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01 Functions

Add Maths Formulae List: Form 4 (Update 18/9/08) www.studyguide.pk www.studygu www.studyguide.pk www.studygu = f ( x) f ( y) = x www.studyguide.pky www.studygu www.studyguide.pk www.studygu www.studyguide.pk www.studygu www.studyguide.pk www.studygu b b 4 ac www.studyguide.pk www.studygu x= 2a www.studyguide.pk www.studygu www.studyguide.pk www.studygu www.studyguide.pk www.studygu www.studyguide.pk www.studygu www.studyguide.pk www.studygu www.studyguide.pk www.studygu www.studyguide.pk www.studygu
Absolute Value Function Inverse Function If

f ( x ), if f ( x ) 0

, then

f ( x)

f ( x), if f ( x ) < 0

Remember: Object = the value of x Image = the value of y or f(x) f(x) map onto itself means f(x) = x

02 Quadratic Equations

General Form

Quadratic Formula

ax 2 + bx + c = 0

where a, b, and c are constants and a 0.

*Note that the highest power of an unknown of a quadratic equation is 2.

When the equation can not be factorized.

Forming Quadratic Equation From its Roots: If and are the roots of a quadratic equation

Nature of Roots

+ =

b a

c a

The Quadratic Equation

x 2 ( + ) x + = 0
2

b 2 4 ac b 2 4 ac b 2 4 ac b 2 4 ac

>0 =0 <0 0

two real and different roots two real and equal roots no real roots the roots are real

or x ( SoR ) x + ( PoR ) = 0 SoR = Sum of Roots PoR = Product of Roots

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03 Quadratic Functions
General Form Completing the square:

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f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c f ( x) = a ( x + p)2 + q where a, b, and c are constants and a 0. *Note that the highest power of an unknown of a quadratic function is 2. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) the value of x, x = p min./max. value = q min./max. point = ( p, q) equation of axis of symmetry, x = p

Alternative method:

a > 0 minimum (smiling face)

a < 0 maximum (sad face)

f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c

(i)

the value of x, x =

b 2a

(ii)

min./max. value = f (

b ) 2a

(iii)

equation of axis of symmetry, x =

b 2a

Quadratic Inequalities
a > 0 and f ( x) > 0

Nature of Roots
b 2 4ac > 0

a > 0 and f ( x) < 0

intersects two different points at x-axis 2 b 4ac = 0 touch one point at x-axis b 2 4ac < 0 does not meet x-axis

x < a or x > b

a< x<b

04 Simultaneous Equations

To find the intersection point solves simultaneous equation.

Remember: substitute linear equation into non- linear equation.

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05 Indices and Logarithm
Fundamental if Indices Laws of Indices
m

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Zero Index,

a0 = 1

a n = a m+n

Negative Index,

a 1 =

1 a

a n = a mn
m n

a b ( ) 1 = b a
1 an

m n

n n

Fractional Index

= a
n

m an

= a
n

Fundamental of Logarithm

Law of Logarithm

log a y = x a x = y

log a mn = log a m + log a n

log a a = 1

log a

log a a x = x
log a 1 = 0

m = log a m log a n n

log a mn = n log a m

Changing the Base

log a b =

log c b log c a

log a b =

1 logb a

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06 Coordinate Geometry
Distance and Gradient
Distance Between Point A and C =

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(x1 x2 )2 + (x1 x2 )2
Gradient of line AC, m = Or
y2 y1 x2 x1 y int ercept Gradient of a line, m = x int ercept
Parallel Lines Perpendicular Lines

When 2 lines are parallel,

When 2 lines are perpendicular to each other,

m1 m2 = 1

m1 = m2 .

m1 = gradient of line 1 m2 = gradient of line 2

Midpoint

A point dividing a segment of a line

Midpoint, M =

x1 + x2 y1 + y2 , 2 2

A point dividing a segment of a line

nx + mx2 ny1 + my2 P = 1 , m+n m+n

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Area of triangle:

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Area of Triangle =

1 2

A=

1 x1 y2 + x2 y 3 + x3 y1 ( x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x1 y3 ) 2

Form of Equation of Straight Line General form

ax + by + c = 0

Gradient form
y = mx + c

Intercept form

m = gradient c = y-intercept

x y + =1 a b

a = x-intercept b = y-intercept

m=

b a

Equation of Straight Line Gradient (m) and 1 point (x1, y1) 2 points, (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) given given y y1 y2 y1 y y1 = m( x x1 ) = x x1 x2 x1

x-intercept and y-intercept given x y + =1 a b

Equation of perpendicular bisector gets midpoint and gradient of perpendicular line.

