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A Complete Reference of HTML

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language HTML is not a programming language, it is a markup language. The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML Documents and display them as Web Pages. In this tutorial we use a plain text editor (like notepad) to edit HTML.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

727 views

A Complete Reference of HTML

Uploaded by

Rocking Ridz

Available Formats

Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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HTML Basics HTML Introduction

Example
<html> <body> <h1>My First Heading</h1> <p>My first paragraph.</p> </body> </html>

What is HTML?
HTML is a language for describing web pages.

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language HTML is not a programming language, it is a markup language A markup language is a set of markup tags HTML uses markup tags to describe web pages

HTML Tags
HTML markup tags are usually called HTML tags

HTML tags are keywords surrounded by angle brackets like <html> HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b> The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing tags

HTML Documents = Web Pages

HTML documents describe web pages HTML documents contain HTML tags and plain text HTML documents are also called web pages

The purpose of a web browser (like Internet Explorer or Firefox) is to read HTML documents and display them as web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page: <html> <body> <h1>My First Heading</h1> <p>My first paragraph.</p> </body> </html>

Example Explained

The text between <html> and </html> describes the web page The text between <body> and </body> is the visible page content The text between <h1> and </h1> is displayed as a heading The text between <p> and </p> is displayed as a paragraph

HTML - Getting Started

What You Need
You don't need any tools to learn HTML at W3Schools.

You don't need an HTML editor You don't need a web server You don't need a web site

Editing HTML
HTML can be written and edited using many different editors like Dreamweaver and Visual Studio. However, in this tutorial we use a plain text editor (like Notepad) to edit HTML. We believe using a plain text editor is the best way to learn HTML.

Create Your Own Test Web

If you just want to learn HTML, skip the rest of this chapter. If you want to create a test page on your own computer, just copy the 3 files below to your desktop. (Right click on each link, and select "save target as" or "save link as") mainpage.htm page1.htm page2.htm After you have copied the files, you can double-click on the file called "mainpage.htm" and see your first web site in action.

Use Your Test Web For Learning

We suggest you experiment with everything you learn at W3Schools by editing your web files with a text editor (like Notepad). Note: If your test web contains HTML markup tags you have not learned, don't panic. You will learn all about it in the next chapters.

.HTM or .HTML File Extension?

When you save an HTML file, you can use either the .htm or the .html file extension. There is no difference, it is entirely up to you.

Don't worry if the examples use tags you have not learned. You will learn about them in the next chapters.

HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.

Example
<h1>This is a heading</h1> <h2>This is a heading</h2> <h3>This is a heading</h3> Try it yourself

HTML Paragraphs
HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.

Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p> <p>This is another paragraph.</p> Try it yourself

HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag.

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a> Try it yourself Note: The link address is specified in the href attribute. (You will learn about attributes in a later chapter of this tutorial).

HTML Images
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.

Example
<img src="w3schools.jpg" width="104" height="142" /> Try it yourself Note: The name and the size of the image are provided as attributes.

HTML Elements
HTML documents are defined by HTML elements.

HTML Elements
An HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:

Element content <p> This is a paragraph <a href="default.htm" > This is a link <br />

Start tag *

End tag * </p> </a>

* The start tag is often called the opening tag. The end tag is often called the closing tag.

HTML Element Syntax

An HTML element starts with a start tag / opening tag An HTML element ends with an end tag / closing tag The element content is everything between the start and the end tag Some HTML elements have empty content Empty elements are closed in the start tag Most HTML elements can have attributes

Tip: You will learn about attributes in the next chapter of this tutorial.
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Nested HTML Elements

Most HTML elements can be nested (can contain other HTML elements). HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.

HTML Document Example

<html> <body> <p>This is my first paragraph.</p> </body> </html> The example above contains 3 HTML elements.

HTML Example Explained

The <p> element: <p>This is my first paragraph.</p> The <p> element defines a paragraph in the HTML document. The element has a start tag <p> and an end tag </p>. The element content is: This is my first paragraph. The <body> element: <body> <p>This is my first paragraph.</p> </body> The <body> element defines the body of the HTML document. The element has a start tag <body> and an end tag </body>. The element content is another HTML element (a p element).

