REGENT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

DEPT. OF APPLIED ELECTRONICS AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING END OF SEMESTER EXAMINATION, JANUARY 2013 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LEVEL 200, SECOND SEMESTER MARKING SCHEME LECTURER: MR. MOSES TORKUDZOR 1. (a) Let the carrier signal be and the Modulating signal where is the angular carrier frequency and , the angular carrier frequency. The instantaneous voltage of the resulting modulated signal is represented by The amplitude of the waveform is M1 M1

M1 M1

M2

where Put (2) into (1)

, modulation index

M2

From trigonometry,

M1 M2

M2
fc LSB USB fm fm

The Frequency Spectrum is

M2

(b) as i. modulation factor, ii. Signal amplitude

. Comparing the equation with the AM wave given

M1 A1 iii.

M1

A1/2

iv. M1

A1/2

v.
M1 A1

vi.

Bandwidth
M1

A1

2.

(a)

As shown, the AM wave is applied to the input terminals of the diode detector circuit. The diode is operated in the linear region of its characteristic. As such during the positive half cycle of the AM wave, the diode is forward biased and the output is proportional to the input signal voltage. During the negative half cycle of the input, the diode is reverse biased and there is no output. The output of the diode containing the carrier and the message signal is passed through the capacitor filter circuit (low pass filter) which suppresses the high frequency carrier and it is then grounded. The dc component of the signal is grounded the resistor, R. This leaves the message signal which is passed on to a speaker.

(b)

AGC

Radio frequency (RF) Amplifier: This selects a particular radio frequency out of the many frequencies present and amplifies it. Local Oscillator: The local Oscillator is responsible for producing frequency equal to the sum of the selected RF and 455 kHz. Mixer: Its function is to mix the selected frequency and the frequency generated by the local oscillator. The principle behind its design is such that only the lower beats (band) appear at the output with the upper beat rejected. The output is always 455 kHz which is called the Intermediate Frequency (IF).
3

Filter: This is a band pass filter which is tuned to 455 kHz. It passes this frequency and rejects all the others. Detector: This functions as a demodulator to separate the audio frequency (AF) signal out of the IF output containing both the message signal and the carrier. The carrier is grounded where the message signal is passed on to the AF amplifier. Audio Frequency: (AF): This is a stage where the original AF signal is amplified before reaching the loud speaker. Loud Speaker: This a transducer whose function is to convert the electrical signal received from the AF amplifier to the original sound signal. Automatic Gain Control (AGC): It functions to change the gain of a radio receiver automatically with the changing strength of the signal so that out remains constant.

(c)
M2

A1

3. a. i) Noise (electrical noise) is any undesired signal that ultimately appears in the output of a communication systems ii) Cosmic noise b. i) Man-Made Noise: The man-made noise is produced by all electrical devices such as fluorescent lights, automotive ignition systems, electric motors, switch gears and high tension power lines. Another type of man-made noise arises from electronic equipment making up the communication system. Examples are thermal noise and short noise. ii) Thermal Noise: Thermal Noise is created by the motion of electrons in a resistor. It is a form of internal noise from electronic circuits that arises as a result of thermal interaction between the free electrons and the vibrating ions in a conductor. The electrons are always in random motion in the solid. This random noise produces a noise voltage at the output. In other words, it causes the rate of arrival of electrons at either end of a resistor to vary randomly and thereby varies the resistors potential difference.

c. ) Thermal Noise Power

,
M2

W ) The noise voltage,

A1

i)

,
M1

M1

ii)

For the series combination, the equivalent resistance is

M1 A1

iii)

For the parallel combination, the equivalent resistance is

M1 A1

4. a) FM is the process of varying the frequency of a carrier wave in proportion to the amplitude of a baseband signal. 2

or

b) Comparing i.

with the general FM equation

M2

A1

ii.

The transmitted power

A1

iii. iv.

Modulation index

A2

M2

A1

b)

Integrated Output

Integrated Output

Integrated Output

Integrator

Phase Modulator

Frequency Multiplier

Crystal Oscillator As shown the audio signal m (t) is taken first through the integrator, a special network whose output is the integral of the input signal. The integrated output is used to phase modulate the carrier signal from the crystal oscillator. Mathematically, it can be shown that phase modulation using the integral of the audio signal is identical to FM using the audio signal itself. In this way an FM signal is generated. The modulator cannot produce much deviation. As such the output of the integrator is a Narrow Band FM. The Narrow Band FM is then multiplied by the Frequency Multiplier to achieve the Wide Band FM. The carrier is equally raised. Note that for more wideband, mixers are used to decrease the carrier while keeping the deviation constant so that additional multiplier stages are used to obtain more deviation.

5. (a) i.
Analog Signal

Low Pass Filter

Sampling

Quantising

Encoding

PCM Wave 3

PCM Transmitter Block Diagram The analog signal is first taken through the low pass (anti-aliasing) filter which has the purpose of attenuating the high (unwanted) frequency components. The information (analog) signal is now sampled with the appropriate sampling frequency (sampling frequency fs 2highest frequency of the information signal (fx)). Then the sampled levels are quantized to appropriate quantization levels. The quantizer output is fed to an encoder which generates the binary code for every sample. The quantizer and encoder together are called as analog to digital converter.
7 2

ii. The advantages of the Pulse Code Modulation are: 2 x 1 Mark =2 1. Much more immune to noise interference. 2. Permits repeating or amplifying the encoded signal without significant distortion being introduced. 3. The output signal to noise ratio increases exponentially with bandwidth. 4. A PCM system designed for analog data can be readily adopted to other inputs such as digital data, thus promoting flexibility. 5. Due to the ability of regeneration, the PCM is beneficial for a system having many repeater stations. (b) i) Multiplexing is the technique which allow more than one message to be transferred via the same communication channel. Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link. ii) Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a digital multiplexing technique for combining several low-rate digital channels into one high-rate one. TDM is derived from sampling techniques in which messages occupy all the channel bandwidth but for short time intervals of time. This means the messages share the channel time. The messages occupy wide bandwidth for short intervals of time. The principle of the TDM is illustrated below. Switches SW1 at the transmitter and SW2 at the receiver rotate in synchronism. In effect SW1 samples each message input in a sequence m1(t), m2(t), m3(t), m4(t), m5(t).The sampled value (usually in digital form) is transmitted and recovered at the receiver to produce output m1(t) m5(t).
1 m1(t) m2(t) m3(t) m4(t) m5(t) 3 2 1 2 m1(t) m2(t) 3 SW2 4 5 m3(t) m4(t) m5(t)

Tx
4 5 SW1

Rx Transmission Line

iii) Where n is the number of guard bands. This means that the required bandwidth is at least 5 100 + 4 10 = 540 kHz. The design is as shown below.
M3 A2