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A CHARACTERIZATION OF INNER PRODUCT SPACES
MOHAMMAD SAL MOSLEHIAN
1
AND JOHN M. RASSIAS
2
Abstract. In this paper we present a new criterion on characterization of
real inner product spaces. We conclude that a real normed space (X, | |) is
an inner product space if

i{1,1}
_
_
_
_
_
x
1
+
k

i=2

i
x
i
_
_
_
_
_
2
=

i{1,1}
_
|x
1
| +
k

i=2

i
|x
i
|
_
2
,
for some positive integer k 2 and all x
1
, . . . , x
k
X. Conversely, if (X, | |)
is an inner product space, then the equality above holds for all k 2 and all
x
1
, . . . , x
k
X
1. Introduction
There are a lot of signicant natural geometric properties, which fail in general
normed spaces as non Euclidean spaces. Some of these interesting properties
hold just when the space is an inner product space. This is the most important
motivation for study of characterizations of inner product spaces.
The rst norm characterization of inner product spaces was given by Frechet [9]
in 1935. He proved that a normed space (X, | |) is an inner product space if
and only if
|x + y + z|
2
+ |x|
2
+ |y|
2
+ |z|
2
|x + y|
2
|y + z|
2
|x + z|
2
= 0
for all x, y, z X. In 1936 Jordan and von Neumann [10] showed that a normed
space X is an inner product space if and only if the parallelogram law |xy|
2
+
|x + y|
2
= 2|x|
2
+ 2|y|
2
holds for all x, y X. Later, Day [6] showed that a
normed linear space X is an inner product space if one requires only that the
parallelogram equality holds for x and y on the unit sphere. In other words,
he showed that the parallelogram equality may be replaced by the condition
R = 4 (|x| = 1, |y| = 1), where R = |x y|
2
+ |x + y|
2
. There are several
2010 Mathematics Subject Classication. Primary 46C15; Secondary 46B20, 46C05.
Key words and phrases. inner product space; EulerLagrange identity; Days condition;
normed space; characterization; operator.
1
2 M.S. MOSLEHIAN, J.M. RASSIAS
characterizations of inner product spaces introduced by many mathematicians
some of which are [116].
In this paper we present a new criterion on characterization of inner product
spaces and give an operator version of it. The notion of inner product space plays
an essential role in quantum mechanics, since every physical system is associated
with a Hilbert space and self-adjoint operators associated to a system represent
physical quantities; see [17].
2. Main result
Theorem 2.1. Let (X, | |) be a real normed space, n be a positive real number
and k 2 be a positive integer. If
R
k,n
=

i
{1,1}
_
_
_
_
_
x
1
+
k

i=2

i
x
i
_
_
_
_
_
n
and
A
k,n
=

i
{1,1}
_
|x
1
| +
k

i=2

i
|x
i
|
_
n
,
then a necessary and sucient condition for that the norm | | over X is induced
by an inner product is that
(I) R
k,n
A
k,n
if n 2
and
(II) R
k,n
A
k,n
if 0 < n 2
for any x
1
, . . . , x
k
X.
Proof. Necessity.
Assume that the norm | | on X is induced by an inner product , . Hence
A CHARACTERIZATION OF INNER PRODUCT SPACES 3
|x|
2
= x, x (x X). We have
R
k,n
=

i
{1,1}
_
_
_
_
_
x
1
+
k

i=2

i
x
i
_
_
_
_
_
n
=
1
2

i
{1,1}
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
k

i=1

i
x
i
_
_
_
_
_
2
_
_
n/2
=
1
2

i
,
j
{1,1}
_
k

i=1
|x
i
|
2
+ 2

1i<jk

j
x
i
, x
j

_
n/2
=
1
2

i
,
j
{1,1}
_
a +

1i<jk

j
a
i,j
cos(p
i,j
)
_
n/2
= R
k,n
(P) ,
where a :=

k
i=1
|x
i
|
2
, a
i,j
:= 2|x
i
| |x
j
| and p
i,j
s are dened in such a way
that x
i
, x
j
= |x
i
| |x
j
| cos(p
i,j
). Let P denote the
k
2
k
2
-tuple consisting of
p
i,j
(1 i < j k) by going row-by-row throughout the matrix
_