The <html> element: <html> <body> <p>This is my first paragraph.</p> </body> </html> The <html> element defines the whole HTML document. The element has a start tag <html> and an end tag </html>. The element content is another HTML element (the body element).

Don't Forget the End Tag

Some HTML elements might display correctly even if you forget the end tag: <p>This is a paragraph <p>This is a paragraph The example above works in most browsers, because the closing tag is considered optional. Never rely on this. Many HTML elements will produce unexpected results and/or errors if you forget the end tag .

Empty HTML Elements

HTML elements with no content are called empty elements. <br> is an empty element without a closing tag (the <br> tag defines a line break). Tip: In XHTML, all elements must be closed. Adding a slash inside the start tag, like <br />, is the proper way of closing empty elements in XHTML (and XML).

HTML Tip: Use Lowercase Tags

HTML tags are not case sensitive: <P> means the same as <p>. Many web sites use uppercase HTML tags. W3Schools use lowercase tags because the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase in HTML 4, and demands lowercase tags in XHTML.
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HTML Attributes
Attributes provide additional information about HTML elements.

HTML Attributes

HTML elements can have attributes Attributes provide additional information about an element Attributes are always specified in the start tag Attributes come in name/value pairs like: name="value"

Attribute Example
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag. The link address is specified in the href attribute:

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a> Try it yourself

Always Quote Attribute Values

Attribute values should always be enclosed in quotes. Double style quotes are the most common, but single style quotes are also allowed. Tip: In some rare situations, when the attribute value itself contains quotes, it is necessary to use single quotes: name='John "ShotGun" Nelson'

HTML Tip: Use Lowercase Attributes

Attribute names and attribute values are case-insensitive. However, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase attributes/attribute values in their HTML 4 recommendation. Newer versions of (X)HTML will demand lowercase attributes.

HTML Attributes Reference

A complete list of legal attributes for each HTML element is listed in our: Complete HTML Reference Below is a list of some attributes that are standard for most HTML elements: Attribute class id style title Value classname id style_definition tooltip_text Description Specifies a classname for an element Specifies a unique id for an element Specifies an inline style for an element Specifies extra information about an element (displayed as a tool tip)

For more information about standard attributes: HTML Standard Attributes Reference

HTML Headings
Headings are important in HTML documents.

HTML Headings
Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags. <h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading.

Example
<h1>This is a heading</h1> <h2>This is a heading</h2> <h3>This is a heading</h3> Try it yourself Note: Browsers automatically add some empty space (a margin) before and after each heading.

Headings Are Important

Use HTML headings for headings only. Don't use headings to make text BIG or bold. Search engines use your headings to index the structure and content of your web pages. Since users may skim your pages by its headings, it is important to use headings to show the document structure. H1 headings should be used as main headings, followed by H2 headings, then the less important H3 headings, and so on.

HTML Lines
The <hr /> tag creates a horizontal line in an HTML page. The hr element can be used to separate content:

Example
<p>This is a paragraph</p> <hr /> <p>This is a paragraph</p> <hr /> <p>This is a paragraph</p> Try it yourself

HTML Comments
Comments can be inserted into the HTML code to make it more readable and understandable. Comments are ignored by the browser and are not displayed. Comments are written like this:

Example
 Try it yourself Note: There is an exclamation point after the opening bracket, but not before the closing bracket.

HTML Tip - How to View HTML Source

Have you ever seen a Web page and wondered "Hey! How did they do that?" To find out, right-click in the page and select "View Source" (IE) or "View Page Source" (Firefox), or similar for other browsers. This will open a window containing the HTML code of the page.

HTML Tag Reference

W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about these tags and their attributes. You will learn more about HTML tags and attributes in the next chapters of this tutorial. Tag Description <html> Defines an HTML document <body> Defines the document's body <h1> to <h6> Defines HTML headings <hr /> Defines a horizontal line <!--> Defines a comment

HTML Paragraphs
HTML documents are divided into paragraphs.