Information in a rhombus: A

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

same length AB = BC = CD = AD parallel lines mAB = mCD or mAD = mBC diagonals (perpendicular) mAC mBD = 1

(v)

share same midpoint midpoint AC = midpoint BD any point solve the simultaneous equations

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Remember:

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y-intercept x = 0 cut y-axis x = 0 x-intercept y = 0 cut x-axis y = 0 **point lies on the line satisfy the equation substitute the value of x and of y of the point into the equation.
Equation of Locus ( use the formula of distance) The equation of the locus of a moving point P ( x, y ) which is always at a constant distance (r) from a fixed point A ( x1 , y1 ) is

The equation of the locus of a moving point P ( x, y ) which is always at a constant distance from two fixed points A ( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y 2 ) with a ratio m : n is PA m = PB n

The equation of the locus of a moving point P ( x, y ) which is always equidistant from two fixed points A and B is the perpendicular bisector of the straight line AB. PA = PB ( x x1 ) + ( y y1 ) 2 = ( x x2 ) 2 + ( y y2 ) 2
2

PA = r

( x x1 ) 2 + ( y y1 ) 2 = r 2

( x x1 ) 2 + ( y y1 ) 2 m 2 = ( x x2 ) + ( y y 2 ) 2 n 2

More Formulae and Equation List:

At www.studyguide.pk
6

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07 Statistics
Measure of Central Tendency Ungrouped Data
x= x N

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Without Class Interval
x= fx f

Grouped Data With Class Interval

x= fx f

Mean

x = mean x = sum of x x = value of the data

N = total number of the data

x = mean x = sum of x f = frequency x = value of the data

x = mean f = frequency x = class mark

(lower limit+upper limit) 2

Median

m = TN +1
2

m = TN +1
2

When N is an odd number.

When N is an odd number.

1 2 N F m = L+ f C m

TN + TN
2 2

m=

+1

TN + T N
2 2

m=

+1

When N is an even number.

When N is an even number.

m = median L = Lower boundary of median class N = Number of data F = Total frequency before median class fm = Total frequency in median class c = Size class = (Upper boundary lower boundary)

Measure of Dispersion

Ungrouped Data

Grouped Data Without Class Interval With Class Interval

variance

2 x2 = x N 2

=
2

2 fx 2 x f

=
2

2 fx 2 x f

= variance
(x x ) = N
2

= variance
=
(x x ) N
2

= variance
2

Standard Deviation

x 2 x2 N

x 2 x2 N

f (x x) = f

fx 2 x2 f

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The variance is a measure of the mean for the square of the deviations from the mean. The standard deviation refers to the square root for the variance.

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Effects of data changes on Measures of Central Tendency and Measures of dispersion

Measures of Mean, median, mode Central Tendency Range , Interquartile Range Measures of Standard Deviation dispersion Variance

Data are changed uniformly with +k k k k +k k k k

No changes No changes No changes

k k k2

k k k2

08 Circular Measures

Terminology

Convert degree to radian: Convert radian to degree:

180

)radians 180 180 x radians = ( x ) degrees

xo = ( x

radians

degrees

180

Remember:

180 = rad

???

360 = 2 rad

0.7 rad

O ???

1.2 rad

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Length and Area

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r = radius A = area s = arc length = angle l = length of chord
Arc Length: Length of chord: Area of Sector: Area of Triangle: Area of Segment:

s = r

l = 2r sin

A=

1 2 r 2

A=

1 2 r sin 2

A=

1 2 r ( sin ) 2

09 Differentiation

Gradient of a tangent of a line (curve or straight)

dy y = lim ( ) dx x 0 x

Differentiation of a Function I

y = xn

dy = nx n1 dx

Example y = x3

Differentiation of Algebraic Function Differentiation of a Constant

dy = 3x 2 dx

y=a dy =0 dx

a is a constant

Differentiation of a Function II
y = ax dy = ax11 = ax 0 = a dx

Example y=2 dy =0 dx

Example y = 3x dy =3 dx

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Differentiation of a Function III Chain Rule

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y = ax n y = un u and v are functions in x dy = anx n1 dx dy dy du = dx du dx
Example y = 2 x3
Example y = (2 x 2 + 3)5
u = 2 x 2 + 3, y = u5 ,

dy = 2(3) x 2 = 6 x 2 dx

therefore

du = 4x dx

therefore

Differentiation of a Fractional Function

1 xn Rewrite y= y = xn

dy = 5u 4 du

dy dy du = dx du dx = 5u 4 4 x

= 5(2 x 2 + 3) 4 4 x = 20 x(2 x 2 + 3) 4

dy n = nx n1 = n+1 dx x

Or differentiate directly y = (ax + b) n

Example 1 y= x y = x 1 1 dy = 1x 2 = 2 dx x

dy = n.a.(ax + b) n 1 dx

y = (2 x 2 + 3)5

dy = 5(2 x 2 + 3) 4 4 x = 20 x(2 x 2 + 3) 4 dx

Law of Differentiation

Sum and Difference Rule

y =uv u and v are functions in x dy du dv = dx dx dx

Example y = 2 x3 + 5 x 2

dy = 2(3) x 2 + 5(2) x = 6 x 2 + 10 x dx

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Product Rule Quotient Rule
y= u v

