(CX) - High portion of count
(OX) - Low portion of count
Note: Execution causes the timer overflow (40:70) flag to be
reset to O. Counts occur at the rate of 1193180-:-65536
counts per second (about 18.2 per second).
(AH) = 02H - Read Real-Time Clock Time
For AT BIOS dated before 6/10/85:
On return:
(CH) - Hours in BCD
(CL) - Minutes in BCD
(DH) - Seconds in BCD
CF = 0 - Clock operating
= 1 - Clock not operating
For AT BIOS dated 6/10/85 and after, PC XT Model 286, PC
Convertible, and Personal System/2 products:
On Return:
(CH) - Hours in BCD
(CL) - Minutes in BCD
(DH) - Seconds in BCD
(DL) = 01H - Daylight saving time option
= 00H - No daylight saving time option
CF = 0 - Clock operating
= 1 - Clock not operating
For all others no action is performed.
2-116 INT 1AH - System-Timer and Real-Time Clock Services
(AH) = 03H - Set Real-Time Clock Time
For AT, PC XT Model 286, PC Convertible, and Personal System/2
products:
(CH) - Hours in BCD
(Cl) - Minutes in BCD
(DH) - Seconds in BCD
(Dl) = 01H - Daylight saving time option
= 00H - No daylight saving time option
Note: For Personal System/2 Model 30, (DL) is not used.
For all others no action is performed.
(AH) = 04H - Read Real-Time Clock Date
For AT, PC XT Model 286, PC Convertible, and Personal System/2
products:
On Return:
(CH) - Century in BCD (19 OR 20)
(Cl) - Year in BCD
(DH) - Month in BCD
(Dl) - Day in BCD
CF = 0 - Clock operating
= 1 - Clock not operating
For all others no action is performed.
(AH) = OSH - Set Real-Time Clock Date
For AT, PC XT Model 286, PC Convertible, and Personal System/2
products:
(CH) - Century in BCD (19 OR 20)
(Cl) - Year in BCD
(DH) - Month in BCD
(Dl) - Day in BCD
For all others no action is performed.
INT 1AH - System-Timer and Real-Time Clock Services 2-117
(AH) = 06H - Set Real-Time Clock Alarm
For AT, PC XT Model 286, PC Convertible, and Personal System/2
products:
(CH) - Hours in BCD
(Cl) - Minutes in BCD
(DH) - Seconds in BCD
On Return:
CF = 0 - Operation successfully completed
= 1 - Alarm already set or clock not operating
Note: The alarm interrupt occurs at the specified hour, minute,
and second passed in (CH), (Cl), and (DH) respectively.
When the alarm interrupt occurs, a software interrupt 4AH
is issued. The user must point software interrupt 4AH to
an alarm routine prior to setting the real-time clock alarm
INT 1AH, (AH) = 06H. Only one alarm function may be
active at any time. The alarm interrupt occurs every 24
hours at the specified time until it is reset.
For all others no action is performed.
(AH) = 07H - Reset Real-Time Clock Alarm
For AT, PC XT Model 286, PC Convertible, and Personal System/2
products, this function stops the real-time clock alarm interrupt
from occurring.
For all others no action is performed.
(AH) = OSH - Set Real-Time Clock Activated Power-On Mode
For PC Convertible:
(CH) - Hours in BCD
(Cl) - Minutes in BCD
(DH) - Seconds in BCD
On Return:
CF = 0 - Operation successfully completed
= 1 - Alarm already set or clock not operating
2-118 INT 1AH - System-Timer and Real-Time Clock Services
For AT BIOS dated 6/10/85 and after, PC XT Model 286, and
Personal System/2 products:
On Return:
CF = 1 - Invalid function request
For all others no action is performed.
(AH) = 09H - Read Real-Time Clock Alarm Time and Status
For PC Convertible and Personal System/2 Model 30:
On Return:
(CH) - Hours in BCD
(CL) - Minutes in BCD
(DH) - Seconds in BCD
(DL) - Alarm status
00H = Alarm not enabled
01H = Alarm enabled but will not power-on system
02H = Alarm enabled and will power-on system
Note: Personal System/2 Model 30 does not support the
power-on system feature.
For AT BIOS dated 6/10/85 and after, PC XT Model 286, and
Personal System/2 products except Model 30:
On Return:
CF = 1 - Invalid function request
For all others no action is performed.
(AH) = OAH - Read System-Timer Day Counter
For AT and PC XT Model 286:
On Return:
CF = 1 - Invalid function request
INT 1AH - System-Timer and Real-Time Clock Services 2-119
For PC XT BIOS dated 1/10/86 and after, and Personal System/2
products:
On Return:
(CX) - Count of days since 1-1-1980
Note: For PC XT dated 1/10/86 and after, and Personal System/2
Model 30, the count of days since 1/1/80 is initialized to 0
during the POST.
For all others no action is performed.
(AH) = OBH - Set System-Timer Day Counter
For AT BIOS dated 6/10/85 and after and PC XT Model 286:
On Return:
CF = 1 - Invalid function request
For PC XT BIOS dated 1/10/86 and after, and Personal System/2
products:
(CX) - Count of days since 1-1-1980
Note: For PC XT dated 1/10/86 and after, and Personal System/2
Model 30, the count of days since 1/1/80 is initialized to 0
during the POST.
For all others no action is performed.
(AH) = OCH to 7FH - Reserved
(AH) = SOH - Set Up Sound Multiplexer
For PCjr:
(AL) - Source of sound ("Audio Out" or RF modulator)
00H = 8253 channel 2
01H = Cassette input
02H = "Audio In" line on I/O channel
03H = Complex sound generator chip
2-120 INT 1AH - System-Timer and Real-Time Clock Services
For AT BIOS dated 6/10/85 and after, PC XT Model 286, PC
Convertible, and Personal System/2 products:
On Return:
CF = 1 - Invalid function request
For all others no action is performed.
(AH) = 81 H to FFH - Reserved
INT 1AH - System-Timer and Real-Time Clock Services 2-121
Interrupt 70H - Real-Time Clock Interrupt
For AT, PC XT Model 286, and Personal System/2 products:
This interrupt handler controls the periodic and alarm interrupt
functions from the real-time clock.
Periodic function - When activated, the interrupt occurs
approximately 1024 times per second. The doubleword
microsecond counter is decremented by a value of 976
microseconds (1/1024 of a second). When the counter
becomes less than or equal to 0, bit 7 of the designated
location is set. For INT 15H, (AH) = 83H (Event Wait), the
designated location is provided by the user. For INT 15H,
(AH) = 86H (Wait), the designated location is bit 7 of BIOS
data area 40:AO (wait active flag).
Alarm function - When activated, the interrupt occurs at the
specified time and a software interrupt 4AH is issued. The
user must point interrupt 4AH to an alarm routine prior to
setting INT 1AH, (AH) = 06H (Real-Time Clock Alarm).
For all others, the Real-Time Clock Interrupt is not supported.
Notes:
1. The PC Convertible provides the above functions, but the
Real-Time Clock Interrupt generates a nonmaskable interrupt
rather than INT 70H. Additionally, PC Convertible uses the
real-time clock update ended interrupt function (interrupts
once per second) when certain system profiles are enabled.
2. For Personal System/2 Model 30, the periodic function is not
supported.
2-122 INT 70H - Real-Time Clock Interrupt
Section 3. Data Areas and ROM Tables
BIOS Data Area ....................................... 3-3
Extended BIOS Data Area .............................. 3-15
ROM Tables ......................................... 3-16
Fixed Disk Drive Parameter Table .................... 3-16
Diskette Drive Parameter Table ...................... 3-23
Data Areas and ROM Tables 3-1
Notes:
3-2 Data Areas and ROM Tables
BIOS Data Area
The BIOS Data Area is allocated specifically as a work area for
system BIOS and adapter BIOS. The BIOS routines use 256 bytes of
memory from absolute address hex 400 to hex 4FF. A description of
the BIOS data area follows:
Address Function Size
40:00 RS-232-C Communications Line 1 Port Base Word
Address
40:02 RS-232-C Communications Line 2 Port Base Word
Address
40:04 RS-232-C Communications Line 3 Port Base Word
Address
40:06 RS-232-C Communications Line 4 Port Base Word
Address
Note: The RS-232-C communications line port base address fields may be
initialized to 0 by the POST if the system configuration contains less than
four serial ports. The POST never places 0 in the RS-232-C
communications line port base address table between two valid RS-232-C
communications line port base addresses.
Figure 3-1. RS-232-C Port Base Address Data Area
Address
40:08
40:0A
40:0C
40:0E
Exceptions
40:0E
Function
Printer 1 Port Base Address
Printer 2 Port Base Address
Printer 3 Port Base Address
Reserved
Size
Word
Word
Word
Word
Printer 4 Port Base Address (PC, PC XT, AT, and PC Word
Convertible)
Note: The printer port base address fields may be initialized to 0 by the POST if
the system configuration contains less than four parallel ports. The POST
never places 0 in the printer port base address table between two valid
printer port base addresses.
Figure 3-2. Printer Port Base Address Data Area
Data Areas and ROM Tables 3-3
Address Function Size
40:10 Installed Hardware Word
Bits 15,14 Number of Printer Adapters
Bit 13 Reserved
Bit 12 Reserved
Bits 11,10,9 Number of RS-232-C Adapters
Bit 8 Reserved
Bits 7,6 Number of Diskette Drives (O-based)
Bits 5,4 Video Mode Type (Values are Binary)
00 = Reserved
01 = 40x25 Color
10 = 80x25 Color
11 = 80x25 Monochrome
Bit 3 Reserved
Bit 2 POiming Device
Bit 1 Math Coprocessor
Bit 0 IPL Diskette
Exceptions
Bit 13 Internal Modem (PC Convertible Only)
Bit 2 Reserved (PC, PC XT, AT, and PC Convertible)
Note: Refer to INT 11H for equipment return information.
Figure 3-3. System Equipment Data Area
Address Function Size
40:12 Reserved Byte
Exceptions
40:12 Power-On Self-Test Status (PC Convertible Only) Byte
Figure 3-4. Miscellaneous Data Area 1
Address Function Size
40:13 Memory Size in Kb (Range 0 to 640) Word
40:15 to 40:16 Reserved Byte
Figure 3-5. Memory Size Data Area
3-4 Data Areas and ROM Tables
Address Function Size
40:17 Keyboard Control Byte
Bit 7 Insert Locked
Bit 6 Caps Lock Locked
Bit 5 Num Lock Locked
Bit 4 Scroll Lock Locked
Bit 3 Alt Key Pressed
Bit 2 Ctrl Key Pressed
Bit 1 Left Shift Key Pressed
Bit 0 Right Shift Key Pressed
40:18 Keyboard Control Byte
Bit 7 Insert Key Pressed
Bit 6 Caps Lock Key Pressed
Bit 5 Num Lock Key Pressed
Bit 4 Scroll Lock Key Pressed
Bit 3 Pause Locked
Bit 2 System Request Key Pressed
Bit 1 Left Alt Key Pressed
Bit 0 Left Ctrl Key Pressed
40:19 Alternate Keypad Entry Byte
40:1A Keyboard Buffer Head Pointer Word
40:1C Keyboard Buffer Tail Pointer Word
40:1E Keyboard Buffer 32 Bytes
Figure 3-6. Keyboard Data Area 1
Data Areas and ROM Tables 3-5
Address Function Size
40:3E Recalibrate status Byte
Bit 7 Interrupt Flag
Bit 6 Reserved
Bit 5 Reserved
Bit 4 Reserved
Bit 3 Recalibrate Drive 3
Bit 2 Recalibrate Drive 2
Bit 1 Recalibrate Drive 1
Bit 0 Recalibrate Drive 0
40:3F Motor Status Byte
Bit 7 Write/Read Operation
Bit 6 Reserved
Bits 5,4 Diskette Drive Select Status (Values in Binary)
00 = Diskette Drive 0 Selected
01 = Diskette Drive 1 Selected
10 = Diskette Drive 2 Selected
11 = Diskette Drive 3 Selected
Bit 3 Diskette Drive 3 Motor On Status
Bit 2 Diskette Drive 2 Motor On Status
Bit 1 Diskette Drive 1 Motor On Status
Bit 0 Diskette Drive 0 Motor On Status
40:40 Motor off counter Byte
40:41 Last Diskette Drive Operation Status Byte
OOH = No Error
01H = Invalid Diskette Drive Parameter
02H = Address Mark not Found
03H = Write-protect Error
04H = Requested Sector not Found
06H = Diskette Change Line Active
08H = DMA Overrun on Operation
09H = Attempt to DMA Across a 64Kb Boundary
OCH = Media Type not Found
10H = CRC Error on Diskette Read
20H = General Controller Failure
40H = Seek Operation Failed
80H = Diskette Drive not Ready
40:42 Diskette Drive Controller Status Bytes 7 Bytes
Figure 3-7. Diskette Drive Data Area
3-6 Data Areas and ROM Tables
Address Function Size
40:49 Display Mode set Byte
40:4A Number of Columns Word
40:4C Length of Regen Buffer in Bytes Word
40:4E Starting Address in Regen Buffer Word
40:50 Cursor Position Page 1 Word
40:52 Cursor Position Page 2 Word
40:54 Cursor Position Page 3 Word
40:56 Cursor Position Page 4 Word
40:58 Cursor Position Page 5 Word
40:5A Cursor Position Page 6 Word
40:5C Cursor Position Page 7 Word
40:5E Cursor Position Page 8 Word
40:60 Cursor Type Word
40:62 Display Page Byte
40:63 CRT Controller Base Address Word
40:65 Current Setting of 3x8 Register Byte
40:66 Current Setting of 3x9 Register Byte
Figure 3-8. Video Control Data Area 1
Address Function Size
40:67 Reserved DWord
40:6B Reserved Byte
Exceptions
40:67 Pointer to reset code upon system reset with DWord
memory preserved (Personal System/2 products
except Model 30).
Reset Flag at 40:72 = 4321 H
Figure 3-9. System Data Area 1
Address Function Size
40:6C Timer Counter DWord
40:70 Timer Overflow Byte
(If non 0, timer has counted past 24 hours.)
