Wall design Luis E.

Garcia

Outline DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURAL WALLS

by: Luis Enrique Garca
President American Concrete Institute ACI 2008-2009 Partner Proyectos y Diseos Ltda., Consulting Engineers Professor of Civil Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogot, Colombia

Generalities Structural

wall systems Behavior of wall systems ACI 318-08 Requirements Earthquake resistant design Boundary elements

Structural wall systems in Latin America

Wall vs. Column

Before 1910 almost everything was masonry walls The arrival of reinforced concrete brought the use of moment resisting frames In the 1960s walls reappear with tunnel formwork systems such as the French Outinord In the 1970s Structural Masonry (USA inspired vertical perforation block) make an appearance. In the 1980s Box-Type formwork types appear (Contech y Western) Story drift restrictions in the seismic codes makes its use more widespread

Some Codes differentiate them based on geometry. For example, based on section side dimensions, slenderness ratio, etc. In some instances by the presence on an inflection point in the moment diagram within the story floor height. Then it classifies as column when present and wall when not. In ACI 318 it is done using the vertical reinforcement steel ratio. If it is greater than 1% transverse ties are required as in columns.

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Wall Terminology (very confusing)

Wall based structural systems

Bearing walls

In English:
Shear walls Structural walls Curtain walls (a glass facade in many instances) Core walls

In Spanish:
Muros Muros de cortante Muros cortina Pantallas Paredes estructurales Tabiques estructurales

Wall based structural systems

Box system

Wall based structural systems

Dual system

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Wall based structural systems

Core systems

Wall based structural systems

Some core types

(a)

(b)

(c)

Wall based structural systems

Tube systems
Actual stresses

Shear-lag transfer
Stresses without shear-lag Actual stresses Lateral load direction

Only lateral load Stresses shown

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Use of structural systems for wind as the dominant lateral load

No. stories
75 65 55 50 35 20

Coupled walls

FRAME

SHEAR WALLS

DUAL

EXTERNAL TUBE

TUBE IN TUBE

MODULAR TUBE

Behavior of coupled walls

Tunnel forms system

(a)

(b)

(c)

There is ample experimental evidence that the slab-walls joint reinforced with welded wire reinforcement fails when subjected to cyclic moment Demands In the nonlinear range. This means that this system requires Walls in both direction in plan.

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General behavior of wall systems

hf

Effective flange
b
4 b min.of 16 h f + b w s + b w

Building

configuration in plan Building configuration in height Type of foundation Amount of wall with respect to floor area Wall section shape

bw
hf b

s
12 + b w b min.of 6 h f + b w s 2 + b w

s
bf b
hf bw 2

bw
4 b w b min.of b f

hf

bw

Moment frame vs. wall system

Fixed base vs. flexible foundation

2m 3m 3m Wall 3m 3m 3m 3m Rocking Stiffness 10 m 9m 9m

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Definition of stiffness
1m P1 1m P2

WALL BASE SHEAR

1.0 09 0.9

/ Vtotal V
wall

0.8 0.7 06 0.6 0.5

Infinitelly rigid wall

Flexible fixed-base wall Wall Stiffness

Rocking Stiffness

1 10 100 1 000 10 000 100 000 ROCKING STIFFNESS / WALL STIFFNESS

LATERAL DEFLECTION - TOP OF BUILDING

1.2% Top D Deflection / Total Heigh ht 1 0% 1.0% 0.8% 0.6% 0.4% 0.2% 0.0% 0 1 10 100 1 000 10 000 ROCKING STIFFNESS / WALL STIFFNESS 100 000

LATERAL DEFLECTION
6
FIXED

5 4 STORY 3 2 1 0
0.00 0.05
FREE

WALL ROCKING STIFFNESS RATIO

FREE 1 10 100 1000 2000 5000 10000 50000 100000 1000000 FIXED

Lateral Deflection (m)

0.10

0.15

0.20

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STORY DRIFT
6 5 4 3 2 1

WALL ROCKING STIFFNESS RATIO

FREE 1 10 100 1000 2000 5000 10000 50000 100000 1000000 FIXED

Structural system combination

Wall-frame Wall frame

FIXED

FREE

combination existing in all height of the building Wall-frame combination when one system is suspended in height Frame in one direction and wall in other direction in plan Combination of structural materials

STORY

0.00%

0.05%

0.10% 0.15% STORY DRIFT (%h)

