Agenda - Day 1

* Introduction & Expectations * Pre Test * Tcl Theory Session - 1 * Break - 1 * Lab Session - 1 * Tcl Theory Session - 2 * Lunch Break * Lab Session - 2 * Tcl Theory Session - 3 * Break - 2 * Lab Session - 3
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Welcome To The World of

A quick way to develop Interactive/GUI based applications

Prepared by: Pramod k Agarwal/CR&D Tcl/Tk Training 20/10/2004 2

Objective
The objective of the training is to provide the user: ? A basic familiarity with the syntax,features used in language so as to enable them to write scripts using the Tcl/Tk.

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Prerequisite
The prerequisite for the course is familiarity with any high level programming language

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*Tcl and Tk were created and developed by

John Ousterhout

History

* Tcl and Tk were developed in 1987 and 1988

respectively

* Scott Stanton and Ray Johnson ported Tcl

& Tk to Windows and the Macintosh in 1994

* Tcl/Tk v8.0 in 1998 with on the fly compiler

support

* Latest version available is 8.4.2

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Overview
* Tcl stands for Tool Command Language

* Used by over half a million developers

worldwide

* Simple and programmable syntax * Can be used as a standalone application or

embedded in application

* Tcl is open source so it's completely free. * Tk is a graphical user interface toolkit to
create powerful GUIs
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*Tcl and Tk are highly portable, running on all

flavors of Unix, Linux, Solaris, Windows, Macintosh etc.

Overview (Contd..)

* Based on a package of C procedures

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Contents
General
* Why scripting language * Why Tcl/Tk * Comparision with other programming languages * What is not covered * References

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Contents Contd. . . . .
Tcl
* How to start Tcl * Puts - For text output * Comments * Variables * Command substitution * Expressions * Predefined variables * Control flow * Procedures * Global & upvar * Lists and its functions with foreach loop

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Contents Contd. . . . .
* String Manipulations * Regular expressions * Arrays * File Operations * Use of exec,info * Built in commands eval, upvar,uplevel * Errors & Exception Handling * Command line arguments

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Contents Contd. . . . .
Tk
* Relation Between Tcl & Tk * Labels, Text Boxes, Buttons * Check Boxes, Radio Buttons * List Boxes * Scroll Bars * Menus * Geometry Manager(Packer) * Events Handling

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Why Scripting Language ?

We should use scripting language if:

* The main task of the application is to integrate and coordinate a

set of existing components or applications.

* The application does a lot of string processing. * It must be easy to extend and customize the application * System programming languages are ideal for building basic
components and applications from scratch

* Scripting

languages work well for integrating components and applications into larger applications

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Why Tcl&Tk ?
* Simplicity * Graphical User Interfaces * Internationalization * Extensibility * Embeddability * Easy debugging * Regular expression support

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Features

Tcl Comparison Chart Tcl Perl Java Script

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 20/10/2004 ? ? ? ? ?

Visual Basic

Rapid development

?
Great regular expressions Easily extensible

Embeddable

Easy GUIs

? Internet and Web-enabled ?

Cross platform
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Internationalization support

? ?

14

What is not covered ?

* TK object oriented paradigm * C/C++ programming Methods/Interfaces
* TclPro debugger

* Expect - talk with interactive programs *Advance Tk

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References
Books:

* Tcl and the Tk Toolkit by John K. Ousterhout * Practical Programming in Tcl and Tk by
Brent Welch

Internet resources:

* http://www.tcl.tk * http://www.sun.com/960710/cover/tcl-syntax.html * News group news:comp.lang.tcl

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Tcl - Tool Command Language

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How To Start Tcl ?

? TheTcl can be run by just typing tclsh on command
prompt which will invoke Tcl shell.

? Tcl shell works much like the other shells .. ? Tcl shell takes the command from the user and pass them
to the Tcl interpreter

? Each command in Tcl is either a Tcl script or a 'C

program.

? To exit from tclsh

meminteg>tclsh %exit meminteg>
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Text Output
? The command to output a string in Tcl is
the 'puts' command EXAMPLE 1. % puts Hello Hello %

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Text Output (Contd..)

