Major Building Codes for Design of Post Post-Tensioned Buildings
Major Building Codes and Reports Covered
International Building Code
( (IBC 2009) ) ACI-318 2011 ASCE -07
European Code (EC2 EN2002)
Numerous Post-Tensioning
Institute Reports (PTI USA)
Concrete Society Report (TR43)
D Bij Dr Bijan O Aalami A l i
Professor Emeritus,
San Francisco State University Principal, ADAPT Corporation
www.adaptsoft.com
Major Building Codes for Design of Post-Tensioned Floors 1 Materials
Building Codes Supplemental Literature
Characteristic strength Design strength Modulus of Elasticity
IBC
ACI 318-11 Requirements for Design
of Concrete Floor Systems y
EC2
European Coe Requirements for
Design of Concrete Floors Floors, Including Post-Tensioning Serviceability of Post-Tensioned M b Members B Based d on E European C Code d
Common Requirements PostPost -Tensioning Design Design g or evaluate the adequacy of the structure for the following conditions
POSTPOST -TENSIONING IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SERVICE CONDITION Crack control Limitation on representative p
hypothetical tensile stresses Minimum bonded reinforcement Crack mitigation schemes detailing for restraint of supports Tendon and rebar arrangement Deflection control Span to deflection ratio Limitation on concrete compressive stress Allowance for creep Durability Cover to tendon Use of special hardware Fire resistivity Cover to tendon Vibrations Limitation on span to depth ratio
Service Condition Strength Condition Initial (transfer of prestressing)
POSTPOST -TENSIONING IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION STRENGTH (SAFETY) CONDITION OVERALL Design capacity greater than design moment (Capacity to be greater than demand) Minimum bonded reinforcement for ductility
SLAB d
POSITION OF REINFORCEMENT TO RESIST COLUMN MOMENT
REBAR STRIP h 1.5d 5d COLUMN 1.5h 1.5h REBAR STRIP
5d DROP 1.5d
(a) SLAB WITH DROP
(b) FLAT PLATE
Design capacity greater than Cracking Moment (applicable to most cases) Safe transfer of column moment to slab Follow code prescription for tendon and rebar detailing arrangement (not column strip/middle strip) LOCAL Force transfer at anchorage (bursting steel) Detailing to avoid blow out of concrete
DESIGN STRIP REBAR STRIP
SLAB
FRAME DIRECTION
COLUMN
( ) VIEW OF A SLAB JOINT (c)
Position the reinforcement within the narrow band identified as rebar strip p
POSTPOST -TENSIONING IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION INITIAL (TRANSFER) CONDITION At time of stressing,
Load Combinations
Service Condition
Total Load (frequent) Typically 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0 PT
Used to check tension and compression stresses in concrete
Tendon has its maximum force; concrete is at its weakest strength; and li l live load dt to counteract t t prestressing t i i is absent b t
Hence the member is likely to experience stresses more severe than when in service
Sustained Load (quasi permanent) Code requirement for crack and creep control at initial condition
1.0D + K*L + 1.0 PT
K is less than 1 Primarily to check compression stresses in concrete Deflection D fl ti in i service i condition diti
Add rebar when representative (hypothetical) tension stresses exceed a threshold Do not exceed representative hypothetical compressive stresses
Load Combinations
POSTPOST -TENSIONING IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Strength (safety) condition
Factored combinations of:
Safety factor for strength
Different code specified p applied pp loads Either
Dead (1.2 to 1.4) Live (1.3 to 1.6) Hyperstatic (Secondary) (S ) due
prestressing with factor 1
to
Reliability in the properties of the
material used (most building codes) concrete (typically 0.65) nonprestressed steel (0.85 0.95) prestressing steel (0.85)
Initial (transfer) condition
Factored combinations of:
OR
Selfweight (1.0) Prestressing (1.15)
Reliability in the analysis procedure
(US building codes) bending 0.90 shear 0.75 0 75 axial 0.70
Design for Strength Ductility Requirements of All Codes
COMPRESSION REBAR a MAX PRESTRESSING REQUIRED TENSILE REBAR (1) PRESTRESSING ADEQUATE (2) PRESTRESSING PLUS TENSION REBAR MAX TENSILE REBAR
PostPost -Tensioned Members Serviceability Check According to EC2EC2-EN 2002
One-way & Two-way Systems Frequent load combination DL+0.5LL+PT Select allowable stresses Concrete Steel
Compression 0.60 fck (7.2)
REBAR TO BALANCE FORCE OF COMPRESSION REBAR (3)
PT
Tension, fct,eff (7.3.2(4)) 0.8fyk (7.2) 0.75fyk (7.2)
Calculate design values
PRESTRESSING AND TENSION REBAR NOT ADEQUATE
Compare with hypothetical values
Calculate hypothetical stresses
Modify
Yes
Is PT stress OK ?