HTML Paragraphs
Paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.

Example
<p>This is a paragraph</p> <p>This is another paragraph</p> Try it yourself Note: Browsers automatically add an empty line before and after a paragraph.

Don't Forget the End Tag

Most browsers will display HTML correctly even if you forget the end tag:

Example
<p>This is a paragraph <p>This is another paragraph Try it yourself The example above will work in most browsers, but don't rely on it. Forgetting the end tag can produce unexpected results or errors. Note: Future version of HTML will not allow you to skip end tags.

HTML Line Breaks

Use the <br /> tag if you want a line break (a new line) without starting a new paragraph:

Example
<p>This is<br />a para<br />graph with line breaks</p> Try it yourself The <br /> element is an empty HTML element. It has no end tag.

<br> or <br />

In XHTML, XML, elements with no end tag (closing tag) are not allowed. Even if <br> works in all browsers, writing <br /> instead works better in XHTML and XML applications.

HTML Output - Useful Tips

You cannot be sure how HTML will be displayed. Large or small screens, and resized windows will create different results. With HTML, you cannot change the output by adding extra spaces or extra lines in your HTML code.

The browser will remove extra spaces and extra lines when the page is displayed. Any number of lines count as one line, and any number of spaces count as one space. Try it yourself (The example demonstrates some HTML formatting problems)

HTML Tag Reference

W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about HTML elements and their attributes. Tag Description <p> Defines a paragraph <br /> Inserts a single line break

HTML Text Formatting

This text is bold

This text is big

This text is italic
This is computer output

This is subscript and superscript

Try it yourself

HTML Formatting Tags

HTML uses tags like <b> and <i> for formatting output, like bold or italic text. These HTML tags are called formatting tags (look at the bottom of this page for a complete reference). Often <strong> renders as <b>, and <em> renders as <i>. However, there is a difference in the meaning of these tags:
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<b> or <i> defines bold or italic text only. <strong> or <em> means that you want the text to be rendered in a way that the user understands as "important". Today, all major browsers render strong as bold and em as italics. However, if a browser one day wants to make a text highlighted with the strong feature, it might be cursive for example and not bold!

HTML Text Formatting Tags

Tag Description <b> Defines bold text <big> Defines big text <em> Defines emphasized text <i> Defines italic text <small> Defines small text <strong> Defines strong text <sub> Defines subscripted text <sup> Defines superscripted text <ins> Defines inserted text <del> Defines deleted text

HTML "Computer Output" Tags

Tag Description <code> Defines computer code text <kbd> Defines keyboard text <samp> Defines sample computer code <tt> Defines teletype text <var> Defines a variable <pre> Defines preformatted text

HTML Citations, Quotations, and Definition Tags

Tag <abbr> <acronym> <address> <bdo> <blockquote> <q> <cite> <dfn> Description Defines an abbreviation Defines an acronym Defines contact information for the author/owner of a document Defines the text direction Defines a long quotation Defines a short quotation Defines a citation Defines a definition term
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HTML Fonts
The HTML <font> Tag Should NOT be Used
The <font> tag is deprecated in HTML 4, and removed from HTML5. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has removed the <font> tag from its recommendations. In HTML 4, style sheets (CSS) should be used to define the layout and display properties for many HTML elements. The example below shows how the HTML could look by using the <font> tag:

Example
<p> <font size="5" face="arial" color="red"> This paragraph is in Arial, size 5, and in red text color. </font> </p> <p> <font size="3" face="verdana" color="blue"> This paragraph is in Verdana, size 3, and in blue text color. </font> </p> Try it yourself

HTML Styles - CSS

CSS is used to style HTML elements.

