Methods of Purication !

Pure Substances & Mixtures!

A pure substance contains only one type of substance, and is not mixed with any other substance.!
Are the following pure substances or mixtures?! !! Clean tap water! mixture! !! 100% orange juice! mixture! !! Distilled water! Pure substance!

Methods of Purication!
Some terms :!
! Solute !- the solid that dissolves! ! Solvent - the liquid that does the dissolving! ! Solution - solid + solvent! ! Residue - the insoluble solid trapped in the lter paper! ! Filtrate! - the liquid that passes through the lter paper! ! Sublimate - the condensed solid produced during sublimation!

Methods of Purication!
The particular method used for separating any given mixture depends on the nature (eg. solubility, physical state) of its constituents.!

Filtration!
!! Used to separate a solid from a liquid in which the solid is insoluble!
mixture of solid and liquid
filter funnel filter paper

residue

filtrate

Principle of Filtration!
! The separation works only if the particles concerned are of different sizes, such as larger particles of an insoluble solid and smaller particles of a liquid or solution.!

Principle of Filtration!
The lter material acts as a sieve which allows the smaller particles to pass through and keeps the bigger particles behind.!

Principle of Filtration!
Can a mixture of common salt and water be separated by ltration? Why?!

Filtration - large scale use!

!Sand lters used in water treatment plants to remove solid impurities ! !Dissolved substances and bacteria will not be removed!

Decanting!
! Separates an insoluble solid from a liquid ! ! liquid is carefully poured away from the solid which is usually heavier and settles at the bottom of the container" !

Evaporation (Heating )to Dryness!

!! used to recover a soluble solid from its solution! !! Only for solids that will NOT decompose on heating"! !! Eg" sodium chloride #common salt$ from salt solution!

Crystallisation!
!! used to recover a soluble solid from its solution! !! for solids that decompose on heating! !! Eg" Copper#II$ sulphate and most other salts! Steps :! ! The solution is heated #evaporated$ to saturation point OR %heated to remove most of the solvent!! ! The saturated solution is le& to cool; crystals are formed"! ! The crystals are removed by 'ltration" To purify the crystals( they can then be washed with cold distilled water and dried between 'lter papers"!

Crystallisation - the Principle behind!

!! Substances are usually more soluble in hot water than cold water eg. more copper(II) sulphate will dissolve in water at 80C than at 30 C.! !! When the hot saturated solution is cooled, the cooled solution is unable to hold as much solute as when it was hot. The extra solute that cannot remain dissolved appears as crystals.!

Solubility & Crystallisation!

Solubility data for NH4Cl in grams/100 mL H2O ! ! "30oC"-" 41.4 g ! ! "50oC"-" 50.4 g ! ! "70oC"-" 60.2 g ! ! "90oC"-" 71.3 g ! !!If the water was heated to 90C, how much of the solute will be able to dissolve?! !!If this hot solution is then cooled to 30 C, how much solute can the water contain now?! !!Hence what is the mass of crystals you would expect to obtain?!

Separating a mixture of solids!

Method used depends on the nature of the solids :-! (1)! If the mixture of solids behave differently in a

particular solvent , that is, one component is soluble in it while the other is insoluble! carefully choose a solvent that will dissolve only one of the solids!
Egs. common salt and sand; Use ! water as solvent

naphthalene and sand!

Use methylated spirits as solvent

Separating a mixture of solids!

Basic Steps :! Dissolution ! Filtration !
Evaporation to dryness !

OR !
Crystallisation !

Separating a mixture of solids!

#)$ Sublimation! used when one of the solid sublimes! Eg" ! ! mixture of iodine * copper; ! ! mixture of ammonium chloride *! ! sodium chloride!

Separating a mixture of solids!

#+$ Other methods :! !! make use of the special properties of the substance! Eg" mixture of iron 'lings and sulphur " !
use a magnet! ! Bring a magnet to the mixture.! ! The iron lings will be attracted to the magnet while the sulphur will be left behind.!

Separating the Solvent from the Solution!

Crystallisation! Evaporation to dryness! Distillation!

solute

solvent

solution

Simple Distillation!
!! Some Terms Used :! !Distillate !- the liquid that distils over! !Miscible liquids - liquids that mix completely to form a single layer! !Immiscible liquids - liquids that do not mix! !! A solvent can be separated from a solution and collected by simple distillation.!

Principle of Distillation!
A liquid boils and turns into vapour at its boiling point.! When the vapour is condensed, the (pure)

liquid is obtained again.!