0.20%

0.25%

Reinforced concrete Reinforced masonry

Bearing wall system

Gravity loads VERTICALES

Lateral forces HORIZONTALES

Structural steel Wood

Structural materials

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Frame system
(a) Non-moment resisting frame for gravity loads Lateral forces carried by walls or bracing (b) Moment resisting frame for gravity loads and lateral forces Walls resist tributary gravity loads and help resist lateral forces Not enough walls to meet Dual requirements

Moment frame system

+

Moment resisting frame supports gravity loads and lateral forces

Gravity loads

Lateral forces

Gravity loads VERTICALES

CARGAS

FUERZAS Lateral forces HORIZONTALES

=
= +

Dual system
Combination of moment resisting frame plus walls such that: (a) Frame supports majority of gravity loads. (b) Both frame and walls resist lateral loads. (c) Frame must resist at least 25% of base shear. (d) Wall must resist at least 75% of base shear.
Lateral forces Gravity loads

Dual system
Lateral forces Floor diaphragm

Structural wall

Lateral force resistance: 75 % walls 25 % frame

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Inertial forces are transmitted to the vertical lateral force resisting element through the diaphragm
Column shear force from upper stories

When vertical elements stiffness contribution to lateral stiffness is not uniformly distributed in plan torsion of the whole structure arises
Story lateral forces are distributed by diaphragm to l t ll d resisting i ti lateral load elements in proportion to their stiffness

=
Accumulate column shear force (upper stories plus this story

Fx
The diaphragm transmit s floor inertial forces to vertical elements and distributes shear from upper stories

=
Accumulate column shear force (upper stories plus this story

Fx

If the diaphragm is considered rigid in its own plane inertial floor lateral forces can be considered to act at the center of mass of the diaphragm. The structure rotates with respect to the stiffness centroid Stiffness centroid

Torsion of the structure as a whole

Fx
Mass centroid

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The soft story problem Two cases

Olive View Hospital

Abrupt change in stiffness

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Imperial County Services Building

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Street level plan

Planta Primer Piso

West facade

Fachada Oeste

Fachada Este East facade

Typical floor plan

Planta Piso Tpico

North facade

Fachada Norte

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Wall Area Ratio (p) Definition

The Chilean formula

H h D D t

px =

section area of walls acting in x direction floor area

Defining parameters
h wi g = 50Aa g w w E p hp
Where: = Aa = hw = w = wi g E p hp = = = = = Story drift as % of hp PGA (Peak Ground Acceleration) as a fraction of g Wall height from base to top, m Horizontal wall length, g m Average building dead load per unit area, kN/m2 Acceleration of gravity, m/s2 Modulus of elasticity of wall concrete, kN/m2 Wall area ratio Story height (typical), m

Theoretical relationship between p and story drift (Moderate seismic risk)

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
H/D = 7 H/D = 6 H/D = 5 H/D = 4 H/D = 3 H/D = 2 H/D = 1

deriva Drift (%h)

Story (%hp)

p = rea total de / rea del piso (%) p = total wall area inmuros dir. x or y / story area (%)

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Some cases of wall structures designed using the Bogota Seismic Microzonation

Bogota Seismic Microzonation spectra

0.8 Zona 2 - Piedemonte 0.7 06 0.6 Zona 4 - Lacustre B 0.5 Zona 3 - Lacustre A

Sa (g)

Zona 5 - Terrazas y Conos 0.4 0.3 Zona 1 - Cerros 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

T (s)

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The cases
26

Building location

buildings with a total area of 243 000 m2

19 apartment buildings 5 office buildings 2 educational buildings

Height

from 7 to 20 stories area from 1 200 to 50 000 m2

12 stories in average

Building

9 400 m2 in average

6 buildings in Z Zone 1 4 buildings in the transition from Zone 1 to 2 2 buildings in Zone 2 12 buildings in Zone 3 2 buildings in Zone 4

Zona 4 Zona 1 Zona 2

0 2

4 6 8 Escala

10 km

Zona 3

Zona 1 - Cerros Zona 2 - Piedemonte Zona 3 - Lacustre A Zona 4 - Lacustre B

Zona 5B Zona 5A

Zona 5A - Terrazas y Conos Zona 5B - Terrazas y Conos Potencialmente Licuables

Lets look at the following parameter

1.50

Vibration period T (s)

1.25 Perodo Direccin y (s) 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.00

Fundamental building vibration period computed using Rayleigh Rayleighs s method Relationship between building period and number of stories Roof lateral deflection as a % of building height Structural wall area as a function of floor area Base shear strength g from collapse p mechanisms Capacity/demand ratio for horizontal seismic forces