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y = uv u and v are functions in x dy du dv = v +u dx dx dx
u and v are functions in x

Example y = (2 x + 3)(3 x 3 2 x 2 x)

dy = dx

du dv u dx dx v2

u = 2x + 3 v = 3x3 2 x 2 x du dv =2 = 9 x2 4 x 1 dx dx dy du dv =v +u dx dx dx 3 2 =(3 x 2 x x)(2) + (2 x + 3)(9 x 2 4 x 1)

Or differentiate directly y = (2 x + 3)(3x3 2 x 2 x)

dy = (3x3 2 x 2 x)(2) + (2 x + 3)(9 x 2 4 x 1) dx

Example x2 y= 2x +1 u = x2 v = 2x +1 du dv = 2x =2 dx dx du dv u v dy = dx 2 dx dx v dy (2 x + 1)(2 x) x 2 (2) = dx (2 x + 1) 2

4 x2 + 2 x 2 x2 2 x2 + 2 x = = (2 x + 1) 2 (2 x + 1) 2

Or differentiate directly x2 y= 2x +1 dy (2 x + 1)(2 x) x 2 (2) = dx (2 x + 1) 2

4 x2 + 2 x 2 x2 2 x2 + 2 x = = (2 x + 1) 2 (2 x + 1) 2

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Gradients of tangents, Equation of tangent and Normal Gradient of tangent at A(x1, y1):

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dy = gradient of tangent dx Equation of tangent: y y1 = m( x x1 )
Gradient of normal at A(x1, y1):
mnormal = 1 mtangent

If A(x1, y1) is a point on a line y = f(x), the gradient of the line (for a straight line) or the gradient of the dy tangent of the line (for a curve) is the value of dx when x = x1.

dx Equation of normal : y y1 = m( x x1 )

1 dy

= gradient of normal

Maximum and Minimum Point

Turning point

dy =0 dx

At maximum point, dy =0 dx

d y <0 dx 2

At minimum point , dy =0 dx

d2y >0 dx 2

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Rates of Change Small Changes and Approximation Small Change:

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Chain rule dA dA dr = dt dr dt dy y dy y x x dx dx If x changes at the rate of 5 cms -1 dx =5 dt Decreases/leaks/reduces NEGATIVES values!!!
Approximation: ynew = yoriginal + y

= yoriginal +

dy x dx

x = small changes in x y = small changes in y If x becomes smaller x = NEGATIVE

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10 Solution of Triangle

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Sine Rule: Cosine Rule: Area of triangle:
a

a b c = = sin A sin B sin C

a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cosA b2 = a2 + c2 2ac cosB c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cosC

Use, when given 2 sides and 1 non included angle 2 angles and 1 side
B

cos A =

b2 + c2 a 2 2bc

A=

Use, when given 2 sides and 1 included angle 3 sides

a a

1 a b sin C 2

C is the included angle of sides a and b.

180 (A+B)

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Case of AMBIGUITY
A If C, the length AC and length AB remain unchanged, the point B can also be at point B where ABC = acute and A B C = obtuse. If ABC = , thus ABC = 180 .

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180 -

Remember : sin = sin (180 )

C B B Case 1: When a < b sin A CB is too short to reach the side opposite to C.

Case 2: When a = b sin A CB just touch the side opposite to C

Outcome: No solution

Case 3: When a > b sin A but a < b. CB cuts the side opposite to C at 2 points

Outcome: 1 solution Case 4: When a > b sin A and a > b. CB cuts the side opposite to C at 1 points

Outcome: 2 solution

Outcome: 1 solution

Useful information:
b c

In a right angled triangle, you may use the following to solve the problems. (i) Phythagoras Theorem: c = a 2 + b2 (ii) Trigonometry ratio: sin = b , cos = a , tan = c c
b a

(iii) Area = (base)(height)

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11 Index Number
Price Index Composite index

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I = P 1 100 P0 I= Wi I i Wi

I = Price index / Index number

P0 = Price at the base time P1 = Price at a specific time

I = Composite Index W = Weightage I = Price index

I A, B I B ,C = I A,C 100

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