1

Lecture 16

Mapping Properties of Analytic Functions

Example. Consider
2
( ) f z z = , z x iy = + and ( ) w f z u iv = = + .
Then

2 2
, 2 u x y v xy = = (*)

Using (*), the following mapping properties of
2
( ) f z z = are
obtained:



2

(I) The hyperbolas
2 2
2 x y c and xy d = = are mapped into
straight lines u c and v d = = . If , 0 c d = , the hyperbolas as will
as their images intersect at right angles as shown in the
following figure:











Each branch of the hyperbola is mapped onto the same straight
line. The image of the region 0, 0 x y > > , 1 xy < is the strip
0 2 v < < .
2 2
x y c =
/ 2 xy d =
90

z plane
u c =
v d =
90

w plane



3

(II) The image of the lines x c = , ( 0) c = is the same parabola
2
2 2 2
1
2
4 ( ),
dv c
v c u c
du v
| |
= =
|
\ .
(1)
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
( , 2
4 ( ))
4
since x c u c y and v yc y u c
v
and also y v c u c
c
= = = =
= =


Similarly, the image of the lines
( )
, 0 y d d = = is the same
parabola

2
2 2 2
2
2
4 ( ),
dv d
v d u d
du v
| |
= + =
|
\ .
.. (2)

2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
( , 2
4 ( ))
4
since y d u x d and v xd x u d
v
and also x v d u d
d
= = = = +
= = +


Therefore,
2 2
2
1 2
4
1 2
dv dv c d
at v cd
du du
v
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .
implying
that the lines , x c y d = = as well as their images intersect at
right angles as shown in the following figure:




4










x c =
y d =
y d =
x c =
90

z plane
90

2 2
( , 2 ) c d cd
2 2 2
4 ( ) v c u c =
2 2 2
4 ( ) v d u d = +
2 2
( ,2 ) c d cd
w plane



5
(III) If
2 2
, ( )
i i
z re f z r e
u u
= = . Thus, a circle of radius r is
mapped onto a circle of radius
2
r in a one to two fashion by
2
( ) f z z = .

(IV) Image of Sector
{ }
( , ) : arg S z z o | o | = < < is the sector
(2 ,2 ) S o | . Thus, the angle of the sector is doubled by the
mapping
2
( ) f z z =

It also follows from the above, that the restriction of
2
( ) f z z =
to ( , ) S o | would be one to one only when | o t < .







o
|
2o
2|
z plane
w plane



6
The observations in the above example are consequences of the
following result:
Theorem. Let f(z) be analytic in a domain G. Then, f(z) preserves
angles between any two curves at a point a G e iff ( ) 0 f a ' = .
If
( 1) ( )
( ) ... ( ) 0, ( ) 0
m m
f a f a f a

' = = = = , then angle between the

2
2 1
1
arg( )
z a
z a
u u

=

.

Let o be the angle between tangents to
1 2
C and C at the point
a. Then,

2
0
1
limarg
r
z a
z a
o

| |
=
|

\ .

where, o is measured from arc
1
( ) z t to arc
2
( ) z t .
Let
1 1 2 2 0
( ), ( ) ( ) w f z w f z and w f a = = = .

2
z

1
z

G
G

2 1
u u

2
C

1
C



8
Further, let
1 1 2 2
( ) ( ) f C and f C I = I = .
Then, the angle | between
1 2
and I I
is given by

2 0
0
1 0
limarg
r
w w
w w
|

| |
=
|

\ .
, where
2 1
2 0 2 1 0 1
i i
w w e and w w e

= = .

Therefore,
2
0
1
( ) ( )
limarg
( ) ( )
r
f z f a
f z f a
|

| |
=
|

\ .


( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
0
1 1 1
( ) ( ) /
limarg
( ) ( ) /
r
f z f a z a z a
f z f a z a z a

(
=
` `
(

) )

.
Now, since f is differentiable at the point a,

2 1
0 0
2 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
lim lim ( ) 0
r r
f z f a f z f a
f a
z a z a


'
= = =

.

Therefore,
2
0
1
limarg
r
z a
z a
| o

| |
= =
|

\ .
(using continuity of the
argument). This also shows that the sense of rotation is also
preserved.


0
w
1
w

2
w

1
G
2
G
( ) f G



9
Now, if
( 1) ( )
( ) ... ( ) 0, ( ) 0,
m m
f a f a f a

' = = = = then

( ) ( ) ( ) ..., 0
m
m m
f z f a c z a where c = + + = .

Therefore,
2 2
0 0
1 1
( ) ( )
limarg limarg
( ) ( )
m
r r
f z f a z a
m
f z f a z a
| o


= = =
` `

) )
.

The angle between image curves is magnified mtimes.




10
Remarks.

(i) Since
1
I has the parametric equation
1 1
( ) ( ( )) w t f z t = ,
1 1 1
( ) ( ( )) ( ) w t f z t z t
' ' '
= ,
1 0
( ) z t a =
1 0 1 0 1 0
arg ( ) arg ( ( )) arg ( ), ( ) 0 w t f z t z t f a
' ' ' '
= + =
Curve
1
C at a rotates by an angle arg ( ) f a ' and forms the
curve
1
I at
0
( ) w f a = , under the mapping f(z).

(ii) Further, since
( ) ( )
( ) lim
z a
f z f a
f a
z a

' =

, the expression
( ) f a
'
gives the magnification in the image of the curve
1
C at
the point a under the mapping f(z).

(iii) By (i) and (ii) above it follows that under the mapping f(z),
at each point there is rotation by an amount arg ( ) f a ' and
magnification by an amount ( ) f a
' which is responsible in
locally distorting the shape of the curve
1
C to its image
1
I ,
under the mapping f(z).



11
Conformal Mapping. A mapping which preserves the angle as
well as rotation between any two curves intersecting at the point
a, is called a Conformal Mapping at the point a.
Thus, if ( ) f z is analytic at the point a and ( ) 0 f a ' = , then ( ) f z
is a conformal mapping at the point a.
Example1. ( ) f z z = is not conformal at any point z.
Example2.
2
( ) f z z = is not conformal at z = 0. It is conformal at
any point 0 z = .