No
Serviceability fails
REQUIRED COMPRESSION REBAR a MAX a MAX EXCESSIVE PRESTRESSING a MAX MAX COMPRESSION REBAR
REBAR TO BALANCE ADDED TENSILE REBAR
Is steel stress OK ?
No
Yes
Is conc. compression stress OK ?
No
(4) OVERREINFORCED, DESIGN BASED ON COMPRESSION ZONE
(5) PRESTRESSING AND COMPRESSION REBAR
(6) PRESTRESSING AND COMPRESSION REBAR NOT ADEQUATE
Yes Is conc.tension stress OK ? No Go to (A)
Yes
Limit depth of compression zone
Provide Min. As ( 9.2.1.1,9.3.1.1)
Go to (B)
* EN 1992-1-1:2004(E). section 7.2
(A)
Coming from flow-chart EC2-EN-2002 Calculate Min. overall As (Asmin) ( 9.2.1.1,9.3.1.1)
EC2EC2 -EN 2002
Calculate Max. overall As (Asmin) ( 9.2.1.1,9.3.1.1) Calculate min.crack control reinforcement based on system.
(B)
Ffrom flow chart flow-chart EC2-EN-2002
EC2EC2 -EN 2002
System? y
Quasi load combination DL+0 3LL+PT DL+0.3LL+PT
Bonded 7.3.2(3) Ascrack
Unbonded 7.3.2(2) Ascrack
Select allowable stresses Concrete Compression Tension, 0 45 fck (7.2) 0.45 (7 2) fct,eff fct eff (7.3.2(4)) (7 3 2(4)) Compare with hypothetical values
Calculate hypothetical stresses
Determine "Computed" crack width (EC2-7.3.4)
Select allowable crack-width Table 7.1N
Yes
Exceeds allowable?
No
Yes
Is conc. compression stress OK ?
No
Modify computed deflection for non-linear creep
Limit crack width by adding rebar(Eqn. 7.8 & 7.9) or, limit max.spacing or diameter (table 7.2N or 7.3N)
Ascrack > Asmin ?
No
Provide Asmin
Yes
Yes
Is conc. tension stressOK ?
No
Provide As,crack Return
Go to ( A)
Provide Min. As ( 9.2.1.1,9.3.1.1)
Serviceabilty OK Exit
IBC 2009; ACI 318-11 Service Condition
Service Condition
Design is based on the
classification of members into the g classes following
Deflection calculation
For Class U, use gross-section For Class T T, use bilinear moment
properties, or Ie For class C, use cracked section properties or bilinear moment properties, moment, or Ie
Class U (uncracked)
ft < <= 7.5 7 5 f fc c ; (0.625 (0 625 f fc) c)
Class T (transition)
7.5 7 5 f fc c < ft <=12 f fc c (0.625 fc < ft <=1.0 fc )
Two-way systems shall be
g as Class U designed Stresses are calculated using
uncracked section
Class C (cracked)
ft > 12 fc (ft > 1.0 fc )
ft = tensile stress under sustained service load condition Values in parenthesis refer to SI units (N, (N mm)
One-way systems may be designed
as Class U, T or C Stress calculation
For class U and T, calculate stresses using
uncracked section (gross cross-sectional properties) For Class C C, use cracked section for stress calculation; control crack width and check for skin rebar
IBC 2009; ACI ACI-318 Load Combinations for Strength Check
D L E W Hyp = Dead Loads = Live Loads = Earthquake Effects = Wind Effects = Hyperstatic Effects Due to Prestressing
IBC and ACI 318s Other Considerations Crack Width Control and Rebar Spacing Based on Detailing not Crack Width Calculation
Dead and Live
U = 1.4D + 1.0 Hyp U = 1.2D + 1.6L + 1.0 Hyp
D d Live Dead, Li and d Wind Wi d
(9-1) (9-2)
U = 1.2D + 1.6Lr+ 0.8W + 1.0 Hyp U = 1.2D + 1.0L + 1.6W + 1.0 Hyp U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.0 Hyp
Dead, Live and Earthquake
(9-3) (9-4) (9-6) (9 6)
For Class C flexural members rebar requirement and spacing shall meet the crack width control provisions of nonprestressed members ( section 10.6.4) modified for prestressing (section 18.4.4.1)
U = 1.2D + 1.0L+ 1.0E + 1.0Hyp U=0 0.9D 9D + 1 1.0E 0E + 1.0Hyp 1 0H
(9-5) (9-7) (9 7)
Strength Reduction Factor for Bending and Compression
c= dt = depth of compression zone distance of extreme compression p fiber to the extreme tension reinforcement
ST TRENGTH REDUCTIO ON FACTOR R
0.9
Thank you for listening.
0.65 0 0.375 c/d t 0.600