Figure 3-10. System-Timer Data Area
Data Areas and ROM Tables 3-7
Address Function Size
40:71 Break Key State Byte
40:72 Reset Flag Word
1234H = Bypass Memory Test
4321H = Preserve Memory (Personal System/2
products except Model 30)
5678H = System Suspended (PC Convertible)
9ABCH = Manufacturing Test Mode (PC
Convertible)
ABCDH = System POST Loop Mode (PC
Convertible)
Figure 3-11. System Data Area 2
Address Function Size
40:74 Last Fixed Disk Drive Operation Status Byte
OOH = No Error
01H = Invalid Function Request
02H = Address Mark not Found
03H = Write Protect Error
04H = Sector not Found
05H = Reset Failed
07H = Drive Parameter Activity Failed
08H = DMA Overrun on Operation
09H = Data Boundary Error
OAH = Bad Sector Flag Detected
OBH = Bad Track Detected
ODH = Invalid Number of Sectors on Format
OEH = Control Data Address Mark Detected
OFH = DMA Arbitration Level Out of Range
10H = Uncorrectable ECC or CRC Error
11 H = ECC Corrected Data Error
20H = General Controller Failure
40H = Seek Operation Failed
80H = Time Out
AAH = Drive not Ready
BBH = Undefined Error Occurred
CCH = Write Fault on Selected Drive
EOH = Status Error/Error Register is 0
FFH = Sense Operation Failed
40:75 Number of Fixed Disk Drives Attached Byte
40:76 Reserved Byte
40:77 Reserved Byte
Exceptions
40:74 Reserved (IBM ESDI Fixed Disk Drive Adapter/A) Byte
40:76 Fixed Disk Drive Control (PC XT) Byte
40:77 Fixed Disk Drive Controller Port (PC XT) Byte
Figure 3-12. Fixed Disk Drive Data Area
3-8 Data Areas and ROM Tables
Address Function Size
40:78 Printer 1 Time-out Value Byte
40:79 Printer 2 Time-out Value Byte
40:7A Printer 3 Time-out Value Byte
40:7B Reserved
Exceptions
40:7B Printer 4 Time-out Value (PC, PC XT, and AT) Byte
Figure 3-13. Printer Time-Out Value Data Area
Address Function Size
40:7C RS-232-C Communications Line 1 Time-out Value Byte
40:70 RS-232-C Communications Line 2 Time-out Value Byte
40:7E RS-232-C Communications Line 3 Time-out Value Byte
40:7F RS-232-C Communications Line 4 Time-out Value Byte
Figure 3-14. RS-232-C Time-Out Value Data Area
Address Function Size
40:80 Keyboard Buffer Start Offset Pointer Word
40:82 Keyboard Buffer End Offset Pointer Word
Figure 3-15. Keyboard Data Area 2
Address Function Size
40:84 Number of Rows on the Screen (Minus 1) Byte
40:85 Character Height (Bytes/Character) Word
40:87 Video Control States Byte
40:88 Video Control States Byte
40:89 Reserved Byte
40:8A Reserved Byte
Figure 3-16. Video Control Data Area 2
Data Areas and ROM Tables 3-9
Address Function Size
40:8B Media Control Byte
Bits 7,6 Last Diskette Drive Data Rate Selected (Values in
Binary)
00 = 500Kb Per Second
01 = 300Kb Per Second
10 = 250Kb Per Second
11 = Reserved
Bits 5,4 Last Diskette Drive Step Rate Selected
Bit 3 Reserved
Bit 2 Reserved
Bit 1 Reserved
Bit 0 Reserved
40:8C Fixed uisk Drive Controller Status Byte
40:8D Fixed Disk Drive Controller Error Status Byte
40:8E Fixed Disk Drive Interrupt Control Byte
40:8F Reserved Byte
40:90 Drive 0 Media State Byte
40:91 Drive 1 Media State Byte
Bits 7,6 Diskette Drive Data Rate (Values in Binary)
00 = 500Kb Per Second
01 = 300Kb Per Second
10 = 250Kb Per Second
11 = Reserved
Bit 5 Double Stepping Required
Bit 4 Media Established
Bit 3 Reserved
Bits 2,1,0 Drive/Media State (Values in Binary)
000 = 360Kb Diskette/360Kb Drive not Established
001 = 360Kb Diskette/1.2Mb Drive not Established
010 = 1.2Mb Diskette/1.2Mb Drive not Established
011 = 360Kb Diskette/360Kb Drive Established
100 = 360Kb Diskette/1.2Mb Drive Established
101 = 1.2Mb Diskette/1.2Mb Drive Established
110 = Reserved
111 = None of the Above
40:92 Reserved Byte
40:93 Reserved Byte
40:94 Drive 0 Current Cylinder Byte
40:95 Drive 1 Current Cylinder Byte
Exceptions
40:8B to 40:95 Reserved (PC, PCjr, PC XT BIOS Dated 11/8/82, and Byte
PC Convertible)
Figure 3-17. Diskette Drive/Fixed Disk Drive Control Data Area
3-10 Data Areas and ROM Tables
Address Function Size
40:96 Keyboard Mode State and Type Flags Byte
Bit 7 Read 10 in Progress
Bit 6 Last Character was First 10 Character
Bit 5 Force Num Lock if Read 10 and KBX
Bit 4 101/102-Key Keyboard Installed
Bit 3 Right Alt Key Pressed
Bit 2 Right Ctrl Key Pressed
Bit 1 Last Code was EO Hidden Code
Bit 0 Last Code was E1 Hidden Code
40:97 Keyboard LED Flags Byte
Bit 7 Keyboard Transmit Error Flag
Bit 6 Mode Indicator Update
Bit 5 Resend Receive Flag
Bit 4 Acknowledgment Received
Bit 3 Reserved (Must be 0)
Bits 2,1,0 Keyboard LED State Bits
Figure 3-18. Keyboard Data Area 3
Address Function Size
40:98 Offset Address to User Wait Complete Flag Word
40:9A Segment Address to User Wait Complete Flag Word
40:9C User Wait Count - Low Word (Microseconds) Word
40:9E User Wait Count - High Word (Microseconds) Word
40:AO Wait Active Flag Byte
Bit 7 Wait Time Elapsed and Post
Bits 6 to 1 Reserved
Bit 0 INT 15H, AH = 86H (Wait) has Occurred
40:A1 to 40:A7 Reserved Byte
Figure 3-19. Real-Time Clock Data Area
Data Areas and ROM Tables 3-11
For systems with EGA capability and Personal System/2 products, the
save pointer table contains pointers that define specific dynamic
overrides for the video mode set function, INT 10H, (AH) = OOH.
Address
40:A8
DWord 1
DWord 2
DWord 3
Function
Pointer to Video Parameters and Overrides
Video Parameter Table Pointer
Initialized to the BIOS video parameter table.
This value must contain a valid pointer.
Dynamic Save Area Pointer (except Personal
System/2 Model 30)
Initialized to 00:00, this value is optional. When
non 0, this value pOints to an area in RAM
where certain dynamic values are saved. This
area holds the 16 EGA palette register values
plus the overscan value in bytes (0-16),
respectively. A minimum of 256 bytes must be
allocated for this area.
Alpha Mode Auxiliary Character Generator Pointer
Initialized to 00:00, this value is optional. When
non 0, this value points to a table that is
described as follows:
Size
DWord
Bytes/Character Byte
Block to Load, 0 = Normal Operation Byte
Count to Store, 256 = Normal Operation Word
Character Offset, 0 = Normal Operation Word
Pointer to a Font Table DWord
Displayable Rows Byte
If OFFH, the maximum calculated value is used,
otherwise this value is used.
Consecutive bytes of mode values for this font Byte
description. The end of this stream is indicated
by a byte code of OFFH.
Note: Use of the DWord 3 pointer may cause unexpected cursor type operation.
For an explanation of cursor type, see INT 10H, (AH) = 01H.
DWord 4 Graphics Mode Auxiliary Character Generator
Pointer
Initialized to 00:00, this value is optional. When
non 0, this value points to a table that is described
as follows:
Figure 3-20 (Part 1 of 2). Save Pointer Data Area
3-12 Data Areas and ROM Tables
Address
DWord 5
DWord 6
DWord 7
Function Size
Displayable Rows Byte
Bytes Per Character Word
Pointer to a Font Table DWord
Consecutive bytes of mode values for this font Byte
description. The end of this stream is indicated
by a byte code of OFFH.
Secondary Save Pointer (except EGA and Personal
System/2 Model 30)
Initialized to the BIOS secondary save pointer.
This value must contain a valid pointer.
Reserved and set to 00:00.
Reserved and set to 00:00.
Figure 3-20 (Part 2 of 2). Save Pointer Data Area
Address Function Size
Word 1
DWord 2
Table Length
Initialized to the BIOS secondary save pOinter
table length.
Display Combination Code (DCC) Table Pointer
Initialized to ROM DCC table. This value must
exist. It points to a table described as follows:
Number of Entries in Table
DCC Table Version Number
Maximum Display Type Code
Reserved
00,00 Entry 0 No Displays
00,01 Entry 1 MDPA
00,02 Entry 2 CGA
02,01 Entry 3 MDPA + CGA
00,04 Entry 4 EGA
04,01 Entry 5 EGA + MDPA
00,05 Entry 6 MEGA
02,05 Entry 7 MEGA + CGA
00,06 Entry 8 PGC
01,06 Entry 9 PGC + MDPA
05,06 Entry 10 PGC + MEGA
00,08 Entry 11 CVGA
Byte
Byte
Byte
Byte
Figure 3-21 (Part 1 of 3). Secondary Save Pointer Data Area
Data Areas and ROM Tables 3-13
Address
DWord 3
Function
01,08 Entry 12 CVGA + MDPA
00,07 Entry 13 MVGA
02,07 Entry 14 MVGA + CGA
02,06 Entry 15 MVGA + PGC
Abbreviation Meanings:
MDPA = Monochrome Display and Printer
Adapter
CGA = Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter
EGA = Enhanced Graphics Adapter
MEGA = EGA with monochrome display
PGC = Professional Graphics Controller
VGA = Video Graphics Array
MVGA = VGA based with monochrome display
CVGA = VGA based with color display
Second Alpha Mode Auxiliary Character
Generator Pointer
Initialized to 00:00, this value is optional. When
non 0, this value points to a table that is described
as follows:
Size
Bytes/Character Byte
Block to load, should be non for normal Byte
operation.
Reserved Byte
Pointer to a Font Table DWord
Consecutive bytes of mode values for this font Byte
description. The end of this stream is indicated
by a byte code of OFFH.
Note: Attribute bit 3 is used to switch between primary and secondary fonts. It
may be desirable to use the user palette profile to define a palette of
consistent colors independent of attribute bit 3.
DWord 4 User Palette Profile Table Pointer
Initialized to 00:00, this value is optional. When
non 0, this value points to a table that is described
as follows:
Underlining flag (1 = On, = Ignore, -1 = Off; Byte
= Normal Operation)
Reserved Byte
Reserved Word
Internal Palette Count (0-17; 17 = Normal Word
Operation)
Figure 3-21 (Part 2 of 3). Secondary Save Pointer Data Area
3-14 Data Areas and ROM Tables
Address Function Size
Internal Palette Index (0-16; 0 = Normal Word
Operation)
Pointer to Internal Palette DWord
External Palette Count (0-256; 256 = Normal Word
Operation)
External Palette Index (0-255; 0 = Normal Word
Operation)
Pointer to External Palette DWord
Consecutive bytes of mode values for this font Byte
description. The end of this stream is indicated
by a byte code of OFFH.
DWord 5to
DWord 7 Reserved and set to 00:00.
Figure 3-21 (Part 3 of 3). Secondary Save Pointer Data Area
Address
40:AC to
40:FF
50:00
Function
Reserved
Print Screen Status Byte (INT 05H Status)
Figure 3-22. Miscellaneous Data Area 2
Extended BIOS Data Area
Size
Byte
Word
The Extended BIOS Data Area is supported on Personal System/2
products only. The POST allocates the highest possible (n) Kb of
memory below 640Kb to be used as this data area. The word value at
40:13 (memory size), indicating the number of Kb below the 640Kb
limit, is decremented by (n). The first byte in the Extended BIOS Data
Area is initialized to the length in Kb of the al/ocated area.
To access the Extended BIOS Data Area segment, issue an INT 15,
(AH) = C1 H (Return Extended BIOS Data Area Segment Address).
To determine if an Extended BIOS Data Area is al/ocated, use INT 15,
(AH) = COH (Return System Configuration Parameters).
Data Areas and ROM Tables 3-15
ROM Tables
The following ROM tables are used by the BIOS to define the
characteristics of the hardware devices supported by the system or
adapter BIOS.
Fixed Disk Drive Parameter Table
The fixed disk drive parameter table is defined as follows:
Offset Length Description
0 1 Word Maximum Number of Cylinders
2 1 Byte Maximum Number of Heads
3 1 Word For PC XT: Starting Reduced Write Current Cylinder
All Others: Not Used
5 1 Word Starting Write Precompensation Cylinder
7 1 Byte For PC XT: Maximum ECC Data Burst Length
All Others: Not Used
8 1 Byte Control Byte
For PC XT:
Bit 7 - Disable Disk-access Retries
Bit 6 - Disable ECC Retries
Bits 5 to 3 = 0
Bits 2,1,0 - Drive Option
All Others:
Bit 7 - Disable Retries
-or-
Bit 6 - Disable Retries
Bit 5 - Manufacturer's Defect Map Present at
Maximum Cylinders + 1
Bit 3 - More than 8 Heads
9 1 Byte For PC XT: Standard Time-out Value
All Others: Not Used
10 1 Byte For PC XT: Time-out Value For Format Drive
All Others: Not Used
11 1 Byte For PC XT: Time-out Value For Check Drive
All Others: Not Used
12 1 Word For PC XT: Reserved
All Others: Landing Zone
14 1 Byte For PC XT: Reserved
All others: Number of Sectors Per Track
15 1 Byte Reserved
Figure 3-23. Fixed Disk Drive Parameter Table Definition
3-16 Data Areas and ROM Tables
For AT and Personal System/2 products, the following lists the fixed
disk drive parameters for the various fixed disk drive types. Values
are decimal unless noted otherwise:
Number of Number Number Write Landing Defect
Type Cylinders of Heads Precompensatlon Zone Map
0 -No fixed disk drive installed-
1 306 4 128 305 No
2 615 4 300 615 No
3 615 6 300 615 No
4 940 8 512 940 No
5 940 6 512 940 No
6 615 4 OFFFFH (None) 615 No
7 462 8 256 511 No
8 733 5 OFFFFH (None) 733 No
9 900 15 OFFFFH (None) 901 No
10 820 3 OFFFFH (None) 820 No
11 855 5 OFFFFH (None) 855 No
12 855 7 OFFFFH (None) 855 No
13 306 8 128 319 No
14 733 7 OFFFFH (None) 733 No
15 -Reserved-
16 612 4 o (All Cylinders) 663 No
17 977 5 300 977 No
18 977 7 OFFFFH (None) 977 No
19 1024 7 512 1023 No
20 733 5 300 732 No
21 733 7 300 732 No
22 733 5 300 733 No
23 306 4 o (All Cylinders) 336 No
24 612 4 305 663 No
25 306 4 OFFFFH (None) 340 No
26 612 4 OFFFFH (None) 670 No
27 698 7 300 732 Yes
28 976 5 488 977 Yes
29 306 4 o (All Cylinders) 340 No
30 611 4 306 663 Yes
31 732 7 300 732 Yes
32 1023 5 OFFFFH(None) 1023 Yes
33 to 255 -Reserved-
Figure 3-24. Fixed Disk Drive Parameters (AT and Personal System/2
Products)
Noles:
1. Software interrupt 41 H poi nts to the entry in the table for drive O.
Software interrupt 46H points to the entry in the table for drive 1.
2. AT BIOS dated 1/10/84 contains entries 0 through 14.
3. AT BIOS dated 6/10/85 or 11/15/85 contains entries 0 through 23.
Data Areas and ROM Tables 3-17
4. PC XT Model 286 contains entries 0 through 24.
5. Personal System/2 products except Model 30 contain entries 0
through 32.
6. Personal System/2 Model 30 contains entries 0 through 26.
For Personal System/2 products except Model 30, the following fixed
disk drive parameter table applies:
OHset Length Value Description
0 2 41 Length of Fixed Disk Drive Table
2 22 (ID) ASCII string 'IBM HARDFILE TYPE xxx',
where xxx is the type number in ASCII.
24 1 yyy Type Number (Values are Binary)
25 2 * Maximum Number of Cylinders
27 1 Maximum Number of Heads
28 2 0 Reserved
30 2 Start Write Precompensation Cylinder
32 1 0 Reserved
33 1 Control Byte
Bit 7 or 6 - Disable Retries
Bit 5 - Defect Map Installed
Bit 3 - More Than 8 Heads (AT Only)
34 3 0 Reserved
37 2 Landing Zone
39 1 Number of Sectors Per Track
40 1 0 Reserved
Figure 3-25. Fixed Disk Drive Parameter Table (Personal System/2
Products Except Model 30)
Note: This information is located at head 0, track 0, sector 2.