_
x
1
, x
2
x
1
, x
3
x
1
, x
k

x
2
, x
3
x
2
, x
k

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
x
k1
, x
k

_
.
For each xed 1 t < s k, we have
R
k,n
(P)
p
t,s
=
1
2

i
,
j
{1,1}
_
_

n
2
_
a +

1i<jk

j
a
i,j
cos(p
i,j
)
_n2
2

s
a
t,s
sin(p
t,s
)
_
_
=
n
4
(P)a
t,s
sin(p
t,s
) ,
in which
(P) :=

i
,
j
{1,1}

s
_
a +

1i<jk

j
a
i,j
cos(p
i,j
)
_n2
2
.
The solution of the system of equations
R
k,n
(P)
pt,s
where t, s run throughout 1
t < s k is P
0
= (K
1
, , K
k
2
k
2
), where K
1
, . . . , K
k
2
k
2
0, 1, 2, . . ..
4 M.S. MOSLEHIAN, J.M. RASSIAS
We use the second partial test to show that P
0
is an extremum point of R
k,n
(P).
For (u, v) ,= (t, s), we have

2
R
k,n
(P)
p
u,v
p
t,s
=

p
u,v
_
n
4
(P)a
t,s
sin(p
t,s
)
_
=
n
4
a
t,s
sin(p
t,s
)

p
u,v
(P) (2.1)
and

2
R
k,n
(P)
p
2
t,s
=

p
t,s
_
n
4
(P)a
t,s
sin(p
t,s
)
_
=
n
4
a
t,s
sin(p
t,s
)

p
t,s
(P) +
n
4
(P)a
t,s
cos(p
t,s
) . (2.2)
It follows from (2.1) that

2
R
k,n
p
u,v
p
t,s
(P
0
) = 0
and from (2.2) that

2
R
k,n
p
2
t,s
(P
0
) =
n
4
a
t,s
(P
0
)
=
n
4
a
t,s

i
,
j
{1,1}

s
_
a +

1i<jk

j
a
i,j
_n2
2
:=
t,s
.
A CHARACTERIZATION OF INNER PRODUCT SPACES 5
We also consider the determinants
D
1
(P
0
) :=

2
R
k,n
p
2
1,2
(P
0
) =
1,2
D
2
(P
0
) :=

2
R
k,n
p
2
1,2
(P
0
)

2
R
k,n
p
1,2
p
1,3
(P
0
)

2
R
k,n
p
1,3
p
1,2
(P
0
)

2
R
k,n
p
2
1,3
(P
0
)

1,2
0
0
1,3

=
1,2

1,3
.
.
.
D
k
2
k
2
(P
0
) :=

2
R
k,n
p
2
1,2
(P
0
)

2
R
k,n
p
1,2
p
1,3
(P
0
)

2
R
k,n
p
1,2
p
k1,k
(P
0
)

2
R
k,n
p
1,3
p
1,2
(P
0
)

2
R
k,n
p
2
1,3
(P
0
)

2
R
k,n
p
1,3
p
k1,k
(P
0
)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

2
R
k,n
p
k1,k
p
1,2
(P
0
)

2
R
k,n
p
k1,k
p
1,3
(P
0
)

2
R
k,n
p
2
k1,k
(P
0
)

1,2
0 0 0
0
1,3
0 0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 0 0
k1,k