?If the string has more than one word, you
must enclose the string in quotes or braces ({}). EXAMPLE 2. % puts Hello world can not find channel named "Hello" % % puts "Hello World" Hello World % % puts {Hello World} Hello World
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? A comment can be put on a line by itself, or after a

command string on the same

Comments

? Use # to mark a line as comment ? Use ;# to comment after the command string
EXAMPLE 3. % puts "Hello World " ;# This is comment Hello World % puts "Hello World;" #This is comment wrong # args: should be "puts ?-nonewline? ?channelId? string" % puts "Hello World"; Hello World % #This is comment
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? Tcl stores data as strings, and only converts to numbers

when necessary

Variables

? The assignment operator in Tcl is set. ? Set varName ?value?

EXAMPLE 4. % ;# Assign a string to variable X % set X "This is a string" This is a string % puts $X This is a string

? If value is specified, then the contents of the variable

varName are set equal to value.
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Variables (Contd..)
? ?
If varName consists only of alphanumeric characters, and no parenthese, it is a scalar variable. Set returns the value of the variable

EXAMPLE 5 % ;# Assign a number to variable Y % set Y 1.24 1.24 % % ;# Display the contents of Y % puts $Y 1.24 %
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Variables (Contd..)
% set x(pk) CRD CRD % puts $x(pk) CRD % set x(dk) IPDF IPDF % puts $x(pk) $x(dk) can not find channel named "CRD" % puts "$x(pk) $x(dk)" CRD IPDF %
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If varName has the form varName(index), it is a member of an associative array.

EXAMPLE 6

EXAMPLE 7.
% ;# Just puts a divider % puts "..............................." ............................... % % ;# More than one item can be put in a single puts % set label "The value in Y is: " The value in Y is: % puts "$label $Y" The value in Y is: 1.24 %

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? The evaluation of a command is done in 2 phases. ? Grouping words within double quotes allows

Evaluation & Substitutions

The first phase is a single pass of substitutions. The second phase is the evaluation of the resulting command

substitutions to occur within the quotations. The substituted group is then evaluated as a single argument EXAMPLE 8. % set Z "Albany" Albany % set Z_LABEL "The Capitol of New York is: " The Capitol of New York is: % puts "$Z_LABEL $Z" The Capitol of New York is: Albany
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Evaluation & Substitutions(Contd..)

? The backslash (\) disables substitution for the single
character immediately following the backslash. EXAMPLE 9. % ;# Show how a \ affects the $ % set Z "Albany" Albany % set Z_LABEL "The Capitol of New York is: " The Capitol of New York is: % puts "$Z_LABEL \$Z" The Capitol of New York is: $Z %
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? Exceptions backslash rule are

Evaluation & Substitutions(Contd..)

\a ............. Audible alert (Bell) .....................\x07 \b ............. Backspace ....................................\x08 \f .............. Form Feed (Clear screen) ......\x0c \n ............. New Line ......................................\x0a \r ..............Carriage Return ..........................\x0d \t ...........Tab ................................................\x09 \v ...........Vertical Tab .................................\x0b \xhh ......... .Hex value ......................................h = 0-9,A-F,a-f EXAMPLE 10. % ;# The next line needs a backslash to escape the '$' % puts "\nBen Franklin is on the \$100.00 bill" Ben Franklin is on the $100.00 bill
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Evaluation & Substitutions(Contd..)

? But if backslash comes at the end of a line of text then it
causes the interpreter to ignore the newline, and treat the text as a single line of text

EXAMPLE 11. % puts "This string comes out\ on a single line" This string comes out on a single line

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EXAMPLE 12
% set a 100.00 100.00 % puts "Washington is not on the $a bill" ;# This is not what you want Washington is not on the 100.00 bill % puts "Lincoln is not on the $$a bill" ;# This is OK Lincoln is not on the $100.00 bill % puts "Hamilton is not on the \$a bill" ;# This is not what you want Hamilton is not on the $a bill % puts "Ben Franklin is on the \$$a bill" ;# But, this is OK Ben Franklin is on the $100.00 bill % puts "Tab\tTab\tTab" Tab Tab Tab
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Evaluation & Substitutions(Contd..)

? In substitution phase of command evaluation, the two
grouping operators, the brace ({) and the double quote ("), are treated differently by the Tcl EXAMPLE 13. % set Z "Albany" Albany % set Z_LABEL "The Capitol of New York is: " The Capitol of New York is: % % puts "\n................. examples of differences between \" and \{" ................. examples of differences between " and { % puts "$Z_LABEL $Z" The Capitol of New York is: Albany
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Evaluation & Substitutions(Contd..)