3-18 Data Areas and ROM Tables
For PC XT BIOS dated 11/10/82 the following fixed disk drive
parameter tables apply:
Size Value
DW 0306
DB 02
DW 0306
DW 0000
DB OBH
DB OOH
DB OCH
DB OB4H
DB 028H
DB 0,0,0,0
Description
Maximum Cylinders
Maximum Heads
Start Reduced Write Current Cylinder
Start Write Precompensation Cylinder
Maximum ECC Burst Data Length
Control Byte
Standard Time-out
Time-out for Format Drive
Time-out for Check Drive
Reserved
Figure 3-26. Fixed Disk Drive Drive Parameter Table 00 (PC XT BIOS
Dated 11/10/82)
Size Value
DW 0375
DB 08
DW 0375
DW 0000
DB Obh
DB 05H
DB OCH
DB OB4H
DB 028H
DB 0,0,0,0
Description
Maximum Cylinders
Maximum Heads
Start Reduced Write Current Cylinder
Start Write Precompensation Cylinder
Maximum ECC Burst Data Length
Control Byte
Standard Time-out
Time-out for Format Drive
Time-out for Check Drive
Reserved
Figure 3-27. Fixed Disk Drive Parameter Table 01 (PC XT BIOS Dated
11/10/82)
Data Areas and ROM Tables 3-19
Size Value
OW 0306
DB 06
OW 0128
OW 0256
DB OBH
DB 05H
DB OCH
DB OB4H
DB 028H
DB 0,0,0,0
Description
Maximum Cylinders
Maximum Heads
Start Reduced Write Current Cylinder
Start Write Precompensation Cylinder
Maximum ECC Burst Data Length
Control Byte
Standard Time-out
Time-out for Format Drive
Time-out for Check Drive
Reserved
Figure 3-28. Fixed Disk Drive Parameter Table 02 (PC XT BIOS Dated
11/10/82)
Size Value
OW 0306
DB 04
OW 0306
OW 0000
DB OBH
DB 05H
DB OCH
DB OB4H
DB 028H
DB 0,0,0,0
Description
Maximum Cylinders
Maximum Heads
Start Reduced Write Current Cylinder
Start Write Precompensation Cylinder
Maximum ECC Burst Data Length
Control Byte
Standard Time-out
Time-out for Format Drive
Time-out for Check Drive
Reserved
Figure 3-29. Fixed Disk Drive Parameter Table 03 (PC XT BIOS Dated
11/10/82)
Nole: INT 41H points to the beginning of the table and the switch
settings on the adapter are used as an index into the table.
3-20 Data Areas and ROM Tables
For PC XT BIOS dated 1/08/86 and after the following fixed disk drive
parameter tables apply:
Size Value
OW 306
DB 4
OW 306
OW
DB OBH
DB OSH
DB OCH
DB OB4H
DB 028H
DB 0,0,0,0
Description
Maximum Cylinders
Maximum Heads
Start Reduced Write Current Cylinder
Start Write Precompensation Cylinder
Maximum ECC Burst Data Length
Control Byte
Standard Time-out
Time-out for Format Drive
Time-out for Check Drive
Reserved
Figure 3-30. Fixed Disk Drive Parameter Table 00 - Type 1 (PC XT BIOS
Dated 1/08/86)
Size Value
OW 612
DB 4
OW 612
OW
DB OBH
DB OSH
DB 20H
DB OB4H
DB 028H
DB 0,0,0,0
Description
Maximum Cylinders
Maximum Heads
Start Reduced Write Current Cylinder
Start Write Precompensation Cylinder
Maximum ECC Burst Data Length
Control Byte
Standard Time-out
Time-out for Format Drive
Time-out for Check Drive
Reserved
Figure 3-31. Fixed Disk Drive Parameter Table 01 - Type 16 (PC XT BIOS
Dated 1/08/86)
Data Areas and ROM Tables 3-21
Size Value
DW 615
DB 4
DW 615
DW 300
DB OBH
DB 05H
DB 18H
DB OB4H
DB 028H
DB 0,0,0,0
Description
Maximum Cylinders
Maximum Heads
Start Reduced Write Current Cylinder
Start Write Precompensation Cylinder
Maximum ECC Burst Data Length
Control Byte
Standard Time-out
Time-out for Format Drive
Time-out for Check Drive
Reserved
Figure 3-32. Fixed Disk Drive Parameter Table 02 - Type 2 (PC XT BIOS
Dated 1/08/86)
Size Value
DW 306
DB 8
DW 306
DW 128
DB OBH
DB 05H
DB OCH
DB OB4H
DB 028H
DB 0,0,0,0
Description
Maximum Cylinders
Maximum Heads
Start Reduced Write Current Cylinder
Start Write Precompensation Cylinder
Maximum ECC Burst Data Length
Control Byte
Standard Time-out
Time-out for Format Drive
Time-out for Check Drive
Reserved
Figure 3-33. Fixed Disk Drive Parameter Table 03 - Type 13 (PC XT BIOS
Dated 1/08/86)
Note: INT 41H points to the beginning of the table. The switch
settings on the adapter are used as an index into the table.
3-22 Data Areas and ROM Tables
Diskette Drive Parameter Table
The diskette drive parameter table is defined as follows:
Offset Length Description
0 1 byte First Specify Byte
1 1 byte Second Specify Byte
2 1 byte Number of Timer Ticks to Wait Prior to
Turning Diskette Drive Motor Off
3 1 byte Number of Bytes Per Sector
OOH = 128 Bytes Per Sector
01H = 256 Bytes Per Sector
02H = 512 Bytes Per Sector
03H = 1024 Bytes Per Sector
4 1 byte Sectors Per Track
5 1 byte Gap Length
6 1 byte Dtl (Data Length)
7 1 byte Gap Length for Format
8 1 byte Fill Byte for Format
9 1 byte Head Settle Time (Milliseconds)
10 1 byte Motor Startup Time (1/8 Seconds)
For Example: 8 = 1 Second Wait
Figure 3-34. Diskette Drive Parameter Table
Note: The diskette drive parameter table is pointed to by INT 1 EH.
Data Areas and ROM Tables 3-23
Notes:
3-24 Data Areas and ROM Tables
Section 4. Additional Information
Interrupt Sharing ...................................... 4-3
Precautions ....................................... 4-3
Interrupt Request (IRQn) Reset ........................ 4-4
Interrupt-Sharing Software Requirements ............... 4-4
Interrupt-Sharing Chaining Structure and Signature ....... 4-6
ROM Considerations ................................ 4-7
Implementation Information .......................... 4-7
Adapter ROM ........................................ 4-12
Video Function Compatibility ............................ 4-14
Video Presence Test ............................... 4-14
Video Mode Switching .............................. 4-15
Multitasking Provisions ................................ 4-16
System Identification .................................. 4-18
Application Guidelines ................................. 4-19
Hardware Interrupts ............................... 4-19
Programming Considerations ........................ 4-21
BIOS and Operati ng System Function Calls ............. 4-21
Scan Code/Character Code Combinations ................. 4-24
4-1
Notes:
4-2
Interrupt Sharing
This section defines an interrupt sharing protocol that allows multiple
hardware adapters on the PC type 1/0 channel and Micro Channel
to share a single interrupt request line.
Precautions
Take the following precautions before implementing interrupt
sharing:
This interrupt sharing protocol is intended to run only in the real
address mode. It is not intended to run in the protected (virtual
address) mode.
This interrupt sharing protocol does not apply to the sharing of an
interrupt level between an interrupt handler running in the real
mode and an interrupt handler running in the protected mode.
This interrupt sharing protocol is not necessarily compatible with
all operati ng systems.
Interrupts must be disabled before control is passed to the next
handler on the chain. The disabling of the interrupts allows the
next handler to receive control as if a hardware interrupt had
caused it to receive control.
Interrupts must be disabled before the non-specific End of
Interrupt (EOI) is issued and not reenabled in the interrupt
handler to ensure that the Return from Interrupt (IRET) is
executed. The flags are restored and the interrupts reenabled
before another interrupt is serviced, protecting the stack from
excessive build-up.
All interrupt handlers must have a routine that can be executed
after power-on to disable their adapters' interrupts. Executing
this routine and resetting the interrupt sharing hardware ensures
that adapters are deactivated if the user resets the system.
Micro Channel is a trademark of the International Business Machines
Corporation.
Interrupt Sharing 4-3
Interrupt handler implementations must store data in memory
using Intel TM format; that is, word hex 424B is stored as 4BH,42H
in memory.
Interrupt Request (IRQn) Reset
The Micro Channel interrupt mechanism is level sensitive as opposed
to the edge sensitive mechanism of the PC type I/O channel. The
level sensitive Micro Channel mechanism simplifies the interrupt
hardware needed for the adapters.
An interrupt request in the PC type I/O channel is implicitly reset due
to the edge sensitive characteristic of the signal. In the Micro
Channel, due to the level sensitive characteristic of the signal, an
interrupt request must be explicitly reset by the bus slave interrupt
handler software. This is not the case if the bus slave hardware
implicitly resets the interrupt request. An example of a bus slave
device that implicitly resets an interrupt request is the system timer.
Interrupt-Sharing Software Requirements
All interrupt sharing software developed for Micro Channel bus
slaves must reset the interrupt request. The interrupt-sharing
chaining structure must be provided by all interrupt handlers. The
16-byte interrupt-sharing chaining structure must begin at the third
byte from the entry point of the interrupt handler. Pointers and flags
stored in the interrupt-sharing chaining structure must be stored in
Intel data format (see "Interrupt-Sharing Chaining Structure and
Signature" on page 4-6). These requirements are specified to
support the portability of the interrupt handlers across hardware
operating environments.
The interrupt handling software for all adapters sharing an interrupt
request line must implement this interrupt sharing software standard.
Interrupt sharing software operating in a multitasking environment
must support the linking of a task's interrupt handler to a chain of
interrupt handlers, the sharing of the interrupt level while that task is
active, and the unlinking of the interrupt handler from the chain once
the task is complete.
Intel is a trademark of the Intel Corporation.
4-4 Interrupt Sharing
To link an interrupt handler, the newly activated task's interrupt
handler replaces the interrupt vector in low memory with a pointer to
its own interrupt handler. (See "ROM Considerations" on page 4-7
for interrupt handlers stored in ROM.) The interrupt handler must
preserve the interrupt vector it is replacing and use it as a forward
pointer to the next interrupt handler in the chain. This old interrupt
vector must be stored at a fixed offset from the entry point of the new
task's interrupt handler.
When the system acknowledges an interrupt request, each interrupt
handler must determine whether it is the appropriate interrupt
handler for the adapter presenting the interrupt request. This is
accomplished by the handler reading the contents of the interrupt
status register of the adapter.
If the handler's device caused the interrupt, the handler must service
the interrupt, reset the interrupt status bit, clear the interrupts, issue
a non-specific EOI to the interrupt controller, then execute an IRET.
If the handler's device did not cause the interrupt, the handler passes
control to the next interrupt handler in the chain using the previously
stored forward pointer.
An interrupt handler is unlinked from a chain by the task first locating
its handler's position within the chain. The chain can be searched by
starting at the interrupt vector in low memory and using the offset of
each handler's forward pOinter to locate the entry point of each
handler. This is done until the task finds its own handler. Each
interrupt handier's signature (424BH) must be checked to ensure that
a valid forward pointer exists. The task's forward pointer replaces
the forward pointer of the previous handler in the chain, thus
removing the handler from the chain.
Note: If the interrupt handler cannot locate its position in the chain,
the interrupt handler cannot unlink.
An application-dependent unlinking error-recovery procedure must
be incorporated into the unlinking routine for those situations where
the unlinking routine discovers that the interrupt chain has been
corrupted (an interrupt handler is linked but does not have a valid
signature). All interrupt sharing handlers, except those in ROM (see
"ROM Considerations" on page 4-7), must use 424BH as the
signature to avoid corrupting the chain.
Interrupt Sharing 4-5
During a system-reset condition, a routine for each interrupt handler
must be executed after power-on to disable interrupts from their
responsible devices.
Operating system environments that support dynamic relocation of
software must manage the entire interrupt sharing process. Interrupt
handler software written exclusively for dynamic-relocation
operating-system environments does not have to provide the
interrupt-sharing chaining structure. These interrupt handlers do not
have to provide linking and unlinking support. They must provide
support for disabling the interrupting capability of the bus slave they
support.
Interrupt-Sharing Chaining Structure and Signature
The interrupt-sharing software chaining structure is in a 16-byte
format containing a 4-byte forward pointer (FPTR), a 2-byte signature,
and B reserved bytes (RES_BYTES), as depicted in the following
example:
ENTRY: JMP SHORT PAST ; Jump around structure
FPTR DO 0 ; Forward Pointer
SIGNATURE DW 424BH ; Used when unlinking to identify
; compatible interrupt handlers
FLAGS DB 0 ; Flags
FIRST EQU 80H ; Flag for being first in chain
JMP SHORT RESET
RES_BYTES DB DUP 7(0) ; -Reserved-
PAST: ;Actual start of code
The interrupt-sharing software chaining structure begins at the third
byte from the interrupt handler's entry point. The first instruction of
each handler is a short jump around the structure, placing the
structure at a known offset from the beginning of the handler routine.
Since the position of each interrupt handier'S chaining structure is
known (except for the handlers on adapter ROM), the FPTRs can be
updated when linking and unlinking.
The FIRST flag is used to determine the handier'S position in the
chain when linking and unlinking for shared interrupt levels. The
contents of the FLAGS byte is changed to the value of the FIRST flag
(BOH) to indicate that the handler is the first handler linked in the
chain. All interrupt handlers not stored in ROM must store the FIRST
4-6 Interrupt Sharing
flag (80H) in the FLAGS byte when they are the first handler in the
chain.
The Reset routine, an entry point for the operating system, must
disable the adapter interrupt and return to the operating system.
ROM Considerations
Adapters with interrupt handlers in ROM must implement chaining by
storing the FPTR in latches or ports on the adapter. If the adapter is
sharing interrupt levels 7 or 15, it must also store the FIRST flag that
indicates whether it is positioned first in the chain of interrupt
handlers. Storage of this information is required because it cannot
be guaranteed that handlers in ROM will always link first and never
unlink. The ROM handler must contain the signature OOOOH beginning
at the seventh byte from the handler entry point since the forward
pointer in ROM handlers is not stored at the third byte from the
handler entry point.
Implementation Information
The Interrupt Mask register is located at 1/0 port 21 H. Specific End of
Interrupt (EOI) values for the various interrupt levels are listed (67H
for level 7). The specific EOI is accomplished by issuing an OUT to
the 8259A operational control register (port 20H) using Operational
Control Word 2 (OCW2). A non-specific EOI is accomplished by
issuing an OUT value of hex 20 to the 8259A operational control
register (port 20H).
The following are examples of code used to implement interrupt
sharing:
Linking
PUSH ES
ClI ;Clear interrupts
;Set forward pointer to value of interrupt vector in low memory
ASSUME CS:COOESEG,OS:COOESEG
PUSH ES
MOV
INT
AX,350FH
21H
;OOS get interrupt vector
MOV SI.OFFSET CS:FPTR ;Get offset of your forward pointer
MOV CS:[SI],BX
; in an indexable register
;Store the old interrupt vector
Interrupt Sharing 4-7
MOV CS:[SI+2],ES ; in your forward pointer for
; chaining
CMP ES:BYTE PTR[BX],0CFH ;Test for IRET
if iret_test_only_is_needed ; See NOTE below
JNE SETVECTR
else
JE
CMP
JE
MOV
CMP
JNE
CMP
JNE
FRSTVCTR:
endif
MOV
SETVECTR: POP
PUSH
FRSTVCTR
ES: WORD PTR[BX+6].424BH ; Is signature present?
SETVECTR
AX,ES
AX.0F000H
SETVCTR
oSee if pointing to dummy handler
BX,WORD PTR ES:[0FF01H] ; Dummy Vector Pointer?