=
1,2

1,3

k1,k
.
It is not hard to see that for each t, s,
t,s
< 0 if n > 2 and
t,s
> 0 if 0 < n < 2.
Hence (1)
i
D
i
(P
0
) > 0 (i = 1, 2, , (k
2
k)/2) for n > 2, whence, by utilizing
the second partial test, we infer that
max
P
R
k,n
(P) = max
P
0
R
k,n
(P
0
)
=
1
2

i
,
j
{1,1}
_
2

1i,jk

j
|x
i
| |x
j
|
_
n/2
=
1
2

i
{1,1}
_
_
_
k

i=1

i
|x
i
|
_
2
_
_
n/2
=
1
2

i
{1,1}
_
k

i=1

i
|x
i
|
_
n
=

i
{1,1}
_
|x
1
| +
k

i=2

i
|x
i
|
_
n
= A
k,n
,
6 M.S. MOSLEHIAN, J.M. RASSIAS
which yields (I). Similarly, D
i
(P
0
) > 0 (i = 1, 2, , (k
2
k)/2) for 0 < n < 2,
whence, by utilizing the second partial test, we deduce that
min
P
R
k,n
(P) = min
P
0
R
k,n
(P
0
) = A
k,n
,
which gives us (II).
Suciency.
Assume that condition (I) to be held. The continuity of the function n | |
n
implies that
R
k,2
A
k,2
= k2
k1
for |x
1
| = = |x
k
| = 1. From the pertinent sucient condition of M.M. Day,
it can be proved the following criterion [6]:
The necessary and sucient condition for a norm dened over a vector space X
to spring from an inner product is that R
k,2
k2
k1
where k 2 is a positive
integer and |x
1
| = = |x
k
| = 1. Due to this condition holds, we conclude
that the norm | | on X can be deduced from an inner product.
Similarly, if condition (II) holds, then we get
R
k,2
A
k,2
= k2
k1
for |x
1
| = = |x
k
| = 1. Applying the same statement as the above criterion
except that R
k,2
k2
k1
, we conclude that the norm | | on X can be deduced
from an inner product.
Corollary 2.2. A normed space (X, | |) is an inner product space if

i
{1,1}
_
_
_
_
_
x
1
+
k

i=2

i
x
i
_
_
_
_
_
2
=

i
{1,1}
_
|x
1
| +
k

i=2

i
|x
i
|
_
2
(2.3)
for some k 2 and all x
1
, . . . , x
k
X. The converse is true if (2.3) holds for all
k 2 and all x
1
, . . . , x
k
X.
We can have an operator version of Corollary above. In fact a straightforward
computation shows that
Corollary 2.3. Let k 2 and T
1
, T
2
, . . . , T
k
be bounded linear operators acting
on a Hilbert space. Then

i
{1,1}

T
1
+
k

i=2

i
T
i

2
= 2
k1
k

i=1
[T
i
[
2
=

i
{1,1}
_
[T
1
[ +
k

i=2

i
[T
i
[
_
2
,
A CHARACTERIZATION OF INNER PRODUCT SPACES 7
where [T[ = (T

T)
1/2
denotes the absolute value of T.
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product spaces, Arch. Math. (Basel) 59 (1992), no. 5, 487495.
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(1947), 320337.
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[12] K. Nikodem and Z. Pales, Characterizations of inner product spaces by strongly convex
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[14] J.M. Rassias, Two new criteria on characterizations of inner products Discuss. Math. 9
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[17] N. Zettili, Quantum Mechanics: Concepts and Applications, Chichester: John Wiley &
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8 M.S. MOSLEHIAN, J.M. RASSIAS
1
Department of Pure Mathematics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P. O.
Box 1159, Mashhad 91775, Iran.
E-mail address: [email protected] and [email protected]
URL: http://profsite.um.ac.ir/
~
moslehian/
2
Pedagogical Department, National and Capodistrian University of Athens,
Section of Mathematics and Informatics, 4, Agamemnonos str., Aghia Paraskevi,
Attikis 15342, Athens, Greece.
E-mail address: [email protected] and [email protected]
URL: http://www.primedu.uoa.gr/
~
jrassias/