? The characters within braces are passed to a command
exactly as they are written EXAMPLE 14. % set Z "Albany" Albany % set Z_LABEL "The Capitol of New York is: " The Capitol of New York is: % % puts {$Z_LABEL $Z} $Z_LABEL $Z %
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EXAMPLE 14. (Contd..)

$Z_LABEL $Z % puts "\n....... examples of differences in nesting \{ and \" " ....... examples of differences in nesting { and " % puts "$Z_LABEL {$Z}" The Capitol of New York is: {Albany} % puts {Who said, "What this country needs is a good $0.05 cigar!"?} Who said, "What this country needs is a good $0.05 cigar!"? %

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EXAMPLE 14. (Contd..)

% puts "\n................. examples of escape strings" ................. examples of escape strings % puts {There are no substitutions done within braces \n \r \x0a \f \v} There are no substitutions done within braces \n \r \x0a \f \v % puts {But, the escaped newline at the end of a\ string is still evaluated as a space} But, the escaped newline at the end of a string is still evaluated as a space

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? We can access to the results of a command by placing the

command in square brackets ([]) EXAMPLE 15.

Evaluation & Substitutions(Contd..)

% set z {[set x "This is a string within quotes within braces"]} [set x "This is a string within quotes within braces"] % puts "Note the curly braces: $z\n" Note the curly braces: [set x "This is a string within quotes within braces"] % set a "[set x {This is a string within braces within quotes}]" This is a string within braces within quotes % puts "See how the set is executed: $a" See how the set is executed: This is a string within braces within quotes
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Evaluation & Substitutions(Contd..)

? The exceptions to this rule are as follows:
1. A square bracket that is escaped with a \ is considered as a literal square bracket. 2. A square bracket within braces is not modified during the substitution phase. EXAMPLE 16. % set b "\[set y {This is a string within braces within quotes}]" [set y {This is a string within braces within quotes}] % puts "Note the \\ escapes the bracket:\n \$b is: $b" Note the \ escapes the bracket: $b is: [set y {This is a string within braces within quotes}] % puts "\$y is: $y" can't read "y": no such variable
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? expr - Evaluate an expression

Expressions & Operators

expr arg ?arg arg ...? ? Concatenates arg's, evaluates the result as a Tcl expression, and returns the value.

? Expressions always yield numeric results

EXAMPLE 17. % set X 100; 100 % set Y 256; 256 % set Z [expr "$Y + $X"] 356 % puts $Z 356
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Expressions & Operators (Contd..)

? A Tcl expression consists of a combination of operands,
operators, and parentheses.

? Integer values may be specified in

decimal octal ...if the first character of the operand is 0 hexadecimal ..if the first two characters are 0x

? Valid floating-point numbers: 2.1, 3., 6e4, 7.91e+16. ? If no numeric interpretation is possible, then an operand
is left as a string

?Tcl expressions support non-numeric operands and

string comparisons.

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EXAMPLE 18.
% set a 3 3 % set b 6 6 % expr 3.1 + $a 6.1 % expr 2+"$a.$b" 5.6 % expr 4 * [llength "6 2"] 8

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Expressions & Operators (Contd..)

? Operands may be specified in any of the following ways:
[1] [2] [3] As an numeric value As a Tcl variable, using standard $ notation. As a string enclosed in double-quotes.

EXAMPLE 19. % set a 5 5 % expr 5+5 10 % expr $a + 5 10 % expr $a + "5" 10

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? Operands may be specified in any of the following ways:

[4] [5] [6]

Expressions & Operators (Contd..)

As a string enclosed in braces. As a Tcl command enclosed in brackets. The command will be executed and its result will be used as the operand. As a mathematical function whose arguments have any of the above forms for operands, such as sin($x).

EXAMPLE 20. % expr $a + {5.33} 10.33 % expr $a + [set b 4.5] 9.5 % expr $a + int([set b 4.5]) 9
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Expressions & Operators (Contd..)

OPERATORS Grouped in decreasing order of precedence: * + << < == & && x?y:z + ~ ! / % >> > <= >= != ^ | ||

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Expressions & Operators (Contd..)