SETVECTR ;If dummy, then first
CS:FLAGS.FIRST
ES
DS
;Set up first in chain flag
;Make interrupt vector in low memory point to your handler
MOV DX,OFFSET ENTRY ;Make interrupt vector point to
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
POP
;Unmask (enable)
IN
JMP
AND
OUT
MOV
JMP
OUT
STI
POP
Notes:
AX,SEG ENTRY
DS.AX
AX.250FH
21H
DS
; your handler
;If DS =1= CS. get it and
; put it in DS
;DOS set interrupt vector
interrupts for your level
AL,IMR ;Read interrupt mask register
$+2 ;1/0 delay
AL,07FH ;Unmask interrupt level 7
IMR.AL ;Write new interrupt mask
AL,SPC_EOI ;Issue specific EOI for level 7
$+2 ; to allow pending level 7 interrupts
OCR,AL ; (if any) to be serviced
;Enable interrupts
ES
1. The operating system must ensure that the SEG:OFF points to a
valid interrupt handler or to an IRET (CFH) for levels 7 and 15.
2. ROM interrupt handlers during ROMSCAN (before the operating
system is loaded) and handlers on other than IRQ 7, must test the
SEG:OFF as shown in the "else" clause in this listing to
determine if they are the first handler in the chain. Checking the
SEG:OFF to see if it pOints to an IRET as the sole determination of
4-8 Interrupt Sharing
FIRST is allowed only on IRQ 7, and then only after the operating
system is loaded.
Interrupt Handler
YOUR_CARD EQU xxxx ;Location of your card interrupt
; control/status register
ISB EQU xx ;Interrupt bit in your card
; interrupt control/status register
REARM EQU 2F7H ;Global Rearm location for
; interrupt level 7
SPC_EOI EQU 67H ;Specific EOI for 8259 interrupt
; level 7
EOI EQU 20H ;Non-specific EOI
OCR EQU 20H ;Location of 8259 operational
; control register
IMR EQU 21H ;Location of 8259 interrupt mask
MYCSEG SEGMENT PARA
ASSUME CS:MYCSEG,DS:DSEG
ENTRY PROC FAR
JMP SHORT PAST ;Entry point of handler
FPTR DD 0 ;Forward Pointer
SIGNATURE DW 424BH ;Used when unlinking to identify
; compatible interrupt handlers
FLAGS DB 0 ;Flags
FIRST EQU 80H
JMP SHORT RESET
RES_BYTES DB 7 DUP (0) ;Future expansion
PAST: STI ;Actual start of handler code
PUSH ;Save needed registers
MOV DX,YOUR_CARD ;Select your status register
IN AL,DX ;Read the status register
TEST AL,ISB ;Your card caused interrupt?
JNZ SERVICE ;Yes, branch to service logic
TEST CS:FLAGS,FIRST ;Are we the first ones in?
JNZ EXIT ;If yes, branch for EOl and Rearm
POP ;Restore registers
CLI ;Clear interrupts
JMP DWORD PTR CS:FPTR ;Pass control to next handler on chain
SERVICE: ;Service the interrupt
EXIT:
CLI ;Clear interrupts
MOV AL,EOI
OUT OCR,AL ;lssue non-specific EOl to 8259
MOV DX,REARM ;Rearm the cards
OUT DX,AL
POP ;Restore registers
lRET
RESET: ;Disable your card
RET ;Return FAR to operating system
ENTRY ENDP
Interrupt Sharing 4-9
MYCSEG ENDS
END ENTRY
Unlinking
PUSH OS
PUSH ES
ClI ;Clear interrupts
MOV AX.350FH ;DOS get interrupt vector
INT 21H ;ES:BX points to first of chain
MOV CX.ES ;Pick up segment part of interrupt vector
;Are we the first handler in the chain?
MOV AX.CS ;Get code seg into comparable register
CMP BX.OFFSET tNTRY ;Interrupt vector in low memory
JNE
CMP
UNCHAIN_A
AX.CX
; pOinting to your handler offset?
;No. branch
;Vector pointing to your handler
; segment?
JNE UNCHAIN_A ;No. branch
;Set interrupt vector in low memory to point to the handler pointed to
by your pointer
UNCHAIN_A:
PUSH OS
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
POP
JMP
CMP
JNE
lOS
CMP
JNE
MOV
CMP
JNE
DX.WORD PTR CS:FPTR
DS.WORD PTR CS:FPTR[2]
AX.250FH ;DOS set interrupt vector
21H
OS
UNCHAINj
BX = FPTR offset. ES = FPTR segment. CX = CS
ES:[BX+6].4B42H ;Is handler using the appropriate
; conventions (is SIGNATURE present in
; the interrupt chaining structure)?
exception ;No. invoke error exception handler
SI.ES:[BX+2] ;Get FPTR segment and offset
SI.OFFSET ENTRY ;Is this forward pointer pointing to
UNCHAIN_B
CX.DS
AX.CX
UNCHAIN_B
; your handler offset?
;No. branch
;Move to compare
;Is this forward pointer pointing to
; your handler segment?
;No. branch
;locate your handler in the chain
MOV AX.WORD PTR CS:FPTR ; Get your FPTR offset
MOV ES:[BX+2].AX ;Replace offset of FPTR of handler
MOV
MOV
MOV
AND
OR
; that points to you
AX.WORD PTR CS:FTPR[2] ; Get your FPTR segment
ES:[BX+4].AX ;Replace segment of FPTR of handler
Al.CS:FlAGS
Al.FIRST
ES:[BX+6].Al
; that points to you
;Get your flags
;Isolate FIRST flag
;Set your first flag into prior routine
4-10 Interrupt Sharing
JMP UNCHAIN_X
UNCHAIN_B: MOV BX,SI ;Move new offset to BX
PUSH DS ;Set pointer to next in chain
POP ES
JMP UNCHAIN_A ;Examine next handler in chain
UNCHAIN_X: STI ;Enable interrupts
POP ES
POP DS
Interrupt Sharing 4-11
Adapter ROM
The BIOS provides a method for integrating adapters with on-board
ROM code into the system. During the POST, interrupt vectors are
established for BIOS calls. After the default vectors are in place, a
scan for adapter ROM modules occurs. At this point, an adapter ROM
routine can gain control. The routine can establish or intercept
interrupt vectors to hook into the system.
Early in the POST the absolute addresses hex COOOO through hex
C7FFF are scanned in 2Kb blocks in search of adapter ROM modules
that need to be initialized (for example, valid video adapter ROM).
The absolute addresses hex C8000 through hex DFFFF are scanned in
2Kb blocks in search of devices with valid adapter ROM modules.
Valid adapter ROM is defined as follows:
Byte 0: Hex 55
Byte 1: Hex AA
Byte 2: A length indicator representing the number of 512-byte
blocks (limit hex 7F) in the ROM (length/512). A checksum
tests the integrity of the ROM module. Each byte in the
defined ROM is summed modulo hex 100. This sum must
be 0 for the module to be valid.
When the POST identifies valid adapter ROM, it executes a far call to
byte 3 of the ROM (which should contain executable code). The
device can now perform power-on initialization. The adapter ROM
should return control to the POST by executing a far return.
For PC Convertible, if the adapter ROM diagnoses a self-test error,
the following should be done before returning:
Set bit 4 of 40:12 (POST status) to 1
Set the device number for the supported adapter into (AH)
Set a two-digit error code into (AL).
If no self-test error is found, the adapter ROM should reset bit 4 of
40:12 (POST status) to 0 before returning.
4-12 Adapter ROM
For Personal System/2 products, video adapters in the channel have
a ROM signature code that identifies the video adapter. During the
POST, when CMOS is not valid (abnormal condition), the signature
code is used to find the first video adapter and set up its ROM
programmable option select (POS) parameters.
The code starts at OCH in the ROM address space and consists of:
77H. CCH, 'VIDEO " POS Byte 1, POS Byte 2. POS Byte 3, POS Byte 4
Video ROM scan remains COOOOH to C7FFFH.
For PC Convertible, during early ROM scan the following protocol is
established to determine the video support:
Upon return from a call to a video adapter ROM module, (BH)
indicates the following:
(BH) = 00H - Not a video adapter
= 02H - Video adapter supporting video in the
color/graphics adapter range
= 04H - Video adapter supporting video in the
monochrome adapter range
Adapter ROM 4-13
Video Function Compatibility
The following procedures are recommended to provide video function
compatibility to application software.
Video Presence Test
Use this video presence test to determine which IBM video functions
are present.
1. The first step is to issue an INT 10H, with (AH) = 1AH and (AL) =
OOH (Read Display Combination Code).
If on return (AL) is not equal to 1AH, the Read/Write Display
Combination Code function is not supported, and step 2 should be
followed to determine video presence.
If on return (AL) = 1AH, the information returned in (BX) defines
the video environment. The active display code is returned in
(BL). The alternate display code, if any, is returned in (BH).
Refer to INT 10H, (AH) = 1AH on page 2-39 for display code
definitions.
2. To determine the presence of an IBM Enhanced Graphics Adapter
(EGA) when the Display Combination Code function is not
supported, issue an INT 10H with (AH) = 12H and (BL) = 10H
(Return EGA Information).
If on return, (BL) = 10H, an EGA is not present and step 3 should
be followed.
If on return (BL) is not equal to 10H then an EGA is present. Note
that an IBM Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter or an IBM
Monochrome Display and Printer Adapter may also be present,
depending on the EGA switch settings.
3. Complete steps 1 and 2 before performing this step. The video
functions that may be present at this point are the IBM
Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter, the IBM Monochrome Display
and Printer Adapter, or both. Perform a presence test on video
buffer addresses OB8000H, OBOOOOH to determine which video
functions are present.
4-14 Video Function Compatibility
Video Mode Switching
Use the following video mode switching procedure when applications
will switch between monochrome and color video modes. A correct
video function presence test, as previously described, is required.
The following three system video environments are possible:
1. A single video function that supports either monochrome or color
video modes. If a monochrome function is present, only
monochrome video modes are available. If a color function is
present, only color video modes are available.
2. Two video functions; one supporting color and the other
supporting monochrome video modes. In this case both
monochrome and color video modes are available. To switch
from monochrome to color or from color to monochrome, the
application should change the system equipment video mode
type bits (see data area 40:10, bits 5, 4 on page 3-4) to
monochrome or color and issue a INT 10H, (AH) = OOH (Set
Mode).
3. A single video function that supports both monochrome and color
video modes. To determine if a single video function supports
both monochrome and color video modes the application should
issue an INT 10H, (AH) = 1 BH (Return Functionality/State
Information).
If on return (AL) is not equal to 1 BH, the Return
Functionality/State function is not supported. Support for both
monochrome and color video modes on a single video function is
not available.
If on return (AL) = 1 BH, use the returned information to
determine if the All Modes on All Displays function is active. If
active, color and monochrome modes are available and the
application should change the system equipment video mode
type bits to monochrome or color, and issue a INT 10H, (AH) =
OOH (Set Mode). If inactive, only color modes or monochrome
modes are available, depending on the results of the video
presence test.
Video Function Compatibility 4-15
Multitasking Provisions
The BIOS provides hooks to assist in multitasking implementation.
Whenever a busy (Wait) loop occurs in the BIOS, a hook is provided
for the program to break out of the loop. Also, when the BIOS
services an interrupt, a corresponding Wait loop is exited, and
another hook is provided. A program may be written that employs
the bulk of the device driver code. The following is valid only in the
microprocessor real address mode and must be taken by the code to
allow this support.
The program is responsible for matching corresponding Wait and
Post calls and for the serialization of access to the device driver. The
BIOS code is not reentrant.
The following four interfaces are used by the multitasking dispatcher:
Startup: The startup code hooks INT 15H. The dispatcher is
responsible to check for function codes of (AH) = 90H or (AH) = 91H
(see the following descriptions of Wait and Post). The dispatcher
must pass all other functions to the previous user of INT 15H (use a
JMP or a CALL). If (AH) = 90H or (AH) = 91H, the dispatcher must
do the appropriate processing, and return by the IRET instruction.
Serialization: The multitasking system must ensure that the device
driver code is used serially. Multiple entries into the code can result
in errors.
Wait (Busy): Whenever the BIOS is about to enter a Wait loop, it first
issues an tNT 15H, (AH) = 90H. This signals a wait condition. At this
point, the dispatcher should save the task status and dispatch another
task. This allows overlapped execution of tasks when the hardware is
busy. The following is an outline of the code that has been added to
the BIOS to perform this function.
4-16 Multitasking Provisions
MOV AX, 90xxH ;Wait code in AH and
; type code in AL
INT 15H ;Issue call
JC TIMEOUT ;Optional: for time-out or
; if carry is set, time-out
; occurred
NORMAL TIMEOUT LOGIC ;Normal time-out
Post (Interrupt): Whenever the BIOS has set an interrupt flag for a
corresponding busy loop, an INT 15H, (AH) = 91H occurs. This
signals a Post condition. At this point, the dispatcher must set the
task status to "ready to run" and return to the interrupt routine. The
following is an outline of the code added to the BIOS that performs
this function.
MOV AX, 91xxH
INT 15H
;Post code AH and
; type code AL
;Issue call
Three Wait loop function code classes are supported:
The first (hex 0 to 7F) is serially reusable. This means that for the
devices that use these codes, access to the BIOS must be
restricted to one task at a time and the operating system must
serialize access.
The second (hex 80 to BF) is for reentrant devices. There is no
restriction on the number of tasks that may access the device.
ES:BX is used to distinguish different calls.
The third (hex CO to FF) is non interrupt (Wait-only calls). There
is no corresponding interrupt for the Wait loop. The dispatcher
must take the appropriate action to satisfy this condition, and exit
from the loop. There is no complementary Post for these Waits.
They are time-out only and the times are function-number
dependent.
To support time-outs properly, the multitasking dispatcher must be
aware of time. If a device enters a busy loop, it generally should
remain there for a specific amount of time before indicating an error.
The dispatcher must return to the BIOS Wait loop with the carry bit
set if a time-out occurs.
Multitasking Provisions 4-17
System Identification
Each BIOS ROM module has a model byte located at FOOO:FFFE in
ROM. In some cases a submodel byte and a BIOS revision level byte
are used to further distinguish the various BIOS ROM modules. To
access this information, see INT 15H, (AH) = COH (Return System
Configuration Parameters) on page 2-94.
BIOS Model Submodel
Product Date Byte Byte Revision
PC 04/24/81 FF - -
PC 10/19/81 FF -
-
PC 10/27/82 FF - -
PCXT 11/08/82 FE - -
PCXT 01/10/86 FB 00 01
PCXT 05/09/86 FB 00 02
PCjr 06/01/83 FD - -
AT 01/10/84 FC - -
AT 06/10/85 FC 00 01
AT 11/15/85 FC 01 00
PC XT Model 286 04/21/86 FC 02 00
PC Convertible 09113185 F9 00 00
Personal System/2 Model 30 09/02186 FA 00 00
Personal System/2 Model 50 * FC 04 00
Personal System/2 Model 60 * FC 05 00
Personal System/2 Model 80 * F8 00 00
Personal System/2 Model 80 * F8 01 00
* BIOS date not available.
Figure 4-1. System Identification
4-18 System Identification
Application Guidelines
Use the following information to develop application programs for the
IBM Personal System/2 and Personal Computer Whenever
possible, BIOS should be used as an interface to hardware in order to
provide maximum compatibility and portability of applications across
systems.
Hardware Interrupts
Hardware interrupts are level-sensitive for systems using the Micro
Channel architecture while systems using the PC type I/O channel
have edge-sensitive hardware interrupts. On edge-sensitive interrupt
systems, the interrupt controller clears its internal
interrupt-in-progress latch when the interrupt routine sends an end of
interrupt (EOI) command to the controller. The EOI is sent whether
the incoming interrupt request to the controller is active or inactive.
In level-sensitive systems, the interrupt-in-progress latch is readable
at an I/O address bit position. This latch is read during the interrupt
service routine and may be reset by the read operation or may
require an explicit reset.
Note: Designers may want to limit the number of devices sharing an
interrupt level for performance and latency considerations.
The interrupt controller on level-sensitive systems requires the
interrupt request to be inactive at the time the EOI is sent; otherwise,
a "new" interrupt request will be detected and another
microprocessor interrupt caused.