Zona 1 Trans 1-2 Zona 2 Zona 3 Zona 4

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25

1.50

Perodo Direccin x (s)

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Estimated fundamental period

30 25 20 # pisos/Ty Deflexin Cubierta Y (%hn) D

Roof lateral deflection n as % of hn

1.0 0.8

Mean = 16
15 10

0.4

SEAOC T=N/10

0.2

Mean = 14
0 0 5 10 15 # pisos/Tx 20 25 30

0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6

Mean = 0.63%
0.8 1.0 Deflexin Cubierta X (%hn)

p = Structural wall area / floor area

5.0

Base shear strength Vn (%W)

60 50 40 30 Cor rte Basal Resistente Y (%W W)

Mean = 0.72%
rea muros direcc. Y/rea del p piso 4.0

3.0

2.0

Zona 1 Trans 1-2 Zona 2 Zona 3 Zona 4

Mean = 21%
20 10

Zona 1 Trans 1-2 Zona 2 Zona 3 Zona 4

Mean = 1.23%
1.0

Mean = 20%
0

0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 rea muros direcc. X/rea del piso

10

20

30

40

50

60

Corte Basal Resistente X (%W)

Maximum story drift Mean n drift

Zona 1 Trans 1-2 Zona 2 Zona 3 Zona 4

0.6

Mean = 0.47%

Zona 1 Trans 1-2 Zona 2 Zona 3 Zona 4

erage) = 1.55 (ave

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Wall design Luis E. Garcia

8 7 6 5 4 3

Capacity/Demand
Mom ment

Effect of the wall section

Compression Tension

t = 0.01 t = 0.0025
Compression

Mean = 2.0

Compression Tension Tension

Zona 1 Trans 1-2 Zona 2 Zona 3 Zona 4

Vny/(SayW)

Mean = 2.2
2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Vnx/(SaxW)
Compression Tension Compression Tension Compression Tension

Curvature

Typical wall failure modes

Flexure

Experimental behavior of low walls under horizontal load

Based on 143 low wall tests All loaded statically All failed in shear Distributed horizontal and vertical (no boundary y elements) ) reinforcement ( Vertical steel ratio between 0.0007 and 0.0290 Horizontal steel ratio between 0.007 and 0.0190

Steel fails in tension Concrete spalls in the compression zone Lateral buckling in the compression zone Diagonal tension Sliding Web buckling

Shear

General

buckling

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Experimental behavior of low walls under horizontal load

Experimental behavior of slender walls under horizontal load

Walls resisted shear stresses of the order of

1 f 2 c

(MPa) = 1.6 fc (kgf/cm2)

independently of the amount of shear reinforcement.

The upper limit of shear strength is of the order of

5 fc 6

(MPa) = 2.7 fc (kgf/cm2)

Based on tests of 27 slender walls All of them had boundary elements Vertical steel ratios between 0.0025 and 0.0083 Horizontal steel ratios between 0.0031 and 0.0138 Boundary element vertical steel ratios between 0.011 and 0.063 High and low axial loads

Experimental behavior of slender walls under horizontal load

Experimental behavior of slender walls under horizontal load

Ductility of walls that failed in shear was lower that for those failing in flexure, flexure although both showed some amount of ductility. Capacity to reach a large story drift is insensitive to failure mode

All walls that failed in shear resisted a shear stress g greater than
1 f 6 c

(MPa) = 0.53 fc (kgf/cm2)

Story drift from 1.7% to 3.9% for flexural failures Story drift from 1.1% to 3.6% for shear failures

All walls that failed in flexure resisted horizontal forces that lead to shear stresses greater than
1 f 6 c

In all cases walls reached a 1% story drift without showing distress

(MPa) = 0.53 fc (kgf/cm2)

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Experimental behavior of slender walls under horizontal load

Structural analysis of wall systems

Boundary elements improve the energy dissipation capacity in the nonlinear range of walls failing in flexure. Boundary elements do not improve behavior for walls failing in shear. The deformation capacity is better when the horizontal steel ratio is lower. The strength for horizontal loads decreases as more cycles in the nonlinear range are performed.

