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Cardiac Output: Cardiac Output Heart Rate X Stroke Volume CO HR X SV

Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It depends on heart rate and stroke volume. Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per minute, averaging 60-100 bpm at rest. Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped per beat, averaging 70 ml at rest. Cardiac output can increase to meet bodily demands through factors that increase heart rate like exercise or sympathetic stimulation, or through factors that increase stroke volume like increased venous return or decreased heart rate.

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Navin Chandrasekaran
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126 views

Cardiac Output: Cardiac Output Heart Rate X Stroke Volume CO HR X SV

Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It depends on heart rate and stroke volume. Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per minute, averaging 60-100 bpm at rest. Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped per beat, averaging 70 ml at rest. Cardiac output can increase to meet bodily demands through factors that increase heart rate like exercise or sympathetic stimulation, or through factors that increase stroke volume like increased venous return or decreased heart rate.

Uploaded by

Navin Chandrasekaran
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cardiac Output

Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http: www.aw!bc.com"

Page 1. Introduction # Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped out b$ each %entricle in one minute. # Cardiac output can increase mar&edl$ to meet the demands placed on our bod$, whether dashing to catch a bus or riding a mountain bi&e, Page 2. Goals # 'o recogni(e that cardiac output %aries directl$ with heart rate and stro&e %olume. # 'o identif$ factors that modif$ heart rate and stro&e %olume, and to indicate how the$ change cardiac output. Page 3. Cardiac Output Definition # Cardiac )utput (C)" * 'he %olume of blood ejected from the left or right %entricle into the aorta or pulmonar$ trun& per minute. # Cardiac output depends on: +. ,eart rate -. .tro&e %olume Cardiac Output CO = = Heart Rate HR X X Stroke Volume SV

Page 4. Heart Rate Definition # ,eart rate (,/" is the number of times the heart beats in one minute, a%eraging 01 beats per minute (bpm" in the adult at rest. Page 5. Stroke Volume Definition # .tro&e %olume (.2" is the amount of blood pumped b$ each %entricle with each heartbeat, a%eraging 03 ml per beat in the adult at rest. Page 6. SV = EDV - ESV # .tro&e %olume represents the difference between end diastolic %olume (E42" and end s$stolic %olume (E.2". # B$ the time diastole ends, each %entricle has filled up with blood. 'his amount of blood is the end diastolic volume or E42. # 'he amount of blood ejected during the s$stole is the stro&e %olume. 5t the end of s$stole the %olume of blood remaining in each %entricle is the end systolic volume or E.2. # Each %entricle normall$ contains about +-3 ml of blood b$ the end of diastole. 5t the end of s$stole about 13 ml of blood are left in each %entricle. 'his means that 03 ml of blood were pumped out of each %entricle during s$stole. Stroke Volume SV = ~70 ml/beat = = End-Diastolic Volume EDV ~ 120 ml/beat End-Systolic Volume ESV ~50 ml/beat

Page 7. Cardiac Output Demonstration

66 7et this animation run for a full minute until it is done.


each minute b$ the heart at rest ! about 1.-1 liters8

'his will gi%e $ou some appreciation for the amount of blood that is pumped

66 9ow is a good time to go to :ui( :uestion +:


# Clic& the ;ui( button on the left side of the screen. # 5fter answering :uestion +a and +b, clic& the Bac& to 'opic button on the left side of the screen.

# 'o get bac& to where $ou left off, clic& on the scrolling page list at the top of the screen and choose <=. /egulation of Cardiac )utput<.

Page 8. Regulation of Cardiac Output # 'he &e$ factor regulating stro&e %olume is the amount of stretching that occurs to %entricular cardiac muscle prior to %entricular contraction. 'he more cardiac muscle stretches, the more forcefull$ it contracts. 'hese stronger contractions increase stro&e %olume.

66

Please note, there is a lot of important information on this page. Go through this page slowl$ and tr$ to ma&e sense of it.

Fill out this chart, making note of the reasons for the increase or decrease: Affect on Heart Rate Affect on Stroke Affect on Cardiac Volume Output Increased .$mpathetic .timulation Increased Paras$mpathetic .timulation Increased 2enous /eturn .low ,eart /ate E>tremel$ ?ast ,eart /ate E>ercise .udden 4rop in Blood Pressure /ising Blood Pressure .udden 4rop in Blood 2olume E>cess Calcium # Increased Sympathetic Stimulation ! Increased s$mpathetic stimulation (due to fright, anger, etc." increases the heart rate. It also increases stro&e %olume b$ increasing contractilit$, which results in more complete ejection of blood from the heart (lower E.2". # Increased Parasympathetic Stimulation ! Paras$mpathetic acti%it$ increases after a crisis has passed. 'his reduces heart rate and stro&e %olume from their high le%els, bringing cardiac output bac& to normal. # Increased Venous Return ! Cardiac muscle fibers are stretched b$ increased blood %olume returning to the heart (increased %enous return and E42". Increased stretch results in greater force of contraction, which increases stro&e %olume.

