Workshop May , 2006

Robotic Lunar Exploration Scenario JAXA Plan

Tatsuaki HASHIMOTO JAXA

Question: What is Space Exploration? Answers: There are as many answers as the number of the people who answer the question.
Examples:
-To extend human beings knowledge including the origin of Earth-Moon, Solar system, universe, and life. -To explore the solar system as far as Pluto. -To send astronauts to Mars. -To build a man tended lunar base. -To use space as commercial targets.
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BASIC PHILOSOPHY
Elucidation of Origin and Evolution of the Solar System

<<EXPANSION OF <<SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION>> HUMAN FRONTIERS>>

Expansion of human activities

-Empirical study on the origin of Solar System -Intellectual surprise -Robotic exploration of -Satisfaction of -Unraveling the diversity planets intellectual curiosity of the evolution of planets -Human exploration of -Contribution to the -Understanding the environplanets world ment necessary for life to -National pride -Manned lunar base emerge and to evolve -Development of -Unified understanding of advanced technology the physical steps of the solar system plasma phenomenon and planetary magnetospheres

Question: What is precursor missions ? Answers: There are many answers depending on the purpose of Exploration
Examples:
-Technology demonstration for future missions. -Establish infrastructure for future missions. -Investigation for surface environment including resource utilization for future missions. -First step science for future top-science missions.
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TECHNOLOGIES TO BE ESTABLISHED
Smart Landing navigation sensors, autonomous obstacle avoidance, image-based navigation, landing legs. Rover locomotion for the unstructured terrain, navigation, autonomous path planning. Survival Technologies on Lunar Surface thermal control, power generation, communication. Investigation science observation, in-situ resource utilization. Robotics manipulator, tele-science, autonomy. Return to the Earth lift from the lunar surface, (docking with an orbiter), re-entry into the earth atmosphere.
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INFLASTRUCURE TO BE CONSTRUCTED
Navigation landing beacon, Lunar GPS?. Communication relay orbiter, surface-to-surface. Power supply power-generation plant, solar power satellite, power transmission. Common-use facilities human accommodation, observatory. Transportation Earth to Lunar orbit, orbit to surface, surface to surface. 6

SCIENCE OF MOON and

Interior structure of moon seismometer network (penetrater) Interior material of moon investigation of particular interesting area Sample return In-situ sample selection, detailed investigation in the ground facility. <Mars and beyond> Sample return from planets Mars, moons of planets, asteroid, comets Solar plasma and planetary atmosphere Earth&Moon, Mars, Venus, Mercury, .. Searching Life Mars, moons of planets, comets

JAXA Technology development and science observation scenario

2015

COMMON TECHNOLOGIES
-PIN POINT LANDING -RETURN TO EARTH -SURFACE MOBILITY -SURFACE ACTIVITIES -ROBOTICS

SCIENCE

TECHNOLOGIES DEDICATED TO HUMAN EXPLORATION

ISS

-LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM

EXPANSION OF HUMAN FRONTIERS

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Roadmap for Solar System Exploration Under Discussion

2005 2015 2025

Moon and Mars Exploration

Moon

SELENE

SELENE follow-on series

ORBITER LANDER ROVER PENETRATORS SAMPLE & RETURN

ORBITERS

MANNED MISSIONS?

Studies of JAXAs approach to the manned missions

Mars
ORBITER LANDER SAMPLE & & ROVER RETURN

Smaller, More Flexible Exploration Missions Small Hayabusa Bodies Venus

Planet-C
Venus Balloons? SAMPLE & RETURN

Mercury
: On-going projects : Proposed missions

BepiColombo
LANDER? Solar Power Sail?
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Jupiter or further

International collaboration candidates

from the view point of JAXA precursor missions Fundamental technologies such as landing or surface investigation instruments should be developed by each nation.
Some onboard instruments can be shared. JAXA heritage and development plan are shown later.

Candidates of international collaboration are:

Science (different landing area, different investigation target, different observation method) Infrastructure (Navigation, Power, Communication) Manned technologies Ground test facilities Ground tracking stations
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HITEN (MUSES-A)
Technology demonstration Lunar gravity assist Lunar orbit insertion Optical navigation Aero braking with earth atmosphere 1990.1 Launch 1990.3 1st Lunar gravity-assist and HAGOROMO (small sat) Lunar orbit insertion. 1991.3 1st aero-braking 1992.2 Lunar orbit insertion 1993.4 Hard-landing to the lunar surface
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HITEN landing on 1993/4/10

Impact image taken from Australian observatory

Landing point

Onboard camera images while descending

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HAYABUSA (MUSES-C)
Technology demonstration Electric propulsion Autonomous approaching and landing to asteroid Sampling mechanism Re-entry capsule 2003.5 2004.5 2005.9 2005.11 2010.6 Launch Earth gravity-assist Arrived at asteroid Itokawa Land to Itokawa Earth return

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HAYABUSA landing on 2005/11/25

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Demonstrated technologies by HAYABUSA

Laser altimeter (50km to 50m)

Navigation camera and onboard image-processing

Short-range laser sensor (120m to 3m)

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Landmark navigation (ground-base)