Diaphragm effect B effect Box ff t Effective flange of T or C shaped sections Rigid zone effect for coupling beams Shear deformations Warping of section due to general torsion Soil-structure interaction Global slenderness effects Effect of the nonlinear response

Finite elements
y P u4 x u1 P 1 v1 2 v2 b u2 v4 4 y a a 3 v3 u3 b x
u4 v4 4 1 v1 v4 (a) y a a 3 2 v2 (c) y a a 3 2 v2

Finite elements
v3 u3
x

b b u2

u1

(a)

(b)

v3

u4

u3
x

4 1 v1

b b u2 (b)

M1

M 1 M2

M2

u1

(c)

(d)

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Wall requirements in ACI 318-08

Chapter p

10 Flexure and axial load 11 - Shear 14 - Walls 21 Seismic requirements

ACI 318-08

Chapter Chapter Chapter

General requirements

Minimum steel ratio

Cover

20 mm

14.3.2 Minimum steel ratio of vertical reinforcement computed over gross section is: 0.0012 0 0012 for f deformed f bars not larger than N 5 (5/8) ( / ) 16M (16 (
mm), with fy not less than 420 MPa.

0.0015 for other deformed bars. 0.0012 for welded wire reinforcement with diameter not larger
than16 mm.

Maximum bar spacing

s s

s s

h

14.3.3 - Minimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement area to gross concrete area, t: 0.0020 for deformed bars not larger than N 5 (5/8) 16M (16
mm), with fy not less than 420 MPa.

s 3h s 450 mm

0.0025 for other deformed bars. 0.0020 for welded wire reinforcement with diameter not larger
than16 mm.

s s

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Difference between wall and column

14.3.6

14.5 Empirical design method

Walls of solid rectangular cross section may be designed by the empirical provisions if the resultant of all factored loads is located within the middle third of the overall thickness of the wall.. Pu Mu e Pu

Vertical reinforcement need not be enclosed by lateral ties if vertical reinforcement area is not greater than 0.01 times gross concrete area, area or where vertical reinforcement is not required as compression reinforcement.

w/3

w/3

w/3

14.5 Empirical design method

14.5.2 - Design axial strength Pn of a wall satisfying limitations of 14.5.1 shall be computed by Eq. (14-1) unless designed in accordance with 14.4.. 14 4
k 2 Pnw = 0.55f A g 1 c 32h

14.5 Empirical design method

14.5.3 Minimum thickness of walls designed by empirical design method 14.5.3.1 Thickness of bearing walls shall not be less than 1/25 the supported height or length, whichever is shorter, nor less than 100 mm. 14.5.3.2 Thickness of exterior basement walls and foundation walls shall not be less than 190 mm.

(14-1)

where shall correspond to compression-controlled ti and d the th factor f t foe f effective ff ti length l th k is: i sections (a) k = 0.8 restrained against rotation at one or both ends, (b) k = 1.0 unrestrained against rotation at both ends. For walls not braced against lateral translation k = 2.0

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Chapter 21 Earthquake-resistant structures

TABLE R1.1.9.1 CORRELATION BETWEEN SEISMICRELATED TERMINOLOGY IN MODEL CODES

Code, standard, or resource document and edition ACI 318-08; IBC 2000, 2003; 2006; NFPA 5000, 2003, 2006; ASCE 798, 7-02, 7-05; NEHRP 1997, 2000, 2003 BOCA National Building Code 1993, 1996, 1999; Standard Building Code 1994, 1997, 1999; ASCE 7-93, 7 93, 7-95; 7 95; NEHRP 1991, 1994 Uniform Building Code 1991, 1994, 1997
*SDC

Level of seismic risk or assigned seismic performance or design categories as defined in the Code

Chapter 21 was reorganized in function of Seismic Design Categories (SDC) A, B, C, and D, E, and F in incremental order from ordinary to special: A B C D, E, F

SCD* A, B

SCS C

SCD D, E, F

SPC A, B

SPC C

SPC D; E

Seismic Zone 0, 1

Seismic Zone 2

Seismic Zone 3, 4

SPC

= Seismic Design Category as defined in code, standard, or resource document. = Seismic Performance Category as defined in code, standard, or resource document

102

Seismic Design Category and Energy Dissipation Capacity

SDC S i i Design Seismic D i Category Denomination (E (Energy di dissipation i ti capacity) Must comply with in ACI 318-08

ACI 318-08 Chapter 21 Earthquake-resistant structures

Content 21.1 General requirements 21.2 Ordinary moment frames B 21.3 Intermediate moment frames C 21.4 Intermediate precast structural walls 21.5 Flexural members of special moment frames 21.6 Special moment frame members subjected to bending and axial load D 21.7 Joints of special moment frames 21.8 Special moment frames constructed using precast concrete E 21.9 Special structural walls and coupling beams 21.10 Special structural walls constructed using precast concrete 21.11 Structural diaphragms and trusses F 21.12 Foundations 21.13 Members not designated as part of the seismic-forceresisting system