MATH FUNCTIONS abs cosh log sqrt acos double log10 srand asin exp pow tan atan floor rand tanh atan2 fmod round ceil hypot sin cos int sinh

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Expressions & Operators (Contd..)

Returns the absolute value of arg. Arg may be either integer or floating-point, and the result is returned in the same form. pow(x, y) Computes the value of x raised to the power y. If x is negative, y must be an integer value. EXAMPLE 21. % expr abs(3.4) 3.4 % expr abs(-3.4) 3.4 % expr pow(3,2.5) 15.5884572681 % expr pow(-3,2.5) domain error: argument not in valid range
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abs(arg)

Expressions & Operators (Contd..)

ceil(arg) Returns the smallest integer value not less than arg. floor(arg) Returns the largest integral value not greater than arg. int(arg) If arg is an integer value, returns arg, otherwise converts arg to integer by truncation and returns the converted value. EXAMPLE 22. % expr ceil(4.5) 5.0 % expr floor(4.4) 4.0 % expr int(4.55) 4
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EXAMPLE 23.
expr 5 / 4 returns 1 expr 5 / 4.0 , expr 5 / ( [string length "abcd"] + 0.0 ) both return 1.25. expr 20.0/5.0 returns 4.0, not 4. STRING OPERATIONS expr {"0x03" > "2"} will return 1.

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Switch
? switch - Evaluate one of several scripts,
depending on a given value switch ?options? string pattern body ?pattern body ...? switch ?options? string {pattern body ?pattern body ...?} ? The following options are currently supported: -exact -regexp EXAMPLE 24. Eg. switch abc a - b {format 1} abc {format 2} default {format 3} will return 2,
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Switch (Contd..) EXAMPLE 25.

switch -regexp aaab { ^a.*b$ b {format 1} a* {format 2} default {format 3} } will return 1, and switch xyz { a* {format 2} default {format 3} } will return 3.
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if - Execute scripts conditionally if expr1 ?then? body1 elseif expr2 ?then? body2 elseif ... ?else? ?bodyN? ? The then and else arguments are optional EXAMPLE 26. % set x 1; 1 % if {$x != 1} { puts "$x is != 1" } else { puts "$x is 1" } 1 is 1
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If-else

While
? while - Execute script repeatedly as long as a condition is met ? while test body
EXAMPLE 27. set x 0 while {$x<10} { puts "x is $x" incr x }

? A continue statement within body will stop the execution of the

code and the test will be re-evaluated.

? A break within body will break out of the while loop,

and execution will continue with the next line of code after body
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For
? for - For loop ? for start test next body
EXAMPLE 28. for {set x 0} {$x<10} {incr x} { puts "x is $x" }

? incr - Increment the value of a variable ? incr varName ?increment?

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? proc - Create a Tcl procedure ? proc name args body ? The proc command creates a new Tcl procedure
named name

Procedures

? If the command already existed, then it will be replaced

by the new command with the same name. EXAMPLE 29. % proc sum {arg1 arg2} { set x [expr $arg1+$arg2]; return $x } % % puts " The sum of 2 + 3 is: [sum 2 3]\n\n" The sum of 2 + 3 is: 5
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Procedures (Contd..)
? Args is a list of arguments which will be passed to name. ? When proc is invoked, local variables with these names will
be created,and the values to be passed to proc will be copied to the local variables.

? Body is a body of code to execute when proc is called. ? The value that a proc returns can be defined with the
return command.

? The return command will return its argument to the

calling program.

? If there is no return, then proc will return the value

of the last command to be executed.
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EXAMPLE 30.
% proc for {a b c} { puts "The for command has been replaced by a puts"; puts "The arguments were: $a\n$b\n$c\n" } % % for {set i 1} {$i < 10} {incr i} The for command has been replaced by a puts The arguments were: set i 1 $i < 10 incr i %
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Procedures (Contd..)
? A proc can have variable number of arguments. ? An argument can also be defined to have a default value. ? Variables can be defined with a default value by placing
the variable name and the default within braces within args

? A proc will accept a variable number of arguments if the

last declared argument is the word args EXAMPLE 31. proc example {first {second ""} args} { if {$second == ""} { puts "There is only one argument and it is: $first"; return 1; } }
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EXAMPLE 32.
proc example {first {second ""} args} { if {$second == ""} { puts "There is only one argument and it is: $first"; return 1; } else { if {$args == ""} { puts "There are two arguments - $first and $second"; return 2; } else { puts "There are many arguments - $first and $second and $args"; return "many"; } } }
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Global & upvar

? The scope in which a variable will be evaluated can be
changed with the global or upvar command

? The global command will cause a variable in a local scope

to be evaluated in the global scope instead.