To avoid this problem, a level-sensitive interrupt handler must clear
the interrupt condition (usually by a Read or Write to an I/O port on
the device causing the interrupt). After clearing the interrupt
condition, a JMP $ + 2 should be executed prior to sending the EOI to
the interrupt controller. This ensures that the interrupt request is
removed prior to reenabling the interrupt controller. Another
JMP $+2 should be executed after sending the EOI; but prior to
enabling the interrupt through the Set Interrupt Flag (STI) command.
Application Guidelines 4-19
lID commands followed immediately by an STI instruction do not
permit enough recovery time for some system board and channel
operations. To ensure enough time, a JMP SHORT $ + 2 must be
inserted between the lID command and the STI instruction.
Notes:
1. MOV AL,AH type instructions do not allow enough recovery time.
An example of the correct procedure follows:
OUT IO_ADD.AL
JMP SHORT $+2
MOV AL.AH
STI
2. Prior to programming the interrupt controllers, interrupts should
be disabled by issuing a Clear Interrupt Flag (eLi) command.
This includes the Mask register, EOls, initialization control words,
and operational control words.
In the level-sensitive systems, hardware prevents the interrupt
controllers from being set to the edge-sensitive mode.
Hardware interrupt IRQ9 is defined as the replacement interrupt level
for the cascade level IRQ2. Program interrupt sharing should be
implemented on IRQ2, INT OAH. The following processing occurs to
maintain compatibility with the IRQ2 used by IBM Personal Computer
products:
1. A device drives the interrupt request active on IRQ2 of the
channel.
2. This interrupt request is mapped in hardware to IRQ9 input on the
second interrupt controller.
3. When the interrupt occurs, the system microprocessor passes
control to the IRQ9 (lNT 71 H) interrupt handler.
4. This interrupt handler performs an EOI to the second interrupt
controller and passes control to IRQ2 (INT OAH) interrupt handler.
5. When handling the interrupt, the IRQ2 interrupt handler causes
the device to reset the interrupt request prior to performing an
EOI to the master interrupt controller that finishes servicing the
IRQ2 request.
4-20 Application Guidelines
Programming Considerations
The IBM-supported languages of IBM C, BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL,
and Pascal are the best choices for writing compatible programs. If a
program uses specific features of the hardware, that program may
not be compatible with all IBM Personal System/2 and Personal
Computer products.
Any program that requires precise timing information should obtain it
through an operating system or language interface; for example,
TIME$ in BASIC. The use of programming loops may prevent a
program from being compatible with other Personal System/2 and
IBM Personal Computer products, and software.
BIOS and Operating System Function Calls
For maximum portability, programs should perform all I/O operations
through operating system function calls. In environments where the
operating system does not provide the necessary programming
interfaces, programs should access the hardware through BIOS
function calls, if permissible. When writing programs, consider the
following:
In some environments, program interrupts are used for access to
these functions. This practice removes the absolute addressing
from the program. Only the interrupt number is required.
The system can mask hardware sensitivity. New devices can
change the BIOS to accept the same programming interface on
the new device.
In cases where BIOS provides parameter tables, such as for
video or diskette, a program can substitute new parameter values
by building a new copy of the table and changing the vector to
point to that table. The program should copy the current table,
using the current vector, and then modify those locations in the
table that need to be changed. In this way, the program does not
inadvertently change any values that should be left the same.
The Diskette Parameters Table pointed to by INT 1EH consists of
11 parameters required for diskette operation. It is
recommended that the values supplied in ROM be used. If it
becomes necessary to modify any of the parameters, build
Application Guidelines 4-21
another parameter block and modify the address at INT 1 EH
(0:78) to point to the new block.
The parameters were established to allow:
Some models of the IBM Personal Computer to operate both
the 5.25-inch high capacity diskette drive (96 tracks per inch)
and the 5.25-inch double-sided diskette drive (48 tracks per
inch).
Some models of the Personal System/2 to operate both the
3.5-inch 1.44Mb diskette drive and the 3.5-inch 720Kb diskette
drive.
The Gap Length Parameter is not always retrieved from the
parameter block. The gap length used during diskette read,
write, and verify operations is derived from within diskette BIOS.
The gap length for format operations is still obtained from the
parameter block.
If a parameter block contains a head settle time parameter value
of 0 milliseconds, and a write or format operation is being
performed, the following minimum head settle times are
enforced.
Drive Type
5.25-lnch Diskette Drives:
Double Sided (48 TPI)
High Capacity (96 TPI)
3.5-lnch Diskette Drives:
720Kb
1.44Mb
Head Settle Time
20 milliseconds
15 milliseconds
20 milliseconds
15 milliseconds
Figure 4-2. Write and Format Head Settle Time
Read and verify operations use the head settle time provided by
the parameter block.
If a parameter block contains a motor start wait parameter of less
than 500 milliseconds (1 second for a Personal Computer
product) for a write or verify operation, diskette BIOS enforces a
minimum time of 500 milliseconds (1 second for a Personal
Computer product). Read and write operations use the motor
start time provided by the parameter block.
4-22 Application Guidelines
Programs may be designed to reside on both 5.25-inch and
3.5-inch diskettes. Since not all programs are operating-system
dependent, the following procedure can be used to determine the
type of media inserted into a diskette drive:
1. Verify track 0, head 0, sector 1 (1 sector): This allows diskette
BIOS to determine if the format of the media is a
recognizable type.
If the verify operation fails, issue the reset function (AH = 0) to
diskette BIOS and try the operation again. If another failure
occurs, the media needs to be formatted or is defective.
2. Verify track 0, head 0, sector 16 (1 sector).
If the verify operation fails, either a 5.25-inch (48 TPI) or
3.5-inch 720Kb diskette is installed. The type can be
determined by verifying track 78, head 1, sector 1 (1 sector).
A successful verification of track 78 indicates a 3.5-inch
720Kb diskette is installed; a verification failure indicates a
5.25-inch (48 TPI) diskette is installed.
Note: Refer to the DOS Technical Reference for the File
Allocation Table parameters for single-sided and
double-sided diskettes.
3. Read the diskette controller status in BIOS starting with
address 40:42. The fifth byte defi nes the head that the
operation ended with. If the operation ended with head 1, the
diskette is a 5.25-inch high-capacity (96 TPI) diskette; if the
operation ended with head 0, the diskette is a 3.5-inch 1.44Mb
diskette.
Application Guidelines 4-23
Scan Code/Character Code Combinations
The followi ng I ists the keyboard keystrokes and the scan
code/character code combinations that are returned through INT 16H:
83- and 84-Key 1011102-Key 101/102-Key
Standard Standard Extended
Keystroke Function Function Function
Esc 01/18 01/18 01/18
1 02/31 02/31 02/31
2 03/32 03/32 03/32
3 04/33 04/33 04/33
4 05/34 05/34 05/34
5 06/35 06/35 06/35
6 07/36 07/36 07/36
7 08/37 08/37 08/37
8 09/38 09/38 09/38
9 OA/39 OA/39 OA/39
0 08/30 08/30 08/30
- OC/20 OC/20 OC/20
= 00/30 00/30 00/30
8ackspace OE/08 OE/08 OE/08
Tab OF/09 OF/09 OF/09
q 10/71 10/71 10/71
w 11/77 11/77 11/77
e 12/65 12/65 12/65
r 13/72 13/72 13/72
t 14/74 14/74 14/74
Y
15179 15/79 15/79
u 16/75 16/75 16/75
i 17/69 17/69 17/69
0 18/6F 18/6F 18/6F
P
19170 19/70 19/70
[ lA/58 lA/58 lA/58
] 18/50 18/50 18/50
Return lC/OO lC/OO 1C/00
Ctrl ** ** **
a lE/61 lE/61 1E/61
s IF/73 IF/73 1F/73
d 20/64 20/64 20/64
f 21/66 21/66 21/66
9
22/67 22/67 22/67
h 23/68 23/68 23/68
j 24/6A 24/6A 24/6A
k 25/68 25/68 25/68
I 26/6C 26/6C 26/6C
27/38 27/38 27/38
28/27 28/27 28/27
29/60 29/60 29/60
Shift ** ** **
Figure 4-3 (Part 1 of 3). Keyboard Keystrokes
424 Scan Code/Character Code Combinations
83- and 84-Key 101/102-Key 101/102-Key
Standard Standard Extended
Keystroke Function Function Function
\ 28/5C 28/5C 28/5C
z 2C/7A 2C/7A 2C/7A
x 20/78 20/78 20/78
c 2E/63 2E/63 2E/63
v 2F/76 2F/76 2F/76
b 30/62 30/62 30/62
n 31/6E 31/6E 31/6E
m 32/60 32/60 32/60
33/2C 33/2C 33/2C
34/2E 34/2E 34/2E
I 35/2F 35/2F 35/2F
* 37/2A 37/2A 37/2A
Alt ** ** **
Space 39/20 39/20 39/20
Caps Lock ** ** **
F1 38/00 38/00 38/00
F2 3C/OO 3C/00 3C/OO
F3 30/00 30/00 3D/00
F4 3E/OO 3E/00 3E/OO
F5 3F/00 3F/00 3F/00
F6 40/00 40/00 40/00
F7 41/00 41/00 41/00
F8 42/00 42/00 42/00
F9 43/00 43/00 43/00
F10 44/00 44/00 44/00
F11 (no key) -- 85/00
F12 (no key)
-- 86/00
Num Lock ** ** **
Scroll Lock ** ** **
Home 47/00 47/00 47/00
Up Arrow 48/00 48/00 48/00
PgUp 49/00 49/00 49/00
- 4A/20 4A/2D 4A/20
Left Arrow 48/00 48/00 48/00
Center Key
-- -- 4C/00
Right Arrow 40/00 4D/OO 4D/00
+
4E/28 4E/28 4E/28
End 4F/OO 4F/00 4F/00
Down Arrow 50/00 50/00 50100
PgOn 51/00 51/00 51100
Ins 52/00 52/00 52/00
Del 53/00 53/00 53/00
SysReq ** (no key) (no key)
Key 45 (no key) 56/5C 56/5C
Enter (no key) 1C/OD EOIOD
I (no key) 35/2F EO/2F
PrtSc (no key) ** **
Pause (no key) ** **
Home (no key) 47/00 47/EO
Up Arrow (no key) 48/00 48/EO
PageUp (no key) 49/00 49/EO
Left Arrow (no key) 48/00 48/EO
Figure 4-3 (Part 2 of 3). Keyboard Keystrokes
Scan Code/Character Code Combinations 4-25
83- and 84-Key 1011102-Key 101/102-Key
Standard Standard Extended
Keystroke Function Function Function
Right Arrow (no key) 4D/00 4D/EO
End (no key) 4F/00 4F/EO
Down Arrow (no key) 50/00 50/EO
PageDown (no key) 51/00 51 lEO
Insert (no key) 52/00 52/EO
Delete (no key) 53/00 53/EO
** These combinations do not provide a keystroke for the application but perform
some other action. They are not put in the INT 16H queue.
-- These combinations have no function and are ignored.
Figure 4-3 (Part 3 of 3). Keyboard Keystrokes
The following lists the Shift keyboard keystrokes and the scan
code/character code combinations that are returned through INT 16H:
83- and 84-Key 101/102-Key 101/102-Key
Standard Standard Extended
Keystroke Function Function Function
Shift Esc 01/1B 01/1B 01/18
Shift ! 02/21 02/21 02/21
Shift @ 03/40 03/40 03/40
Shift # 04/23 04/23 04/23
Shift $ 05/24 05/24 05/24
Shift % 06/25 06/25 06/25
Shift A 07/5E 07/5E 07/5E
Shift & 08/26 08/26 08/26
Shift * 09/2A 09/2A 09/2A
Shift ( OA/28 OA/28 OA/28
Shift ) OB/29 OB/29 OB/29
Shift OC/5F OC/5F OC/5F
Shift + OD/2B OD/2B OD/2B
Shift Backspace OE/08 OE/08 OE/08
Shift Tab (Backtab) OFIOO OFIOO OFIOO
Shift Q 10/51 10/51 10/51
Shift W 11/57 11/57 11/57
Shift E 12/45 12/45 12/45
Shift R 13/52 13/52 13/52
Shift T 14/54 14/54 14/54
Shift y 15/59 15/59 15/59
Shift U 16/55 16/55 16/55
Shift I 17/49 17149 17/49
Shift 0 18/4F 18/4F 18/4F
Shift P 19/50 19/50 19/50
Shift { 1A/7B 1A/7B 1A/7B
Shift } 1B/7D 1B/7D 1B/7D
Shift Return 1C/OD 1C/OD 1C/OD
Shift Ctrl ** ** **
Figure 4-4 (Part 1 of 3). Shift Keyboard Keystrokes
4-26 Scan Code/Character Code Combinations
83- and 84-Key 101/102-Key 1 01 11 02-Key
Standard Standard Extended
Keystroke Function Function Function
Shift A 1E/41 1E/41 1E/41
Shift S 1F/53 1F/53 1F/53
Shift D 20/44 20/44 20/44
Shift F 21/46 21/46 21/46
Shift G 22/47 22/47 22/47
Shift H 23/48 23/48 23/48
Shift J 24/4A 24/4A 24/4A
Shift K 25/4B 25/4B 25/4B
Shift L 26/4C 26/4C 26/4C
Shift : 27/3A 27/3A 27/3A
Shift "
28/22 28/22 28/22
Shift '" 29/7E 29/7E 29/7E
Shift :
2B/7C 2B/7C 2B/7C
Shift Z 2C/5A 2C/5A 2C/5A
Shift X 2D/58 2D/58 2D/58
Shift C 2E/43 2E/43 2E/43
Shift V 2F/56 2F/56 2F/56
Shift B 30/42 30/42 30/42
Shift N 31/4E 31/4E 31/4E
Shift M 32/4D 32/4D 32/4D
Shift < 33/3C 33/3C 33/3C
Shift > 34/3E 34/3E 34/3E
Shift ? 35/3F 35/3F 35/3F
Shift * 37/2A 37/2A 37/2A
Shift Alt ** ** **
Shift Space 39/20 39/20 39/20
Shift Caps Lock ** ** **
Shift F1 54/00 54/00 54/00
Shift F2 55/00 55/00 55/00
Shift F3 56/00 56/00 56/00
Shift F4 57/00 57/00 57/00
Shift F5 58/00 58/00 58/00
Shift F6 59/00 59/00 59/00
Shift F7 5A/00 5A/00 5A/00
Shift F8 58/00 58/00 58/00
Shift F9 5C/00 5C/00 5CIDO
Shift F10 5D/00 5D/00 50/00
Shift F11 (no key) -- 87/00
Shift F12 (no key) -- 88/00
Shift Num Lock ** ** **
Shift Scroll Lock ** ** **
Shift 7 47/37 47/37 47/37
Shift 8 48/38 48/38 48/38
Shift 9 49/39 49/39 49/39
Shift - 4A/2D 4A/2D 4A/2D
Shift 4 48/34 48/34 48/34
Shift 5 4C/35 4C/35 4C/35
Shift 6 4D/36 4D/36 4D/36
Shift + 4E/28 4E/28 4E/28
Shift 1 4F/31 4F/31 4F/31
Shift 2 50/32 50/32 50/32
Figure 4-4 (Part 2 of 3). Shift Keyboard Keystrokes
Scan Code/Character Code Combinations 4-27
83- and 84-Key 101/102-Key 101/102-Key
Standard Standard Extended
Keystroke Function Function Function
Shift 3 51/33 51/33 51/33
Shift 0 52/30 52/30 52/30
Shift . 53/2E 53/2E 53/2E
Shift SysReq (no key) (no key)
Shift Key 45 (no key) 56/7G 56/7G
Shift Enter (no key) 1G/OD EO/OD
Shift / (no key) 35/2F EO/2F
Shift PrtSc (no key)
Shift Pause (no key)
Shift Home (no key) 47/00 47/EO
Shift Up Arrow (no key) 48/00 48/EO
Shift PgUp (no key) 49/00 49/EO
Shift Left Arrow (no key) 48/00 48/EO
Shift Right (no key) 4D/00 4D/EO
Shift End (no key) 4F/00 4F/EO
Shift Down Arrow (no key) 50/00 SO/EO
Shift PgDn (no key) 51100 51/EO
Shift Insert (no key) 52/00 52/EO
Shift Delete (no key) 53/00 53/EO
** These combinations do not provide a keystroke for the application presently
running but perform some other action. They are not put in the INT 16H queue.