# Slo Heart Rate ! .low heart rate allows for more time for %entricular filling, increasing E42 and therefore stro&e %olume. # !"tremely #ast Heart Rate ! E>tremel$ rapid heart rate results in low %enous return and therefore decreased stro&e %olume. # !"ercise ! E>ercise acti%ates the s$mpathetic ner%ous s$stem, increasing heart rate, contractilit$, and stro&e %olume. Both the higher heart rate and s:uee(ing action of s&eletal muscles on %eins increase %enous return, contributing to increased stro&e %olume. # Sudden $rop in %lood Pressure ! 5 sudden drop in blood pressure results in low %enous return and therefore decreased stro&e %olume. ,owe%er heart rate increased due to s$mpathetic acti%it$, and normal cardiac output is maintained. # Risin& %lood Pressure ! /ising blood pressure reduces s$mpathetic acti%it$, decreasing heart rate. ,igh blood pressure also increases arterial pressure which %entricles must o%ercome before semilunar %al%es open, increasing E.2 and decreasing stro&e %olume. /educed cardiac output helps bring blood pressure down to normal le%els. # Sudden $rop in %lood Volume ! 5 sudden drop in blood %olume (eg. due to se%ere blood loss" results in low %enous return and therefore decreased stro&e %olume. .$mpathetic acti%it$ increases heart rate, maintaining cardiac output. # !"cess Calcium ! E>cess calcium can lead to spastic heart contractions, an undesirable condition. Calcium also increases stro&e %olume b$ enhancing contractilit$.

Page 9. Heart Videos # Effect of Epinephrine on a ?rog@s ,eart: Epinephrine is normall$ released when there is increased s$mpathetic acti%it$. # Effect of 5cet$l Choline on a ?rog@s ,eart: 5cet$l choline is a paras$mpathetic neurotransmitter. Page 10. Summary # Cardiac )utput * ,eart /ate A .tro&e 2olume # ,eart rate is increased b$ s$mpathetic ner%e acti%it$ and epinephrine. ,eart rate is decreased b$ paras$mpathetic ner%e acti%it$.

66 9ow is a good time to go to :ui( :uestions - and B:


# Clic& the ;ui( button on the left side of the screen. # Clic& on the scrolling page list at the top of the screen and choose <-. ,eart /ate /egulation<. # Cor& through :ui( :uestions -!B.

Notes on Quiz Questions:


Quiz Question #1a: Cardiac Output # 'his :uestion as&s $ou to calculate cardiac output based on stro&e %olume and heart rate. If $ou get stuc&, remember the e:uation: Cardiac )utput * ,eart /ate A .tro&e 2olume 5lso remember that there are +333 milliliters in + liter. Quiz Question #1b: Soda Bottles # 'his :uestion as&s $ou to illustrate the cardiac output. Quiz Question #2: Heart Rate Regulation # 'his :uestion as&s $ou to predict what will happen to heart rate in %arious situations. Quiz Question #3: Stroke Volume Regulation # 'his :uestion as&s $ou to predict what will happen to stro&e %olume in %arious situations.

Study Questions on Cardiac Output:


+. (Page B." 4efine cardiac output. -. (Page B." Chat two factors does cardiac output depend onD B. (Page B." Chat is the mathematical relationship between cardiac output, heart rate, and stro&e %olume. E. (Page E." 4efine heart rate. 1. (Page E." Chat is the a%erage heart rate in an adult at restD F. (Page 1." 4efine stro&e %olume. 0. (Page 1." Chat is the a%erage stro&e %olume in an adult at restD =. (Page F." 4efine end diastolic %olume. G. (Page F." 4efine end s$stolic %olume. +3. (Page +3." Chat is the mathematical relationship between end diastolic %olume, end s$stolic %olume, and stro&e %olumeD ++. (Page F." If the E.2 is 13 ml and the E42 is +-3 ml, what is the stro&e %olumeD +-. Page 0." If the heart rate is 01 beats per minute and the stro&e %olume is 03 ml per beat, then what is the cardiac outputD +B. (Page =." Chat@s the relationship between cardiac muscle stretch and force of contractionD Chat effect does this ha%e on stro&e %olumeD +E. (Page =." Chat@s the relationship between %enous return and stro&e %olumeD +1. (Page =." Chat is the effect of increased s$mpathetic acti%it$ on heart rate and stro&e %olumeD ,ow does this effect cardiac outputD +F. (Page =." Chat is the effect of increased paras$mpathetic acti%it$ on heart rate and stro&e %olumeD +0. (Page =." Chat is the effect of increased %enous return on heart rate and stro&e %olumeD effect cardiac outputD +=. (Page =." Chat effect does a slow heart rate ha%e on stro&e %olumeD +G. (Page =." Chat effect does a fast heart rate ha%e on stro&e %olumeD -3. (Page =." Chat is the effect of e>ercise on heart rate and stro&e %olumeD ,ow does this effect cardiac outputD -+. (Page =." Chat is the relationship between blood pressure and s$mpathetic acti%it$D Chat effect does this ha%e on heart rateD --. (Page =." Chat is the effect of a sudden decrease in blood pressure on heart rate and stro&e %olumeD -B. (Page =." Chat is the effect of a sudden increase in blood pressure on heart rateD -E. (Page =." Chat is the effect of a sudden increase in blood pressure on stro&e %olumeD -1. (Page =." Chat is the effect of a sudden drop in blood %olume on heart rate and stro&e %olumeD -F. (Page =." Chat is the effect of an increase in calcium on heart rate and stro&e %olumeD ,ow does this

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