? Upvar ties the name of a variable in the current scope to

a variable in different scope. The syntax for upvar is: upvar?level? otherVar1 myVar1 ?otherVar2 myVar2 ...? ? Upvar causes myVar1 to become a reference to otherVar1

? By default level is 1, the next level up.

If level is 0, then the reference is to a variable at the global level.

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EXAMPLE 33.
% ;# An example of Upvar % proc SetPositive {variable value } { upvar $variable myvar; if {$value < 0} { set myvar [expr -$value];} else {set myvar $value;} return $myvar; } % % SetPositive x 5; 5 % SetPositive y -5; 5 % % puts "X : $x Y: $y\n" X : 5 Y: 5
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List
A list is simply an ordered collection of numbers, words, strings, etc.

Lists can be created in several ways:

? set lst {{item 1} {item 2} {item 3}} ? set lst [split "item 1.item 2.item 3" "."] ? set lst [list "item 1" "item 2" "item 3"] ? lindex list index returns the index'th item from the list.
The first item is 0 EXAMPLE 34. % set x "a b c" abc % puts "Item 2 of the list {$x} is: [lindex $x 2]\n" Item 2 of the list {a b c} is: c
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List (Contd..)
? llength returns the number of elements in a list.
EXAMPLE 35. % set y [split 7/4/1776 "/"] 7 4 1776 % llength $y 3 % set y [split 7/4/1776 "/"] 7 4 1776 % puts "We celebrate on the [lindex $y 1]'th day of the [lindex $y 0]'th month\n " We celebrate on the 4'th day of the 7'th month
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Foreach
? foreach varname list body ? Foreach will execute the body code one time for each list
item in list.

On each pass, varname will contain the value of the next list item.

% foreach j $x { puts "$j " }

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Foreach (Contd..)
EXAMPLE 36. % set x "a b c" abc % set i 0; 0 % foreach j $x { puts "$j is item number $i in list x" incr i; } a is item number 0 in list x b is item number 1 in list x c is item number 2 in list x
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Manipulating List
? Concat ? lappend
EXAMPLE 37. % set a [concat a b {c d e} {f {g h}}] a b c d e f {g h} % puts "Concated: $a\n" Concated: a b c d e f {g h} % lappend a {ij K lm} ;# Note: {ij K lm} is a single element a b c d e f {g h} {ij K lm} % puts "After lappending: $a\n" After lappending: a b c d e f {g h} {ij K lm}
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EXAMPLE 38.
?linsert

% set b [linsert $a 3 "1 2 3"] ;# "1 2 3" is a single element a b c {1 2 3} d e f {g h} {ij K lm} % % puts "After linsert at position 3: $b\n" After linsert at position 3: a b c {1 2 3} d e f {g h} {ij K lm}

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EXAMPLE 39.
?lreplace
% ;# "AA" and "BB" are two list elements. % set b [lreplace $b 3 5 "AA" "BB"] a b c AA BB f {g h} {ij K lm} % % puts "After lreplacing 3 positions with 2 values at position 3: $b\n" After lreplacing 3 positions with 2 values at position 3: a b c AA BB f {g h} { i j K lm}

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List (Contd..)
? lsearch list pattern
searches list for an entry that matches pattern, and returns the index for the first match, or a -1 if there is no match.

? lsort list
sorts list and returns a new list in the sorted order. By default, it sorts the list into alphabetic order.

? lrange list first last

returns a list composed of the first through last entries in the list. If first is less than or equal to 0, it is treated as the first list element.