Simple Distillation!
2. .. vapourise. The vapour rises up the ask! ask ! sea water ! Boiling chips 1. Solution is heated, causing the solvent to ! distillate 3. the condenser is cold, so the vapour thermometer ! condenses to liquid water.! condenser 4. Pure water drips into the beaker. It is distilled water. !

Simple Distillation!
thermometer ! ask ! sea water ! Boiling chips To maintain even boiling, with not too much bumping! Water in Water out condenser

Liebig Condenser!
Vapour enters Condensed vapour in liquid form (distillate) leaves

Direction of water flow Water out Cold water in

Water flows in anti-current to the flow of vapour.

Liebig Condenser!
Vapour enters Condensed vapour in liquid form (distillate) leaves

Direction of water flow Water Cold This out is to make sure the coldest part of the water in

condenser is just before the vapour escapes.

Simple Distillation!
Simple ! ! ! ! distillation can be used to obtain! water from salt solution! water ! from copper(II) sulphate solution! ether ! from a solution of sugar in ether!

Note : ! The liquid that distils over is called the ! !distillate . ! The solid that remains in the ask is called the residue .!

Simple Distillation!
Qns. : Where is the thermometer placed? What is the reason for this?!
thermometer ! ask ! sea water ! Boiling chips distillate

condenser

Simple Distillation!
Thermometer placed at the side arm of the ask so that it records the temperature of the vapour as it enters the condenser.! thermometer ! ask ! sea water ! Boiling chips distillate

condenser

Separating miscible liquids - # Fractional distillation!

! miscible liquids can only be separated by fractional distillation if they have di,erent boiling points " ! ! Eg" mixture of ethanol and water"!

Separating miscible liquids - # Fractional distillation!

Fractionating column thermometer ! Water out condenser

ask ! Boiling chips

Water in mixture of ethanol and water!

distillate

Separating miscible liquids - # Fractional distillation!

2. The fractionating column is packed with glass beads to increase its surface area. Vaporisation followed by condensation takes place many times as the vapour is swept upwards. ! 3. Eventually, the liquid with the lower boiling point reaches the top and distils over.!

1. When heated, the liquid with the lower boiling point will vaporize more readily.!

Separating miscible liquids - # Fractional distillation!

4. The temperature stays constant at 78C. When all the ethanol has distilled over, the temperature reading rises above 78C. At 100C, water starts to distil over. !

5. The receiver is changed to collect each distillate separately.!

Separating miscible liquids - # Fractional distillation!

Sketch a graph of temperature versus time to show the changes in temperature readings throughout the distillation.!
temperature !

100C! 78C!

time!

Separating miscible liquids - # Fractional distillation!

Note : ! ! The glass beads in the fractionating column provides a large surface area so that condensation occurs more readily.! ! The liquid with the lower ! boiling point distils over rst, followed by the liquid with the next higher boiling point.! glass beads!

Separating miscible liquids - # Fractional distillation!

Note : ! ! If the liquids in the mixture have the same boiling point, fractional distillation is not possible.! ! If the difference in boiling point is great, fractional distillation occurs readily.! glass beads!

Fractional distillation - applications!

!! Fractional distillation can be used to separate :-!
! nitrogen and oxygen from liquid air! ! the components of crude oil! ! ethanol from fermented liquor!

Fractional distillation of crude oil!

Separating immiscible liquids!

!! A separating funnel can be used to separate two immiscible liquids. ! ! Eg. water and petrol.! !! This method can be used to separate :! ! a mixture of petrol and water! ! engine oil and water!

The main points so far!

Mixtures! solid + liquid! solid + solid! liquid + liquid!

Filtration!

Residue! (solid)!

Filtrate! (liquid)!

The main points so far!

Mixtures! solid + liquid! solid + solid! liquid + liquid!

Simple Distillation!

Residue! (solid/ solute)!

Distillate! (liquid/ solvent)!

The main points so far!

Mixtures! YES!
Add suitable solvent!

liquid + liquid! solid + solid!

Difference in solubility?!

solid + solution! Filtration!

Residue! (insoluble solid)!

Filtrate! (solution)!

Crystallisation!

Crystals! (soluble solid)!

The main points so far!

Mixtures! YES!
Add suitable solvent!

liquid + liquid! solid + solid!

Difference in solubility?!

solid + solution! Filtration! Crystallisation!

NO!
Other physical difference?!

Sublimation!

Egs.!

Using magnet!

The main points so far!

Mixtures!
miscible liquids (different boiling pts.)!

liquid + liquid!

Fractional distillation!

immiscible liquids!

Separating funnel!