-- These combinations have no function and are ignored.
Figure 4-4 (Part 3 of 3). Shift Keyboard Keystrokes
The followi ng I ists the Ctrl keyboard keystrokes and the scan
code/character code combinations that are returned through INT 16H:
83- and 84-Key 101/102-Key 1 01 11 02-Key
Standard Standard Extended
Keystroke Function Function Function
Gtrl Esc 01/18 01/18 01118
Gtrl1
Gtrl 2 (NUL) 03/00 03/00 03/00
Gtrl3
Gtrl4
Gtrl5
Gtrl6 (RS) 07/1E 07/1E 07/1E
Gtrl7
Gtrl8
Gtrl9
GtrlO
Gtrl OG/1F OG/1F OG/1F
Gtrl ::
Gtrl 8ackspace (DEL) OE/7F OE/7F OE/7F
Gtrl Tab 94/00
Gtrl q (DG1) 10/11 10/11 10/11
Figure 4-5 (Part 1 of 3). Ctrl Keyboard Keystrokes
4-28 Scan Code/Character Code Combinations
83- and 84-Key 101/102-Key 1011102-Key
Standard Standard Extended
Keystroke Function Function Function
Glrl w (ETB) 11/17 11/17 11/17
Gtrl e (ENQ) 12/05 12/05 12/05
Gtrl r (OG2) 13/12 13/12 13/12
Gtrl t (OG4) 14/14 14/14 14/14
Glrl y (EM) 15/19 15/19 15/19
Glrl u (NAK) 16/15 16/15 16/15
Gtrl i (HT) 17/09 17/09 17/09
Glrl 0 (SI) 18/0F 18/0F 18/0F
Gtrl p (OLE) 19/10 19/10 19/10
Gtrl [(ESG) 1AI1B 1A/1B 1A/1B
Gtrl] (GS) 1B/10 1B/10 1B/10
Gtrl Return (LF) 1G/OA 1G/OA 1G/OA
Gtrl a (SOH) 1E/01 1E/01 1E/01
Gtrl s (OG3) 1FI13 1FI13 1F/13
Gtrl d (EOT) 20/04 20/04 20/04
Gtrl f (AGK) 21/06 21/06 ~ 1 0 6
Gtrl 9 (BEL) 22/07 22/07 22/07
Gtrl h (Backspace) 23/08 23/08 23/08
Gtrl j (LF) 24/0A 24/0A 24/0A
Gtrl k (VT) 25/0B 25/0B 25/0B
Gtrll (FF) 26/0G 26/0G 26/0G
Gtrl; -- -- --
Gtrl' -- -- --
Gtrl' -- -- --
Gtrl Shift ** ** **
Gtrl \ (FS) 2B/1G 2B/1G 2B/1G
Gtrl z (SUB) 2G/1A 2G/1A 2G/1A
Gtrl x (GAN) 20/18 20/18 20/18
Gtrl c (ETX) 2E/03 2E/03 2E/03
Gtrl v (SYN) 2F/16 2F/16 2F/16
Gtrl b (STX) 30/02 30/02 30/02
Gtrl n (SO) 31/0E 31/0E 31/0E
Gtrl m (GR) 32/00 32/00 32/00
Gtrl. -- -- --
Gtrl. -- -- --
Gtrl/
-- -- --
Gtrl * -- --
96/00
Gtrl Alt ** ** **
Gtrl Space 39/20 39/20 39/20
Gtrl Gaps Lock -- -- --
Gtrl F1 5E/00 5E/00 5E/00
Gtrl F2 5F/00 5F/00 5F/00
Gtrl F3 60/00 60/00 60/00
Gtrl F4 61100 61100 61/00
Gtrl F5 62/00 62/00 62/00
Gtrl F6 63/00 63/00 63/00
Gtrl F7 64/00 64/00 64/00
Gtrl F8 65/00 65/00 65/00
Gtrl F9 66/00 66/00 66/00
Gtrl F10 67/00 67/00 67/00
Gtrl F11 (no key) --
89/00
Gtrl F12 (no key) --
8A/00
Figure 4-5 (Part 2 of 3). Ctrl Keyboard Keystrokes
Scan Code/Character Code Combinations 4-29
83- and 84-Key 101/102-Key 101/102-Key
Standard Standard Extended
Keystroke Function Function Function
Gtrl Num Lock
Gtrl Scroll Lock
Gtrl Home 77/00 77/00 77/00
Gtrl Up Arrow 80/00
Gtrl"PgUp 84/00 84/00 84/00
Gtrl Keypad - 8E/OO
Gtrl Left Arrow 73/00 73/00 73/00
Gtrl Genter 8F/OO
Gtrl Right Arrow 74/00 74/00 74/00
Gtrl Keypad + 90/00
Gtrl End 75/00 75/00 75/00
Gtrl Down Arrow 91/00
Gtrl PgDn 76/00 76/00 76/00
Gtrllns 92/00
Gtrl Del 93/00
Gtrl SysReq (no key) (no key)
Gtrl Key 45 (no key)
Gtrl Enter (no key) 1G/OA EOIOA
Gtrl I (no key) 95/00
Gtrl PrtSc (no key) 72/00 72/00
Gtrl Break (no key) 00/00 00/00
Gtrl Home (no key) 77/00 77/EO
Gtrl Up (no key) 8D/EO
Gtrl PageUp (no key) 84/00 84/EO
Gtrl Left (no key) 73/00 73/EO
Gtrl Right (no key) 74/00 74/EO
Gtrl End (no key) 75/00 75/EO
Gtrl Down (no key) 91/EO
Gtrl PageDown (no key) 76/00 76/EO
Gtrllnsert (no key) 92/EO
Gtrl Delete (no key) 93/EO
** These combinations do not provide a keystroke for the application presently
running but perform some other action. They are not put on the INT 16H queue.
-- These combinations have no function and are ignored.
Figure 4-5 (Part 30t 3). Ctrl Keyboard Keystrokes
4-30 Scan Code/Character Code Combinations
The following lists the Alt keyboard keystrokes and the scan
code/character code combinations that are returned through INT 16H:
83- and 84-Key 1011102-Key 101/102-Key
Standard Standard Extended
Keystroke Function Function Function
Alt Esc
-- --
01100
Alt 1 78/00 78/00 78/00
Alt 2 79/00 79/00 79/00
Alt3 7A/00 7A/00 7A/00
Alt4 7B/00 7B/00 7B/00
Alt 5 7C/00 7C/00 7C/00
Alt 6 70/00 70/00 70/00
Alt 7 7E/00 7E/00 7E/00
Alt 8 7F/00 7F/00 7F/00
Alt 9 80/00 80/00 80/00
Alt 0 81100 81100 81100
Alt - 82/00 82/00 82/00
Alt = 83/00 83/00 83/00
Alt Backspace -- -- OE/OO
Alt Tab -- -- A5/00
Alt q 10/00 10/00 10/00
Altw 11/00 11/00 11/00
Alt e 12/00 12/00 12/00
Alt r 13/00 13/00 13/00
Altt 14/00 14/00 14/00
Alty 15/00 15/00 15/00
Alt u 16/00 16/00 16/00
Alt i 17/00 17/00 17100
Alt 0 18/00 18/00 18/00
Alt p 19/00 19/00 19/00
Alt [
-- -- 1A/00
Alt] -- -- 1B/00
Alt Return -- -- 1C/00
Alt Ctrl ** ** **
Alt a 1E/00 1E/00 1E/00
Alt s 1F/00 1F/00 1F/00
Altd 20/00 20/00 20/00
Alt f 21/00 21/00 21/00
Alt 9 22/00 22/00 22/00
Alt h 23/00 23/00 23/00
Alt j 24/00 24/00 24/00
Alt k 25/00 25/00 25/00
Alt I 26/00 26/00 26/00
Alt; -- -- 27/00
Alt'
-- -- 28/00
Alt' -- -- 29/00
Alt Shift ** ** **
Alt \ -- -- 2B/00
Altz 2C/00 2C/00 2C/00
Alt x 20/00 20/00 20/00
Alt c 2E/00 2E/00 2E/00
Alt v 2F/00 2F/00 2F/00
Alt b 30/00 30/00 30/00
Figure 4-6 (Part 1 of 2). Alt Keyboard Keystrokes
Scan Code/Character Code Combinations 4-31
83- and 84-Key 101/102-Key 1 01 11 02-Key
Standard Standard Extended
Keystroke Function Function Function
Alt n 31100 31/00 31/00
Alt m 32/00 32/00 32/00
Alt, 33/00
Alt. 34/00
Alt! 35/00
Alt * 37/00
Alt Space 39/20 39/20 39/20
Alt Caps Lock
Alt F1 68/00 68/00 68/00
Alt F2 69/00 69/00 69/00
Alt F3 6A/00 6A/00 6A/00
Alt F4 68/00 68/00 68/00
Alt F5 6C/00 6C/00 6C/00
Alt F6 60/00 60/00 60/00
Alt F7 6E/00 6E/00 6E/00
Alt F8 6F/00 6F/00 6F/00
Alt F9 70/00 70/00 70/00
Alt F10 71/00 71100 71/00
Alt F11 (no key) 88/00
Alt F12 (no key) 8C/00
Alt Num Lock **
Alt Scroll Lock
Alt Keypad-- 4A100
"Alt Keypad + 4E/00
Alt Keypad Nos.
# # #
Alt Del
Alt SysRq (no key) (no key)
Alt Key 45 (no key)
Alt Enter (no key) A6/00
Alt! A4/00
Alt Print Screen (no key)
Alt Pause (no key)
Alt Home (no key) 97/00
Alt Up (no key) 98/00
Alt PageUp (no key) 99/00
Alt Left (no key) 98/00
Alt Right (no key) 90/00
Alt End (no key) 9F/00
Alt Down (no key) AO/OO
Alt PageOown (no key) A1/00
Alt Insert (no key) A2/00
Alt Delete (no key) A3/00
# See the following page for use of Alt key with number keys.
** These combinations do not provide a keystroke for the application presently
running but perform some other action. They are not put on the INT 16H queue.
-- These combinations have no function and are ignored.
Figure 4-6 (Part 2 of 2). Alt Keyboard Keystrokes
4-32 Scan Code/Character Code Combinations
For all keyboards, the numeric keypad can be used in combination
with the Alt key to input any ASCII character. The scan code (always
00) and character code are returned after the Alt key is released. For
example, pressing Alt and Keypad 1, then releasing Alt returns scan
code/character code combination hex 00/01; pressing Alt and Keypad
255, then releasing Alt returns scan code/character code combination
hex OO/FF.
Scan Code/Character Code Combinations 4-33
Notes:
4-34 Scan Code/Character Code Combinations
Glossary
This glossary includes terms and
definitions from the IBM Vocabulary
for Data Processing,
Telecommunications, and Office
Systems, GC20-1699.
adapter. An auxiliary device or unit
used to extend the operation of
another system.
all pOints addressable (APA). A
mode in which all points of a
displayable image can be controlled
by the user.
alphanumeric (A/N). Pertaining to a
character set that contains letters,
digits, and usually other characters,
such as punctuation marks.
Synonymous with alphameric.
American National Standard Code
for Information Interchange (ASCII).
The standard code, using a coded
character set consisting of 7-bit
coded characters (8 bits including
parity check), used for information
exchange between data processing
systems, data communication
systems, and associated equipment.
The ASCII set consists of control
characters and graphic characters.
analog. (1) Pertaining to data in
the form of continuously variable
physical quantities. (2) Contrast
with digital.
APA. All points addressable.
ASCII. American National Standard
Code for Information Interchange.
assemble. To translate a program
expressed in an assembler
language into a computer language.
assembler. A computer program
used to assemble.
asynchronous transmission.
(1) Transmission in which the time
of occurrence of the start of each
character, or block of characters, is
arbitrary; once started, the time of
occurrence of each signal
representing a bit within a
character, or block, has the same
relationship to significant instants of
a fixed time frame.
(2) Transmission in which each
information character is individually
transmitted (usually timed by the
use of start elements and stop
elements).
BASIC. Beginner's all-purpose
symbolic instruction code.
basic input/output system (BIOS).
The feature that provides the level
control of the major 110 devices, and
relieves the programmer from
concern about hardware device
characteristics.
baud. (1) A unit of signaling speed
equal to the number of discrete
conditions or signal events per
second. For example, one baud
equals one bit per second in a train
of binary Signals, one-half dot cycle
X-1
per second in Morse code, and one
3-bit value per second in a train of
signals each of which can assume
one of eight different states. (2) In
asynchronous transmission, the unit
of modulation rate corresponding to
one unit of interval per second; that
is, if the duration of the unit interval
is 20 milliseconds, the modulation
rate is 50 baud.
beginner's all-purpose symbolic
instruction code (BASIC). A
programming language with a small
repertoi re of commands and a
simple syntax, primarily deSigned
for numeric applications.
binary. (1) Pertaining to a
selection, choice, or condition that
has two possible values or states.
(2) Pertaining to a fixed radix
numeration system having a radix
of 2.
binary digit. (1) In binary notation,
either of the characters 0 or 1.
(2) Synonymous with bit.
binary notation. Any notation that
uses two different characters,
usually the binary digits 0 and 1.
binary synchronous
communications (BSC). A uniform
procedure, using a standardized set
of control characters and control
character sequences for
synchronous transmission of
binary - coded data between
stations.
BIOS. Basic input/output system.
bit. Synonym for binary digit.
block. (1) A string of records, a
string of words, or a character string
X-2
formed for technical or logic
reasons to be treated as an entity.
(2) A set of things, such as words,
characters, or digits, treated as a
unit.
bootstrap. A technique or device
designed to bring itself into a
desired state by means of its own
action; for example, a machine
routine whose first few instructions
are sufficient to bring the rest of
itself into the computer from an
input device.
BSC. Binary synchronous
communications.
buffer. (1) An area of storage that
is temporarily reserved for use in
performing an input/output
operation, into which data is read or
from which data is written.
Synonymous with 110 area. (2) A
portion of storage for temporarily
holding input or output data.
bus. One or more conductors used
for transmitting signals or power.
byte. (1) A sequence of eight
adjacent binary digits that are
operated upon as a unit. (2) A
binary character operated upon as a
unit. (3) The representation of a
character.
cathode ray tube (CRT). A vacuum
tube in which a stream of electrons
is projected onto a fI uorescent
screen producing a luminous spot.
The location of the spot can be
controlled.
channel. A path along which
signals can be sent; for example,
data channel, output channel.
character generator. (1) In
computer graphics, a functional unit
that converts the coded
representation of a graphic
character into the shape of the
character for display. (2) In word
processing, the means within
equipment for generating visual
characters or symbols from coded
data.
character set. (1) A fi n ite set of
different characters upon which
agreement has been reached and
that is considered complete for
some purpose. (2) A set of unique
representations called characters.
(3) A defined collection of
characters.
characters per second (cps). A
standard unit of measurement for
the speed at which a printer prints.
CMOS. Complementary metal
oxide semiconductor.
code. (1) A set of unambiguous
rules specifying the manner in
which data may be represented in a
discrete form. Synonymous with
coding scheme. (2) A set of items,
such as abbreviations, representing
the members of another set. (3) To
represent data or a computer
program in a symbolic form that can
be accepted by a data processor.