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EXAMPLE 40.
% set list [list {Washington 1789} {Adams 1797} {Jefferson 1801} \ {Madison 1809} {Monroe 1817} {Adams 1825} ] {Washington 1789} {Adams 1797} {Jefferson 1801} {Madison 1809} {Monroe 1817} {Adams 1825} % set x [lsearch $list Washington*]; 0 % set y [lsearch $list Madison*]; 3 % % incr x; incr y -1; ;# Set range to be not-inclusive 2 % % set subsetlist [lrange $list $x $y] {Adams 1797} {Jefferson 1801}
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Strings
? string length string ? Returns the length of string ? string index string index ?Returns the char at the index'th position in string
EXAMPLE 41. % set string "this is my test string" this is my test string % puts "There are [string length $string] characters in \"$string\"" There are 22 characters in "this is my test string" % puts "[string index $string 1] is the second character in \"$string\"" h is the second character in "this is my test string"
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EXAMPLE 42.
?string range string first last ? Returns a string composed of the characters from
first to last

% set string "this is my test string" this is my test string % % puts "\"[string range $string 5 10]\" are characters between the 5'th and 10'th" "is my " are characters between the 5'th and 10'th

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Strings (Contd..)
? There are 6 string subcommands that do pattern and
string matching. string compare string1 string2 returns -1 ..... If string1 is less than string2 0 ........ If string1 is equal to string2 1 ........ If string1 is greater than string2

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Strings (Contd..) EXAMPLE 43.

% set name "a is an alphabat" a is an alphabat % set comparison [string compare $name "a"] 1 % if {$comparison >= 0} { puts "$name starts with a lowercase letter\n" } else { puts "$name starts with an uppercase letter\n" } a is an alphabat starts with a lowercase letter

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String (contd..) EXERSIZE

EXPLORE

? string first string1 string2 ? string last string1 string2 ? string match pattern string ? string tolower string ? string toupper string ? string trim string ?trimChars? ? string trimleft string ?trimChars? ? format formatString ?arg1 arg2 ...

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? regexp ?switches? exp string ?matchVar? ?subMatch1 ...

subMatchN? Searches string for the regular expression exp. If a parameter matchVar is given, then the substring that matches the regular expression is copied to matchVar. EXAMPLE 44.

Regular expressions

% set sample "Where there is a will, There is a way." Where there is a will, There is a way. % set result [regexp {[a-z]+} $sample match] 1 % puts "Result: $result match: $match" Result: 1 match: here
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Regular expressions (Contd..)

? regsub ?switches? exp string subSpec varName
Searches string for substrings that match the regular expression exp and replaces them with subSpec. The resulting string is copied into varName EXAMPLE 45. % set sample "Where there is a will, There is a way." Where there is a will, There is a way. % regsub "way" $sample "lawsuit" sample2 1 % puts "New: $sample2" New: Where there is a will, There is a lawsuit.
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Regular expressions (contd..)

? Regular expressions can be expressed in just a few rules. ? ^ Matches the beginning of a string ? $ Matches the end of a string ? . Matches any single character ? * Matches any count (0-n) of the previous character ? + Matches any count, but at least 1 of the previous character ? [...] Matches any character of a set of characters ? [^...] Matches any character *NOT* a member of the set of
characters following the ^.

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? Tclsupports associative arrays in which the index value is

a string. Eg. Set info(Age) 37 array exists arrayName Returns 1 if arrayName is an array variable. Else returns 0 array names arrayName ?pattern Returns a list of the indices for the associative array array size arrayName Returns the number of elements in array arrayName When an associative array name is given as the argument to the global command, all the elements of the associative array become available to that proc
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Arrays

Arrays (Contd..)
EXAMPLE 46. % array set array1 [list {123} {Abigail Aardvark} \ {234} {Bob Baboon} \ {345} {Cathy Coyote} \ {456} {Daniel Dog} ] % % puts "Array1 has [array size array1] entries\n" Array1 has 4 entries % % puts "Array1 has the following entries: \n [array names array1] \n" Array1 has the following entries: 345 234 123 456
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? open fileName ?access? ?permission?

Opens a file and returns a token to be used when accessing the file

File access

? FileName is the name of the file to open. ? access is the file access mode ? r......Open the file for reading. The file must already exist. ? r+Open the file for reading and writing. The file
must already exist.

? w.....Open the file for writing.

Create the file if it doesn't exist, or set the length to zero if it does exist Create the file if it doesn't exist, or set the length to zero if it does exist.
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? w+..Open the file for reading and writing.