A B C D, E, F

Chapters 1 to 19 and 22

Ordinary Intermediate Special

Chapters 1 to 19, 22, and 21.2 Chapters 1 to 19, 22, and 21.3 y 21.4 Chapters 1 to 19, 22, And 21.5 to 21.13

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21.1 General requirements

Scope
Chapter 21 contains provisions considered to be the minimum requirements for a cast-in-place or precast concrete structure capable of sustaining a series of oscillations into the inelastic range of response without critical deterioration in strength. Therefore, the objective j is to provide energy gy di i ti capacity dissipation it in i the th nonlinear li range of f response.

TABLE R21.1.1 SECTIONS OF CHAPTER 21 TO BE SATISFIED IN TYPICAL APPLICATIONS

Component resisting earthquake effect, unless otherwise noted

Analysis and design requirements Materials Frame members Structural walls and coupling beams Precast structural walls Structural diaphragms and trusses Foundations Frame members not proportioned to resist forces induced by earthquake motions Anclajes

Seismic Design Category (SDC) A

(none)

B
(21.1.1.4) 21.1.2 None 21.2 None

C
(21.1.1.5) 21.1.2 None 21.3 None 21.4 None None

D
(21.1.1.6) 21.1.2, 21.1.3 21.1.4 21.1.7 21.5, 21.6, 21.7, 21.8 21.9 21.4, 21.10 21 11 21.11 21.12

None

None None None

None

None

21.13

None

21.1.8

21.1.8

Chapter 21- Earthquake-resistant structures

21.9 - Special structural walls and coupling beams

21 9 2 Reinforcement 21.9.2 R i f t The distributed web reinforcement ratios, t and , for structural walls shall not be less than 0.0025, except that if Vu does not exceed (MP ) = 0.27A (k f/ 2), ) 0 2 A cv fc (kgf/cm 0.083A cv fc (MPa) t and , may be reduced to the values Given in14.3.

Requirements for structural walls are contained in Section 21.9 Special p structural walls and coupling beams. This section must be met for seismic design categories D, E, and F within the denomination set by NEHRP and adopted by ASCE 7. For seismic design categories A, B and C it is considered that the requirements of Chapter 14 of ACI are appropriate.

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21.9 - Special structural walls and coupling beams At least l t two t curtains t i of f reinforcement i f t must be used in a wall if Vu exceeds
0.17 A cv fc (MPa) = 0.53 A cv fc

21.9 - Special structural walls and coupling beams

Unless a more detailed analysis is performed, effective flange widths of flanged sections ( I, L, C or T) may be supposed to extend from the face of the web a distance equal to the smaller of: (a) 1/2 the distance to an adjacent wall web, and (b) 25 percent of the total wall height.

(kgf/cm2)

21.9 - Special structural walls and coupling beams

Vn of structural walls shall not exceed

Recommendation for pre-dimensioning

Minimum amount of walls Shear strength

Vn = Acv c fc + t f y c
0 25 0.25 0.17 1.5 2.0

(21-7)

( w bw ) 0.25iu f
c

(MPa)

bw

Slenderness

hw 4 w
hw w
this slenderness ratio will lead to a maximum story drift 1% hp w

hw

Vu

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Recommendation for pre-dimensioning

boundary elements

Coupling beams

bw

hn/16

boundary elements

bw

300 mm w

300 mm

300 mm w

300 mm

150 mm b w hn 20 25 w

Wall boundary elements

Boundary elements must be placed at edges and around openings when inelastic response is expected. t d ACI 318 318-08 08 gives i t two alternatives lt ti to t define if boundary elements are needed: 1) Section 21.9.6.2 presents a displacement-based procedure. Boundary elements are needed or not depending on the compressive strain at the edge of wall caused by the seismic lateral d fl ti deflection, or 2) Section 21.9.6.3 requires boundary elements when the compressive stress at the edge of wall caused by the seismic forces exceeds a threshold value.

