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Classification of Terms (Logic)

1. Terms can be concrete or abstract, and generic or specific. Generic terms express common essential features, while specific terms express distinctive features. 2. Terms can also be positive or negative. Positive terms express conceptual features or qualities, while negative terms express an absence. 3. According to extension, terms can be common, singular/individual, or particular/universal. Common terms apply to many objects, while singular terms apply to one. Particular terms refer to an undesignated portion, and universal terms refer to all subjects.

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2K views

Classification of Terms (Logic)

1. Terms can be concrete or abstract, and generic or specific. Generic terms express common essential features, while specific terms express distinctive features. 2. Terms can also be positive or negative. Positive terms express conceptual features or qualities, while negative terms express an absence. 3. According to extension, terms can be common, singular/individual, or particular/universal. Common terms apply to many objects, while singular terms apply to one. Particular terms refer to an undesignated portion, and universal terms refer to all subjects.

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C. According to Comprehension Terms may be concrete, abstract, as the concept. Aside from this, 1. Generic.

When it expresses the common essential feature. Hammer is a tool. Pedro is a seminarian. 2. pecific. When it expresses the distincti!e constituent or the distincti!e essential feature of the ob"ect. #an is a rational animal. Pedro is an Au$ustinian seminarian.

D. According to Quality 1. Positi!e. Term that expresses a conceptual feature, a formal reason, or a thin$ proper. %ife Plants eminarian 2. &e$ati!e. Term that expresses the absence of somethin$, in full or in part. &othin$ Po!erty 'eath ($norance

B. According to Extension 1. )ommon. Term *hich may be applied indiscriminately to many persons or ob"ects. +or example, #an House Teacher chool 2. in$ular or (ndi!idual. Term *hich can be applied only to one sub"ect, or to one ob"ect. 2.1. Proper &ame.

an A$ustin )enter of tudies aint Thomas of -illano!a (nstitute .rder of aint Au$ustine 2.2. uperlati!es /est dancer Hi$hest achie!ement Tallest man

2.0. A common term restricted by a particular circumstance of place, time, incident, or ob"ect. 'ecano of +irst 1ear Teacher of %o$ic at T-( The author of the )onfessions 2.2. A common term restricted by a demonstrati!e pronoun. This seminarian That priest These men The )ommon term may be Transcendental, 3ni!ersal, or Particular.

A $rammatically sin$ular term may be lo$ically a uni!ersal term. +or example,#an is a mortal bein$. 4(t means all men distributi!ely5A $rammatically plural term may be lo$ically particular. +or example,#en are in!entors. 4(t means not all, but only some5 The true extension of a term should not be ta6en from its appearance, but from the sense in the sentence. Thus, #an is mortal, means all men7 *omen are fic6le, means the $enerality of *omen. 0. Particular. A term is particular if it stands for an indeterminately desi$nated portion of its absolute extension. #eanin$, a term is particular, first, if it stands for one indi!idual or $roup *ithout desi$natin$ it definitely, and it stands for more than one, but not clearly for all of the indi!iduals or $roups to *hich it can be applied. ome man ome horses Three boys #ost Americans

(n the proposition 8A seminarian ate the apple,9 the term 8a seminarian9 is particular7 it stands for a definite seminarian, but does not desi$nate that horse definitely..n the other hand, in the proposition 8This seminarian ate the apple,9 the term 8This seminarian9 is sin$ular because it only stands for a definite indi!idual seminarian but also desi$nates this seminarian definitely 4/achhuber, 2:5. 2. 3ni!ersal. A term is uni!ersal if it stands for each of the sub"ects to *hich it can be applied. ;!ery man ;ach man All priests #en *ithout exception &ote,A term that is $rammatically sin$ular is not necessarily sin$ular from the point of !ie* of lo$ic but mi$ht be particular or uni!ersal.The definite article 8the9 is prefixed to both sin$ular and uni!ersal terms. The do$ is bar6in$ excitedly. 4 in$ular5 The do$ is an animal. 43ni!ersal5The indefinite article 8a9 and 8an9 is prefixed to both particular and uni!ersal terms. A do$ is runnin$. 4 in$ular5 A do$ is an animal. 43ni!ersal5

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