SELENE
-Mission: Lunar remote-sensing -Lunar Orbiter Satellite + two Sub Satellites -Launch : 2007 -Mass : 2885 kg -14 science instruments for measurements: elemental abundance, mineral composition, topography, geological structure, gravity field, magnetic field, plasma environment, and terrestrial atmosphere
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SELENE Mission
The largest and the most comprehensive Lunar mission

after Apollo Mission: Global observation of the Moon - Study on the origin and evolution of the Moon - Research on the future lunar utilization and activities on the moon - Technology development for future planetary exploration

by Selene Project 17

SELENE Mission Instruments

Observation
Chemical elements distribution Mineralogical distribution

Instrument and Characteristics X-ray Spectrometer (Al, Si, Mg, Fe distribution, spatial resolution 20 [km]) Gamma-ray Spectrometer (U, Th, K distribution, resolution 160 [km]) Spectral Profiler (Continuous spectral profile = 0.4 to 2.6 [m], spatial resolution 500 [m]) Multi-band Imager (UV-VIS-IR imager, = 0.4 to 1.6 [m], 9 bands, spatial resolution 20 [m]) Terrain Camera (High resolution stereo camera, spatial resolution 10 [m]) Lunar Radar Sounder (apparent depth 5 [km], resolution 100 [m]) Laser Altimeter (height resolution 5 [m], spatial resolution 800 [m]) Lunar Magnetometer (Magnetic field measurement, accuracy 0.5 [nT]) Plasma Imager (Observation of plasmasphere of the earth, XUV to VIS) Charged Particle Spectrometer (Measurement of high-energy particles) Plasma Analyzer (Charged particle energy and composition measurement) Radio Science (Detection of the tenuous lunar ionosphere) High Definition Television camera (Images of the earth and the lunar surface, for public outreach) VLBI Radio-source on the VRAD satellite (Near-side gravity field) (VRAD = VLBI RADio source) VLBI Radio-source on the Relay satellite (Near-side gravity field) Relay Sat. transponder (Far-side gravity field using 4-way range rate from 18 ground station to Orbiter via Relay Satellite)

Surface structure

Main Orbiter
Surface environment

Imaging

VRAD satellite Relay satellite

Gravitational field distribution Gravitational field distribution

LUNAR-A
Lunar orbiter with communication relay capability and a visible camera. Deploy two of penetrators with seismometers and heat-flow probes. Using moonquake, interior structure of moon will be investigated. Launch date is TBD. Mass: 540 kg

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Penetrator
Presently, modification of electronic circuits and improvement of communication performance are tried. Penetration test of full configuration will be done on May 31st, 2006. Final penetration test for improved model will planed in July, 2007.

Seismometer

42 kg Photo after high-G impact test

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Small Orbiter with a Penetrator

(A candidate of SELENE series payload) Overview: - A penetrator is released from orbiter at the altitude of 100 km. - The penetrator is de-orbited and free-falls to be injected onto the lunar surface. - Small orbiter is used for communication relay. Spacecraft: - Weight: 300 kg including penetrator
penetrator section small orbiter section

Penetrator system

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SELENE series candidate #1

Mission: -Technology validation -Understanding the moon and its environment Configuration : lander and rover [option] relay orbiter, penetrator Landing site: Sun light portion of the Polar region Launch: early 1910s
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Launcher: H2A or H2B

SELENE series candidate #2

Mission: - Validation of technologies for sample & return - In-situ analysis and returned sample analysis Configuration : lander, rover and re-entry capsule Landing site: TBD

1) far-side: SPA (South Pole-Aitken) 2) nea-side: PKT (Procellarum KREEP Terrane)

Launch:

mid-2010s

Launcher: H2A or H2B

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Sample return option

Rendezvous and docking was demonstrated by ETS-VII 1997-1999)

Direct re-entry capsule developed by HAYABUSA

AFT-TPS (Parachute Cover) (Carbon Phenolic)
W=17 W=17 kg kg Dia=400 Dia=400 mm mm H=200 H=200 mm mm

Sample Container

Electronics Parachute Insulator FWD-TPS (Carbon Phenolic)

Direct return option

Using HTV option

Re-entry was demonstrated by OREX (1995) and USERS (2002)

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Technologies to be validated by SELENE series

- Integrated landing system - Navigation system for pin-point landing & autonomous obstacle avoidance - Power generation system for an extended period of time - Surface mobility to support material sampling/analysis and instrument setting - In-situ resource utilization - (Penetrator and seismometer) - (Data relay from lunar surface) - (Sample and return)
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JAXA heritage and plan toward Mars

1. Landing and surface exploration technologies
Applying Hayabusa and SELENE follow-on series technologies Lander & Rover missions, Sample Return missions, or Seismometer Network can be considered. From asteroids to Martian satellites (Phobos, Deimos). Micro-rover, miniature instruments. Total study of solar system compared with Earth (GEOTAIL, etc.), Moon (SELENE), Venus (Planet-C), Mercury (BepiColombo) Nozomi was launched in 1998, but failed to put into Martian orbit in 2003 at 1000 km from the Mars. Revenge mission of Nozomi is considered.
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2.

Small body science

3.

Solar plasma and planetary atmosphere science