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Displacement-based boundary element procedure in ACI 318 (21.9.6.2)

Displacement-based boundary element procedure in ACI 318 (21.9.6.2)

The

This procedure is based on the compressive strain demand at edges of wall when the wall is deformed under the maximum expected lateral displacement caused by the design earthquake ground motion. Section 21.9.6.2 is based on the assumption that inelastic response of the wall is dominated by flexural action at a critical, yielding section. The wall should be proportioned so that the critical section occurs at the base of the wall and is applicable only to walls continuous from base to top of the structure.

wall should have a single critical section under flexure and axial load at the base of the wall. The zones of the wall in compression must be provided with specially reinforced boundary elements when the depth of the neutral axis at nominal strength, c, is greater than:

w 600 u hw

and

u 0.007 hw

Nonlinear response of a wall

P

Nonlinear response of a wall

Using Moment-area theorems it is possible to show that the lateral deflection caused by curvature up to yield (green zone) is:
b

and the additional deflection caused by nonlinear rotation (orange zone) is:

p
0
Wall section

Plastification length

Total lateral deflection is then:

Mu My Mcr
Moment

y cr
Curvature

(u y) u y

p
a

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Nonlinear wall deflection

w
Curvature at yield Deflection at yield Nonlinear curvature Nonlinear deflection

Moment-curvature diagram for wall section

M Mn
Ultimate curvature demand

(uy)

hw

p The total deflection is: y (u y)

Mcr 0 cr y n u

We can solve for the ultimate curvature demand and obtain:

What happens at section?

At level of displacement demand At level of nominal strength

Equation (21-8) deduction

cu
The rotation at the plastic hinge when the displacement demand (u) takes place is:

Strain

s > y y

c = 0.003 c c < 0.003 cy

With a plastic hinge length equal to half the wall horizontal length:

s = y At level of yield in tension of h extreme reinforcement

Then the curvature at the wall base when the displacement demand occurs is:

w

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Equation (21-8) deduction

The concrete strain at the extreme fiber in compression at ultimate is:

Equation (21-8) deduction

If a 600 value parameter is used instead of 666 in last equation and it is solved for cu a value of cu = 0.0033 is obtained, which in turn leads to the following equation:

We can then obtain the strain at ultimate for the displacement demand: and If the maximum strain at the extreme compression fiber exceeds

cu = 0.0033 then the value of c obtained from last equation

would be exceeded. exceeded Thus the form ACI 318 presents it: If c is greater than the value obtained boundary elements must be placed along the length where it is exceeded and a little more.

The value of

c for a ultimate strain of cu = 0.003 is:

Need for boundary elements

If equation (21-8) indicates that the value of c is exceeded, d d this thi is i a symptom t that th t strains t i greater than cu = 0.0033 must be expected and the need to confine the edge of the wall is warranted in order to prevent spalling of the concrete there. In that case ACI 318 prescribes the same type and amount of confining transverse reinforcement that for columns.

Boundary elements
Mn

cu
0.003

c
Region where boundary elements must be provided

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Stress-based boundary element procedure in ACI 318 (21.9.6.3)

Stress-based boundary element procedure in ACI 318 (21.9.6.3)

Boundary elements must be provided at edges and around openings p g of walls when the maximum stress at the extreme fiber in compression caused by factored loads that include seismic effects exceeds 0.2 fc unless that whole wall is confined as a column.

Los elementos de borde deben existir desde la seccin crtica hacia arriba por una distancia no menor que la mayor de w o Mu/(4Vu). Este procedimiento intrnsecamente est solicitando elementos de borde cuando las deformaciones unitarias de compresin en la fibra de mxima compresin del muro exceden 0.003 La evaluacin se realiza para el muro actuando bajo los desplazamientos p inelsticos del sismo de diseo. El valor de u corresponde al desplazamiento inelstico de la parte superior del muro

fcu =

Pu M u w + > 0.2 fc Ag Iw 2

The boundary elements can be discontinued when the compression stress is less than 0.15 fc

Stress-based boundary element procedure in ACI 318 p (21.9.6.3)

Ptu = Pu Mu 0 Ag ( w 300 mm )

Old (pre-1999) procedure

Pu Mu
Pcu = Pu Mu + 2 ( w 300 mm )

Boundary elements resisting all flexural effect that include seismic forces

w heb Pu Mu
Pu Mu + 2 ( w heb )

This

procedure had been part of ACI 318 since the 1971 version version. In the 1999 version of 318 a modification was introduced in which the need to resist all flexural forces from seismic effects with just the boundary elements was suppressed.

P Mu Ptu = u 0 A g ( w heb )
Ptn = A st f y

Pcu =

P0n = [0.85 fc (A g Ast ) + A st f y ] Pn(max) 0.80 P0n

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The End

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