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File access (Contd..)

EXAMPLE 47. % set fileid [open "D:/resumes/tcltutor/pktest.txt" r+] file41d4f4 % seek $fileid 0 start % puts $fileid "This is a test.\nIt is only a test" % seek $fileid 0 start % set chars [gets $fileid line1]; 15 % set line2 [gets $fileid]; It is only a test % puts "There are $chars characters in \"$line1\"" There are 15 characters in "This is a test." % puts "The second line in the file is: \"$line2\"" The second line in the file is: "It is only a test"
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File access (Contd..)

? a ....Open the file for writing.
The file must already exist. Set the current location to the end of the file. The file does not exist, create it.Set the current location to the end of the file.

? a+...Open the file for writing.

? permission is an integer to use to set the file access

permissions. The default is rw-rw-rw- (0666).

? close fileID Closes a file previously opened with open ? gets fileID ?varName? Reads a line of input from FileID,
and discards the terminating newline.

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File some more commands

? read fileID Reads all the remaining bytes from fileID
EXAMPLE 1. % set fileid [open "/windows/temp/testfile" w+] file419cf4 % seek $fileid 0 start % puts $fileid "This is a test.\nIt is only a test" % seek $fileid 0 start % set buffer [read $fileid]; This is a test. It is only a test % puts "\nTotal contents of the file are:\n$buffer" Total contents of the file are: This is a test. It is only a test
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File some more commands

?flush fileID Flushes any output that has been buffered for fileID ? eof fileID returns 1 if an End Of File condition exists, otherwise returns 0 EXAMPLE 2. % seek $fileid 0 start % while {! [eof $fileid]} { puts "[gets $fileid]"; } This is a test. It is only a test

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File some more commands

Glob It uses a name matching mechanism similar to ls, to return a list of names that match a pattern. file dirname ........ Returns directory portion of path extension........ Returns file name extension rootname....... Returns file name without extension tail.................... Returns filename without

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Files (Contd..)
EXAMPLE 3. % set ail1 [glob C:/windows/w*.dll] C:/windows/WINSOCK.DLL % set ail2 [glob C:/windows/winf*.exe] C:/windows/WINFILE.EXE % foreach name [concat $ail1 $ail2] { set dir [file dirname $name] ; set filename [file tail $name] puts "dir is $dir; puts "name is $filename" } dir is C:/windows name is WINSOCK.DLL dir is C:/windows name is WINFILE.EXE
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File some more commands

atime ................ Returns time of last access executable ..... Returns 1 if file is executable by user exists ................ Returns 1 if file exists isdirectory ...... Returns 1 if entry is a directory isfile ............... Returns 1 if entry is a regular file mtime ............ Returns time of last data modification readable......... Returns 1 if file is readable by user size ..................... Returns file size in bytes writable............ Returns 1 if file is writeable by user % file size c:/windows/winfile.exe 155424 % file exists c:/windows/winfile.exe 1 % file exists c:/windows/winfile1.exe 0
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exec
exec...... run a new program as a subprocess exec call is similar to invoking a program from the shell prompt exec arg1 ?arg2? ... EXAMPLE 4. % exec /bin/mv a.txt b.txt

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info
info commands ?pattern? info exists varName info globals ?pattern? info locals ?pattern? info procs ?pattern? info tclversion info script pid EXAMPLE 5. % if {[info exists v]} { incr v $amt} else { set v $amt }

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source & eval

source filename eval will evaluate any list of strings and attempt to execute them eval arg1 ??arg2?? ... ??argn?? EXAMPLE 6. % set cmd "OK" OK % eval puts $cmd OK

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Exception handling
catch script ?varName? Evaluates and executes script. The return value of catch is the status return of the Tcl interpreter after it executes script If there are no errors in script, this value is TCL_OK. Otherwise it is an error value

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Exception handling
EXAMPLE 7. % proc errorproc {x} { if {$x > 0} { error "Error generated by error" "Info String for error" $x } } % catch errorproc 1 % puts "after bad proc call: ErrorCode: $errorCode" after bad proc call: ErrorCode: NONE % puts "ERRORINFO:\n$errorInfo\n" ERRORINFO: no value given for parameter "x" to "errorproc" while executing "errorproc"
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Exception handling
EXAMPLE 8. % set errorInfo ""; % catch {errorproc 0} 0 % puts "after proc call with no error: ErrorCode: $errorCode" after proc call with no error: ErrorCode: NONE % puts "ERRORINFO:\n$errorInfo\n" ERRORINFO:

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Command line args

argc Gives no. of arguments passed to the script argv0 Gives the name of the script argv Gives name of all the arguments passed to the script env Is an array contains the environment varibale

EXAMPLE 9. % foreach index [array names env] { puts "$index: $env($index)" } HOME: c:\ COMSPEC: C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND.COM CMDLINE: WIN TMP: C:\WINDOWS\TEMP
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Tk - Tool Kit Language

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Contents . . . . .
Tk
* Relation Between Tcl & Tk * Labels, Text Boxes, Buttons * Check Boxes, Radio Buttons * List Boxes * Scroll Bars * Menus * Geometry Manager(Packer) * Events Handling

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Relation between Tcl & Tk

Tk extends the built in Tcl commands with additional commands for creating user interface. Tk is based on C library package Tk can be run using wish which icludes tclsh as well Tk provides one command for each class of widgets Widgets are organized hierarchically, main widgets has the name .

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Labels

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Labels (Contd..)
set w .abc toplevel $w wm title $w "Label Demonstration frame $w.left frame $w.right pack $w.left $w.right -side left -padx 10 -pady 10 -fill both label $w.left.l1 -text "First label" label $w.left.l2 -text "Second label, raised" -relief raised label $w.left.l3 -text "Third label, sunken" -relief sunken pack $w.left.l1 $w.left.l2 $w.left.l3 -side top -expand yes -pady 2 label $w.right.bitmap -borderwidth 2 -relief sunken \ -bitmap @[file join $tk_library demos images face.bmp] label $w.right.caption -text "Tcl/Tk Proprietor" pack $w.right.bitmap $w.right.caption -side top
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Buttons

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Buttons (Contd..)
button $w.b1 -text "Peach Puff" -width 10 \ -command "$w config -bg PeachPuff1" button $w.b2 -text "Light Blue" -width 10 \ -command "$w config -bg LightBlue1" button $w.b3 -text "Sea Green" -width 10 \ -command "$w config -bg SeaGreen2" button $w.b4 -text "Yellow" -width 10 \ -command "$w config -bg Yellow1" pack $w.b1 $w.b2 $w.b3 $w.b4 -side top -expand yes -pady 2

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Check Boxes

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Check Boxes (Contd..)

checkbutton $w.b1 -text "Wipers OK" -variable wipers -relief flat checkbutton $w.b2 -text "Brakes OK" -variable brakes -relief flat checkbutton $w.b3 -text "Driver Sober" -variable sober -relief flat pack $w.b1 $w.b2 $w.b3 -side top -pady 2

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Radio Buttons

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Radio Buttons (Contd..)

foreach i {10 12 18 24} { radiobutton $w.left.b$i -text "Point Size $i" -variable size \ -relief flat -value $i pack $w.left.b$i -side top -pady 2 -anchor w }

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Message Boxes

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Message Box(Contd..)
% message .msg -text "sgsgf gfgsdfgdsg gdfgdG" .msg % pack .msg

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List Box

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List Box(Contd..)
scrollbar $w.frame.scroll -command "$w.frame.list yview" listbox $w.frame.list -yscroll "$w.frame.scroll set" -setgrid 1 -height 12 pack $w.frame.scroll -side right -fill y pack $w.frame.list -side left -expand 1 -fill both $w.frame.list insert 0 Alabama Alaska Arizona California \ Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii \ Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland \ Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri \ Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington \ "West Virginia" Wisconsin Wyoming

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Text Boxes
text $w.text -relief sunken -bd 2 -yscrollcommand "$w.scroll set" -height 30 scrollbar $w.scroll -command "$w.text yview pack $w.scroll -side right -fill y pack $w.text -expand yes -fill both

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Menus

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Menu (Contd..)
menu $w.menu set m $w.menu.file menu $m $w.menu add cascade -label "File" -menu $m -underline 0 $m add command -label "Open..." -command {error " just a demo"} $m add command -label "New" -command {error " just a demo"} $m add command -label "Save" -command {error " just a demo"} $m add separator

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