(4) Loosely, one or more computer
programs, or part of a computer
program.
complement. A number that can be
derived from a specified number by
subtracting it from a second
specified number.
complementary metal oxide
semiconductor (CMOS). A logic
circuit family that uses very little
power. It works with a wide range
of power supply voltages.
computer. A functional unit that can
perform substantial computation,
including numerous arithmetic
operations or logic operations,
without human intervention during a
run.
computer program. A sequence of
instructions suitable for processing
by a computer.
computer word. A word stored in
one computer location and capable
of being treated as a unit.
configuration. (1) The arrangement
of a computer system or network as
defined by the nature, number, and
the chief characteristics of its
functional units. More specifically,
the term configuration may refer to
a hardware configuration or a
software configuration. (2) The
devices and programs that make up
a system, subsystem, or network.
cps. Characters per second.
CRC. Cyclic redundancy check.
CRT. Cathode ray tube.
cursor. (1) In computer graphics, a
movable marker that is used to
indicate position on a display. (2) A
displayed symbol that acts as a
marker to help the user locate a
point in text, in a system command,
or in storage. (3) A movable spot of
light on the screen of a display
device, usually indicating where the
next character is to be entered,
replaced, or deleted.
X-3
cyclic redundancy check (CRC).
(1) A redundancy check in which
the check key is generated by a
cyclic algorithm. (2) A system of
error checking performed at both
the sending and receiving station
after a block-check character has
been accumulated.
cylinder. (1) The set of all tracks
with the same nominal distance
from the axis about which the disk
rotates. (2) The tracks of a disk
storage device that can be accessed
without repositioning the access
mechanism.
data. (1) A representation of facts,
concepts, or instructions in a
formalized manner suitable for
communication, interpretation, or
processing by human or automatic
means. (2) Any representations,
such as characters or analog
quantities, to which meaning is, or
might be assigned.
dc. Direct current.
device driver. A device handler
routine in the operating system.
digit. (1) A graphic character that
represents an integer; for example,
one of the characters 0 to 9. (2) A
symbol that represents one of the
non-negative integers smaller than
the radix. For example, in decimal
notation, a digit is one of the
characters 0 to 9.
digital. (1) Pertaining to data in the
form of digits. (2) Contrast with
analog.
main storage and I/O devices that
does not requi re processor
intervention.
disable. To stop the operation of a
circuit or device.
disabled. Pertaining to a state of a
processing unit that prevents the
occurrence of certain types of
interruptions. Synonymous with
masked.
disk. Loosely, a magnetic disk.
diskette. A thin, flexible magnetic
disk and a semirigid protective
jacket, in which the disk is
permanently enclosed. Synonymous
with flexible disk.
diskette drive. A device for storing
data on and retrieving data from a
diskette.
display. (1) A visual presentation
of data. (2) A device for visual
presentation of information on any
temporary character imaging
device. (3) To present data
visually. (4) See cathode ray tube
display.
DMA. Direct memory access.
duplex. (1) In data communication,
pertaining to a simultaneous
two-way independent transmission
in both directions. d.Contrast with
half-duplex.
ECC. Error checking and
correction.
enable. To initiate the operation of
direct memory access (DMA). A a circuit or device.
method of transferring data between
X-4
end-of-text (ETX). A transmission
control character used to terminate
text.
end-of-transmission (EOT). A
transmission control character used
to indicate the conclusion of a
transmission, which may have
included one or more texts and any
associated message headings.
end-of-transmission-block (ETS). A
transmission control character used
to indicate the end of a transmission
block of data when data is divided
into such blocks for transmission
purposes.
EOT. End-of-transmission.
ETS. End-of-transmission-block.
ETX. End-of-text.
FCC. Federal Communications
Commission.
field. (1) In a record, a specified
area used for a particular category
of data. (2) In a data base, the
smallest unit of data that can be
referred to.
FIFO (first-in-first out). A queuing
technique in which the next item to
be retrieved is the item that has
been in the queue for the longest
time.
fixed disk drive. A unit consisting
of nonremovable magnetic disks,
and a device for storing data on and
retrieving data from the disks.
flag. (1) Any of various types of
indicators used for identification.
(2) A character that signals the
occurrence of some condition, such
as the end of a word.
font. A family or assortment of
characters of a given size and style;
for example, 10 point Press Roman
medium.
foreground. (1) In
multiprogramming, the environment
in which high-priority programs are
executed. (2) On a color display
screen, the characters as opposed
to the background.
format. The arrangement or layout
of data on a data medium.
gate. (1) A combinational logic
circuit having one output channel
and one or more input channels,
such that the output channel state is
completely determined by the input
channel states. (2) A signal that
enables the passage of other
signals through a circuit.
graphic. A symbol produced by a
process such as handwriting,
drawing, or printing.
half-duplex. (1) In data
communication, pertaining to an
alternate, one way at a time,
independent transmission.
(2) Contrast with duplex.
hardware. Physical equipment
used in data processing, as opposed
to programs, procedures, rules, and
associated documentation.
head. A device that reads, writes,
or erases data on a storage
medium; for example, a small
electromagnet used to read, write,
or erase data on a magnetic disk.
X-5
hertz (Hz). A unit of frequency
equal to one cycle per second.
hex. Common abbreviation for
hexadecimal.
hexadecimal. (1) Pertaining to a
selection, choice, or condition that
has 16 possible different values or
states. These values or states are
usually symbolized by the ten digits
o through 9 and the six letters A
through F. (2) Pertaining to a fixed
radix numeration system having a
radix of 16.
Hz. Hertz
image. A fully processed unit of
operational data that is ready to be
transmitted to a remote unit; when
loaded into control storage in the
remote unit, the image determines
the operations of the unit.
indicator. (1) A device that may be
set into a prescribed state, usually
according to the result of a previous
process or on the occurrence of a
specified condition in the
equipment, and that usually gives a
visual or other indication of the
existence of the prescribed state,
and that may in some cases be used
to determine the selection among
alternative processes; for example,
an overflow indicator. (2) An item
of data that may be interrogated to
determine whether a particular
condition has been satisfied in the
execution of a computer program;
for example, a switch indicator, an
overflow indicator.
initialize. To set counters,
switches, addresses, or contents of
storage to 0 or other starting values
at the beginning of, or at prescribed
X-6
points in, the operation of a
computer routine.
input/output (1/0). (1) Pertaining to
a device or to a channel that may be
involved in an input process, and, at
a different time, in an output
process. In the English language,
"input/output" may be used in place
of such terms as "input/output
data," "input/output signal," and
"input/output terminals," when such
usage is clear in a given context.
(2) Pertaining to a device whose
parts can be performing an input
process and an output process at
the same time. (3) Pertaining to
either input or output, or both.
instruction. In a programming
language, a meaningful expression
that specifies one operation and
identifies its operands, if any.
intenSity. In computer graphiCS, the
amount of light emitted at a display
point
interface. A device that alters or
converts actual electrical signals
between distinct devices, programs,
or systems.
interleave. To arrange parts of one
sequence of things or events so that
they alternate with parts of one or
more other sequences of the same
nature and so that each sequence
retains its identity.
interrupt. (1) A suspension of a
process, such as the execution of a
computer program, caused by an
event external to that process, and
performed in such a way that the
process can be resumed. (2) In a
data transmiSSion, to take an action
at a receiving station that causes
the transmitting station to terminate
a transmission. (3) Synonymous
with interruption.
1/0. Input/output.
1/0 area. Synonym for buffer.
Joystick. In computer graphics, a
lever that can pivot in all directions
and that is used as a locator device.
Kb. 1024 bytes.
latch. (1) A simple logic-circuit
storage element. (2) A feedback
loop in sequential digital circuits
used to maintain a state.
LED. Light-emitting diode.
light-emitting diode (LED). A
semiconductor device that gives off
visible or infrared light when
activated.
load. In programming, to enter data
into storage or working registers.
mark. A symbol or symbols that
indicate the beginning or the end of
a field, of a word, of an item of data,
or of a set of data such as a file, a
record, or a block.
mask. (1) A pattern of characters
that is used to control the retention
or elimination of portions of another
pattern of characters. (2) To use a
pattern of characters to control the
retention or elimination of portions
of another pattern of characters.
masked. Synonym for disabled.
Mb. 1 048576 bytes.
mega (M). Prefix 1,000,000.
megahertz (MHz). 1,000,000 hertz.
memory. Term for main storage.
meter (m). A unit of length
(equivalent to 39.37 inches).
MHz. Megahertz; 1,000,000 hertz.
micro. Prefix 0.000,001.
microprocessor. An integrated
circuit that accepts coded
instructions for execution; the
instructions may be entered,
integrated, or stored internally.
microsecond. 0.000,001 second.
milli (m). Prefix 0.001.
milliampere (mA). 0.001 ampere.
millisecond (ms). 0.001 second.
mode. (1) A method of operation;
for example, the binary mode, the
interpretive mode, the alphanumeric
mode. (2) The most frequent value
in the statistical sense.
modem (modulator-demodulator).
A device that converts serial (bit by
bit) digital signals from a business
machine (or data communication
equipment) to analog signals that
are suitable for transmission in a
telephone network. The inverse
function is also performed by the
modem on reception of analog
signals.
module. (1) A program unit that is
discrete and identifiable with
respect to compiling, combining
with other units, and loading. (2) A
packaged functional hardware unit
X-7
designed for use with other
components.
monitor. Synonym for cathode ray
tube display (CRT display).
ms. Millisecond; 0.001 second.
multiplexer. A device capable of
interleaving the events of two or
more activities, or capable of
distributing the events of an
interleaved sequence to the
respective activities.
null character (NUL). A control
character that is used to accomplish
media-fill or time-fill, and that may
be inserted into or removed from, a
sequence of characters without
affecting the meaning of the
sequence; however, the control of
the equipment or the format may be
affected by this character.
operating system. Software that
controls the execution of programs;
an operating system may provide
services such as resource
allocation, scheduling, input/output
control, and data management.
overrun. Loss of data because a
receiving device is unable to accept
data at the rate it is transmitted.
parallel. (1) Pertaining to the
concurrent or simultaneous
operation of two or more devices, or
to the concurrent performance of
two or more activities.
(2) Pertaining to the concurrent or
simultaneous occurrence of two or
more related activities in multiple
devices or channels. (3) Pertaining
to the simultaneity of two or more
processes. (4) Pertaining to the
simultaneous proceSSing of the
X-8
individual parts of a whole, such as
the bits of a character and the
characters of a word, using separate
facilities for the various parts.
(5) Contrast with serial.
parameter. (1) A variable that is
given a constant value for a
specified application and that may
denote the application. (2) A name
in a procedure that is used to refer
to an argument passed to that
procedure.
parity check. (1) A redundancy
check that uses a parity bit.
(2) Synonymous with odd-even
check.
PEL. Picture element.
picture element (PEL). The
smallest displayable unit on a
display.
pOinters. A double word entity that
specifies an address.
port. An access point for data entry
or exit.
processor. (1) In a computer, a
functional unit that interprets and
executes instructions. (2) A
functional unit, a part of another unit
such as a terminal or a proceSSing
unit, that interprets and executes
instructions. (3) Deprecated term
for processing program. (4) See
microprocessor.
program. (1) A series of actions
designed to achieve a certain result.
(2) A series of instructions telling
the computer how to handle a
problem or task. (3) To design,
write, and test computer programs.
programmable read-only memory
(PROM). A read-only memory that
can be programmed by the user.
programming language. (1) An
artificial language established for
expressing computer programs.
(2) A set of characters and rules
with meanings assigned prior to
their use, for writing computer
programs.
protocol. (1) A specification for the
format and relative timing of
information exchanged between
communicating parties. (2) The set
of rules governing the operation of
functional units of a communication
system that must be followed if
communication is to be achieved.
radio frequency (RF). An ac
frequency that is higher than the
highest audio frequency. So called
because of the application to radio
communication.
RAM. Random access memory.
Read/write memory.
random access memory (RAM).
Read/write memory.
raster. In computer graphics, a
predetermined pattern of lines that
provides uniform coverage of a
display space.
read. To acquire or interpret data
from a storage device, from a data
medium, or from another source.
read-only memory (ROM). A
storage device whose contents
cannot be modified. The memory is
retained when power is removed.
read/write memory. A storage
device whose contents can be
modified. Also called RAM.
register. (1) A storage device,
having a specified storage capacity
such as a bit, a byte, or a computer
word, and usually intended for a
special purpose. (2) A storage
device in which specific data is
stored.
reset/initialize. Set Hardware to
known state
retry. To resend the current block
of data (from the last EOB or ETB) a
prescribed number of times, or until
it is entered correctly or accepted.
RF. Radio frequency.
RF modulator. The device used to
convert the composite video signal
to the antenna level input of a home
TV.
ROM. Read-only memory.
ROM/BIOS. The ROM resident
basic input/output system, which
provides the level control of the
major I/O devices in the computer
system.
RS-232-C. A standard by the EIA for
communication between computers
and external equipment.
run. A single continuous
performance of a computer program
or routine.
scaling. In computer graphics,
enlarging or reducing all or part of a
display image by multiplying the
coordinates of the image by a
constant value.
X-9
SOLe. Synchronous Data Link
Control.
sector. That part of a track or band
on a magnetic drum, a magnetic
disk, or a disk pack that can be
accessed by the magnetic heads in
the course of a predetermined
rotational displacement of the
particular device.
serial. (1) Pertaining to the
sequential performance of two or
more activities in a single device. In
English, the serial and
parallel usually refer to devices, as
opposed to sequential and
consecutive, which refer to
processes. (2) Pertaining to the
sequential or consecutive
occurrence of two or more related
activities in a single device or
channel. (3) Pertaining to the
sequential processing of the
individual parts of a whole, such as
the bits of a character or the
characters of a word, using the
same facilities for successive parts.
(4) Contrast with parallel.
setup. (1) In a computer that
consists of an assembly of
individual computing units, the
arrangement of interconnections
between the units, and the
adjustments needed for the
computer to operate. (2) The
preparation of the system for normal
operation.
software. Computer programs,
procedures, and rules concerned
with the operation of a data
processing system.
source. The origin of a signal or
electrical energy.
X-10
start-of-text (STX). A transmission
control character that precedes a
text and may be used to terminate
the message heading.
stop bit. (1) A signal to a receiving
mechanism to wait for the next
signal. (2) In a start-stop system, a
signal following a character or block
that prepares the receiving device
for the reception of a subsequent
character or block.
storage. (1) A storage device.
(2) A device, or part of a device,
that can retain data. (3) The
retention of data in a storage device.
STX. Start-of-text.
text. In ASCII and data
communication, a sequence of
characters treated as an entity if
preceded and terminated by one
STX and one ETX transmission
control character, respectively.
time-out. (1) A parameter related
to an enforced event designed to
occur at the conclusion of a
predetermined elapsed time. A
time-out condition can be cancelled
by the receipt of an appropriate
time-out cancellation signal. (2) A
time interval allotted for certain
operations to occur; for example,
response to polling or addressing
before system operation is
interrupted and must be restarted.
track. (1) The path or one of the set
of paths, parallel to the reference
edge on a data medium, associated
with a single reading or writing
component as the data medium
moves past the component. (2) The
portion of a moving data medium
such as a drum, or disk, that is
accessible to a given reading head
position.
window. (1) A predefined part of
the virtual space. (2) The visible
area of a viewplane.
word. (1) A character string or a
bit string considered as an entity.
(2) See computer word.
write. To make a permanent or
transient recording of data in a
storage device or on a data medium.
write precompensation. The
varying of the timing of the head
current from the outer tracks to the
inner tracks of the diskette to keep a
constant 'write' signal.
X-11
Notes:
X-12
Index
A
activate/deactivate internal modem
power 2-81
adapter ROM 4-12
alternate disk reset 2-66
alternate select 2-32
application guidelines 4-19
BIOS function calls 4-21
hardware interrupts 4-19
operating system function
calls 4-21
programming
considerations 4-21
asynchronous communications
interrupt (14H) 2-70
B
extended communications port
control 2-73
extended initialize 2-72
initialize the communications
port 2-70
read status 2-72
receive character 2-71
send character 2-71
BASIC 4-21
BIOS data area 3-3
BIOS data area, extended 3-15
BIOS function calls 4-21
BIOS level determination 1-4
bootstrap loader interrupt
(19H) 2-114
c
character code combinations 4-24
character generator 2-24
COBOL 4-21
compatibility, video 4-14
D
data areas 1-4, 3-3, 3-15
device busy 2-93
device close 2-83
device open 2-83
diskette change line status 2-55
diskette drive data area 3-6
diskette drive parameter table 3-23
diskette drive/fixed disk drive
control data area 3-10
diskette interrupt (13H) 2-48
diskette change line
status 2-55
format desired track 2-51
read DASD type 2-54
read desired sectors into
memory 2-50
read drive parameters 2-53
read status of last
operation 2-49
reset diskette system 2-48
set DASD type for format 2-55
set media type for format 2-56
verify desired sectors 2-51
write desired sectors from
memory 2-50
E
edge-sensitive interrupts 4-19
enable/disable watchdog
time-out 2-102
equipment determination interrupt
(11 H) 2-46
event wait 2-84
extended BIOS data area 3-15
extended communications port
control 2-73
extended initialize 2-72
extended keyboard read 2-109
extended keystroke status 2-109
X-13
extended memory size
determine 2-89
extended shift status 2-110
F
fixed disk drive data area 3-8
fixed disk drive parameter
table 3-16
fixed disk interrupt (13H) 2-58
alternate disk reset 2-66
format desired cylinder 2-62
format desired cylinder and set
bad sector flags 2-63
format drive starting at desired
cylinder 2-64
format unit 2-68
initialize drive pair
characteristics 2-65
park heads 2-68
read DASD type 2-67
read desired sectors into
memory 2-60
read drive parameters 2-64
read status of last
operation 2-60
recalibrate 2-67
reset disk system 2-59
seek 2-66
test drive ready 2-66
verify desired sectors 2-61
write desired sectors from
memory 2-61
format desired cylinder 2-62
format desired cylinder and set bad
sector flags 2-63
format desired track 2-51
format drive starting at desired
cylinder 2-64
format unit 2-68
format unit periodic interrupt 2-76
FORTRAN 4-21
function calls 4-21
X-14
G
gap length 4-22
guidelines, application 4-19
BIOS function calls 4-21
hardware interrupts 4-19
operating system function
H
calls 4-21
programming
considerations 4-21
hardware interrupts
edge-sensitive interrupts 4-19
1/0 commands 4-20
level-sensitive interrupts 4-19
STI instructions 4-20
hardware specific video mode
characteristics 2-11
1/0 commands 4-20
IBM C 4-21
identification, system 4-18
initialize drive pair
characteristics 2-65
initialize the communications
port 2-70
initialize the printer port 2-111
INT 1AH (system-timer and real-time
clock services interrupt) 2-115
read real-time clock alarm time
and status 2-119
read real-time clock date 2-117
read real-time clock time 2-116
read system-timer day
counter 2-119
read system-timer time
counter 2-115
reset real-time clock
alarm 2-118
set real-ti me clock activated
power-on mode 2-118
set real-time clock alarm 2-118
set real-ti me clock date 2-117
set real-time clock time 2-117
set system-timer day
counter 2-120
set system-timer time
counter 2-116
set up sound multiplexer 2-120
INT 10H (video) 2-10
alternate select 2-32
character generator 2-24
load LCD character font/set LCD
high-intensity substitute 2-37
read attribute/character at
current cursor position 2-17
read current video state 2-19
read cursor position 2-15
read dot 2-19
read I ight pen position 2-15,
2-16
read/write display combination
code 2-39
return functionality/state
information 2-40
return physical display
parameters for active
display 2-38
save/restore video state 2-44
scroll active page down 2-16
scroll active page up 2-16
set color palette 2-18
set cursor position 2-15
set cu rsor type 2-14
set mode 2-11
set palette registers 2-20
write attribute/character at
current cursor position 2-17
write character at current cursor
position 2-18
write dot 2-18
write string 2-36
write teletype to active
page 2-19
INT 13H (diskette) 2-48
diskette change line
status 2-55
format desired track 2-51
read DASD type 2-54
read desired sectors into
memory 2-50
read drive parameters 2-53
read status of last
operation 2-49
reset diskette system 2-48
set DASD type for format 2-55
set media type for format 2-56
verify desired sectors 2-51
write desired sectors from
memory 2-50
INT 13H (fixed disk) 2-58
alternate disk reset 2-66
format desired cylinder 2-62
format desired cylinder and set
bad sector flags 2-63
format drive starting at desired
cylinder 2-64
format unit 2-68
initialize drive pair
characteristics 2-65
park heads 2-68
read DASD type 2-67
read desired sectors into
memory 2-60
read drive parameters 2-64
read status of last
operation 2-60
recalibrate 2-67
reset disk system 2-59
seek 2-66
test drive ready 2-66
verify desired sectors 2-61
write desired sectors from
memory 2-61
INT 14H (asynchronous
communications) 2-70
extended communications port
control 2-73
extended initialize 2-72
initialize the communications
port 2-70
read status 2-72
receive character 2-71
send character 2-71
INT 15H (system services) 2-74
activate/deactivate internal
modem power 2-81
device busy 2-93
device close 2-83
X-1S
device open 2-83
enable/disable watchdog
time-out 2-102
event wait 2-84
extended memory size
determine 2-89
format unit periodic
interrupt 2-76
interrupt complete 2-94
joystick support 2-85
keyboard intercept 2-82
move block 2-87
pointing device BIOS
interface 2-97
power-on self-tes+ error
log 2-77
program termination 2-84
programmable option select
(POS) 2-102
read blocks from cassette 2-75
read system status 2-80
read/modify profiles 2-78
request system power-off 2-80
return extended BIOS data area
segment address 2-96
return system configuration
parameters 2-94
switch processor to protected
mode 2-90
system request key
pressed 2-86
turn cassette motor off 2-75
turn cassette motor on 2-74
wait 2-86
wait for external event 2-79
write blocks to cassette 2-76
INT 16H (keyboard) 2-104
extended keyboard read 2-109
extended keystroke
status 2-109
extended shift status 2-110
keyboard click
adjustment 2-108
keyboard read 2-106
keyboard write 2-108
keystroke status 2-106
set typematic rate 2-107
shift status 2-107
X-16
INT 17H (printer) 2-111
initialize the printer port 2-111
print character 2-111
read status 2-112
interrupt complete 2-94
interrupt sharing 4-3
implementation information 4-7
interrupt request 4-4
interrupt-sharing chaining
structure and signature 4-6
interrupt-shari ng software
requirements 4-4
precautions 4-3
ROM considerations 4-7
interrupts 2-3
asynchronous communications
(14H) 2-70
bootstrap loader (19H) 2-114
diskette (13H) 2-48
edge-sensitive interrupts 4-19
equipment determination
(11H) 2-46
fixed disk (13H) 2-58
I/O commands 4-20
INT 02H 2-4
INT 05H (print screen) 2-6
INT 08H (system timer) 2-7
INT 09H (keyboard) 2-8
INT 1AH (system-timer and
real-time clock
services) 2-115
INT 10H (video) 2-10
INT 11H (equipment
determination) 2-46
INT 12H (memory size
determination) 2-47
INT 13H (diskette) 2-48
INT 13H (fixed disk) 2-58
INT 14H (asynchronous
communications) 2-70
INT 15H (system services) 2-74
INT 16H (keyboard) 2-104
INT 17H (printer) 2-111
INT 19H (bootstrap
loader) 2-114
INT 70H (real-time clock
interrupt) 2-122
keyboard (16H) 2-104
keyboard interrupt (09H) 2-8
level-sensitive interrupts 4-19
memory size determination
(12H) 2-47
NMI (02H) 2-4
nonmaskable interrupt
(02H) 2-4
print screen (05H) 2-6
printer (17H) 2-111
real-time clock (70H) 2-122
real-time clock services
(1AH) 2-115
STI instructions 4-20
system services (15H) 2-74
system timer (08H) 2-7
system-timer services
(1AH) 2-115
video (10H) 2-10
introduction 1-3
J
joystick support 2-85
K
keyboard click adjustment 2-108
keyboard data area 3-4, 3-9, 3-11
keyboard intercept 2-82
keyboard interrupt (09H) 2-8
keyboard interrupt (16H) 2-104
extended keyboard read 2-109
extended keystroke
status 2-109
extended shift status 2-110
keyboard cl ick
adjustment 2-108
keyboard read 2-106
keyboard write 2-108
keystroke status 2-106
set typematic rate 2-107
shift status 2-107
keyboard read 2-106
keyboard write 2-108
keystroke status 2-106
L
level-sensitive interrupts 4-19
load LCD character font/set LCD
high-intensity substitute 2-37
M
memory size data area 3-4
memory size determination interrupt
(12H) 2-47
mode switching, video 4-15
model byte 2-95,4-18
move block 2-87
multitasking 4-16
device driver code 4-16
post 4-17
serialization 4-16
startup 4-16
time-outs, multitasking 4-17
wait 4-16,4-17
N
NMI (nonmaskable interrupt) 2-4
nonmaskable interrupt (02H) 2-4
o
operating system function
calls 4-21
p
parameter passing 1-3
park heads 2-68
Pascal 4-21
PC Convertible display types 2-38
pointing device BIOS
interface 2-97
power-on self-test error log 2-77
presence test, video 4-14
print character 2-111
print screen interrupt (05H) 2-6
pri nter interrupt (17H) 2-111
initialize the printer port 2-111
pri nt character 2-111
X-17
read status 2-112
printer port base address data
area 3-3
printer time-out value data
area 3-8
program termination 2-84
programmable option select
(POS) 2-102
programming considerations 4-21
BASIC 4-21
COBOL 4-21
FORTRAN 4-21
gap length 4-22
IBM C 4-21
Pascal 4-21
R
read attribute/character at current
cursor position 2-17
read blocks from cassette 2-75
read current video state 2-19
read cursor position 2-15
read DASD type 2-54, 2-67
read desired sectors into
memory 2-50, 2-60
read dot 2.-19
read drive parameters 2-53, 2-64
read light pen position 2-15
read real-time clock alarm time and
status 2-119
read real-time clock date 2-117
read real-time clock time 2-116
read status 2-72, 2-112
read status of last operation 2-49,
2-60
read system status 2-80
read system-timer day
counter 2-119
read system-timer time
counter 2-115
read/modify profiles 2-78
read/write display combination
code 2-39
real-time clock data area 3-11
real-time clock interrupt
(70H) 2-122
recalibrate 2-67
X-18
receive character 2-71
request system power-off 2-80
reset disk system 2-59
reset diskette system 2-48
reset real-time clock alarm 2-118
return extended BIOS data area
segment address 2-96
return functionality/state
information 2-40
return physical display parameters
for active display 2-38
return system configuration
parameters 2-94
revision level byte 2-95, 4-18
ROM tables 1-4,3-3,3-16
RS-232-C port base address data
area 3-3
RS-232-C time-out value data
area 3-9
s
save pointer data area 3-12
save/restore video state 2-44
scan code/character code
combinations 4-24
scroll active page down 2-16
scroll active page up 2-16
secondary save pointer data
area 3-13
seek 2-66
select active display page 2-16
send character 2-71
set color palette 2-18
set cursor position 2-15
set cursor type 2-14
set DASD type for format 2-55
set media type for format 2-56
set mode 2-11
set palette registers 2-20
set real-time clock activated
power-on mode 2-118
set real-time clock alarm 2-118
set real-ti me clock date 2-117
set real-time clock time 2-117
set system-timer day
counter 2-120
set system-timer time
counter 2-116
set typematic rate 2-107
set up sound multiplexer 2-120
sharing, interrupt 4-3
implementation information 4-7
interrupt request 4-4
interrupt-sharing chaining
structure and signature 4-6
interrupt-shari ng software
requirements 4-4
precautions 4-3
ROM considerations 4-7
shift status 2-107
STI instructions 4-20
submodel byte 2-95, 4-18
summary of interrupt functions
INT 1AH (system-timer and
real-time clock
services) 2-115
INT 10H (video) 2-10
INT 13H (diskette) 2-48
INT 13H (fixed disk) 2-58
INT 14H (asynchronous
communications) 2-70
INT 15H (system services) 2-74
INT 16H (keyboard) 2-104
INT 17H (printer) 2-111
switch processor to protected
mode 2-90
system data area 3-7, 3-8
system equipment data area 3-4
system groups 1-5
system identification 4-18
system request key pressed 2-86
system services interrupt
(15H) 2-74
activate/deactivate internal
modem power 2-81
device busy 2-93
device close 2-83
device open 2-83
enable/disable watchdog
time-out 2-102
event wait 2-84
extended memory size
determine 2-89
format unit periodic
interrupt 2-76
interrupt complete 2-94
joystick support 2-85
keyboard intercept 2-82
move block 2-87
pointing device BIOS
interface 2-97
power-on self-test error
log 2-77
program termination 2-84
programmable option select
(POS) 2-102
read blocks from cassette 2-75
read system status 2-80
read/modify profiles 2-78
request system power-off 2-80
return extended BIOS data area
segment address 2-96
return system configuration
parameters 2-94
switch processor to protected
mode 2-90
system request key
pressed 2-86
turn cassette motor off 2-75
turn cassette motor on 2-74
wait 2-86
wait for external event 2-79
write blocks to cassette 2-76
system timer interrupt (08H) 2-7
system-timer and real-time clock
services interrupt (1AH) 2-115
read real-time clock alarm time
and status 2-119
read real-time clock date 2-117
read real-time clock time 2-116
read system-timer day
counter 2-119
read system-timer time
counter 2-115
reset real-time clock
alarm 2-118
set real-time clock activated
power-on mode 2-118
set real-time clock alarm 2-118
set real-time clock date 2-117
set real-time clock time 2-117
X-19
set system-ti mer day
counter 2-120
set system-timer time
counter 2-116
set up sound multiplexer 2-120
system-timer data area 3-7
T
test drive ready 2-66
turn cassette motor off 2-75
turn cassette motor on 2-74
v
verify desired sectors 2-51,2-61
video compatibility 4-14
mode switching 4-15
presence test 4-14
video control data area 3-6, 3-9
video interrupt (10H) 2-10
alternate select 2-32
character generator 2-24
load LCD character font/set LCD
high-intensity substitute 2-37
read attribute/character at
current cursor position 2-17
read current video state 2-19
read cursor position 2-15
read dot 2-19
read light pen position 2-15,
2-16
read/write display combination
code 2-39
return functionality/state
information 2-40
X-20
return physical display
parameters for active
display 2-38
save/restore video state 2-44
scroll active page down 2-16
scroll active page up 2-16
set color palette 2-18
set cursor position 2-15
set cursor type 2-14
set mode 2-11
set palette registers 2-20
write attribute/character at
current cursor position 2-17
write character at current cursor
position 2-18
write dot 2-18
write string 2-36
write teletype to active
page 2-19
video mode switching 4-15
video modes 2-11
video presence test 4-14
w
wait 2-86, 4-16
wait for external event 2-79
write attribute/character at current
cursor position 2-17
write blocks to cassette 2-76
write character at current cursor
position 2-18
write desired sectors from
memory 2-50, 2-61
write dot 2-18
write string 2-36
write teletype to active page 2-19
----
-----
- ----
- ---
- - ---
- -- ---
------
--_.-

Copyright
International Business
Machines Corporation, 1987
All Rights Reserved
Printed in the
United States of America
References in this
publication to IBM
products or services do not
imply that IBM intends
to make them available
outside the United States.
84X1514