Look! Styles and colors

This text is in Verdana and red This text is in Times and blue

This text is 30 pixels high

Try it yourself

Styling HTML with CSS

CSS was introduced together with HTML 4, to provide a better way to style HTML elements. CSS can be added to HTML in the following ways:

in Cascading Style Sheet files (CSS files) in the <style> element in the HTML head section in the style attribute in single HTML elements

Using the HTML Style Attribute

It is time consuming and not very practical to style HTML elements using the style attribute. The preferred way to add CSS to HTML, is to put CSS syntax in separate CSS files. However, in this HTML tutorial we will introduce you to CSS using the style attribute. This is done to simplify the examples. It also makes it easier for you to edit the code and try it yourself. You can learn everything about CSS in our CSS Tutorial.

HTML Style Example - Background Color

The background-color property defines the background color for an element:

Example
<html> <body style="background-color:yellow;"> <h2 style="background-color:red;">This is a heading</h2> <p style="background-color:green;">This is a paragraph.</p> </body> </html> Try it yourself The background-color property makes the "old" bgcolor attribute obsolete. Try it yourself: Background color the old way

HTML Style Example - Font, Color and Size

The font-family, color, and font-size properties defines the font, color, and size of the text in an element:

Example
<html> <body> <h1 style="font-family:verdana;">A heading</h1> <p style="font-family:arial;color:red;font-size:20px;">A paragraph.</p> </body> </html> Try it yourself The font-family, color, and font-size properties make the old <font> tag obsolete.

HTML Style Example - Text Alignment

The text-align property specifies the horizontal alignment of text in an element:

Example
<html> <body> <h1 style="text-align:center;">Center-aligned heading</h1> <p>This is a paragraph.</p> </body> </html> Try it yourself The text-align property makes the old <center> tag obsolete. Try it yourself: Centered heading the old way

Deprecated Tags and Attributes

In HTML 4, several tags and attributes were deprecated. Deprecated means that they will not be supported in future versions of HTML. The message is clear: Avoid using deprecated tags and attributes! These tags and attributes should be avoided: Tags Description <center> Deprecated. Defines centered content <font> and <basefont> Deprecated. Defines HTML fonts <s> and <strike> Deprecated. Defines strikethrough text <u> Deprecated. Defines underlined text Attributes Description align Deprecated. Defines the alignment of text bgcolor Deprecated. Defines the background color color Deprecated. Defines the text color For all of the above: Use styles instead!

HTML Links
Links are found in nearly all Web pages. Links allow users to click their way from page to page.

HTML Hyperlinks (Links)

A hyperlink (or link) is a word, group of words, or image that you can click on to jump to a new document or a new section within the current document. When you move the cursor over a link in a Web page, the arrow will turn into a little hand. Links are specified in HTML using the <a> tag. The <a> tag can be used in two ways: 1. To create a link to another document, by using the href attribute 2. To create a bookmark inside a document, by using the name attribute

HTML Link Syntax

The HTML code for a link is simple. It looks like this: <a href="url">Link text</a> The href attribute specifies the destination of a link.

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/">Visit W3Schools</a> which will display like this: Visit W3Schools Clicking on this hyperlink will send the user to W3Schools' homepage. Tip: The "Link text" doesn't have to be text. It can be an image or any other HTML element.

HTML Links - The target Attribute

The target attribute specifies where to open the linked document. The example below will open the linked document in a new browser window or a new tab:

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/" target="_blank">Visit W3Schools!</a> Try it yourself

HTML Links - The name Attribute

The name attribute specifies the name of an anchor. The name attribute is used to create a bookmark inside an HTML document. Note: The upcoming HTML5 standard suggests using the id attribute instead of the name attribute for specifying the name of an anchor. Using the id attribute actually works also for HTML4 in all modern browsers. Bookmarks are not displayed in any special way. They are invisible to the reader.

Example
A named anchor inside an HTML document: <a name="tips">Useful Tips Section</a> Create a link to the "Useful Tips Section" inside the same document: <a href="#tips">Visit the Useful Tips Section</a> Or, create a link to the "Useful Tips Section" from another page: <a href="http://www.w3schools.com/html_links.htm#tips"> Visit the Useful Tips Section</a>

HTML Link Tags

Tag <a> Description Defines an anchor
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HTML Images
Example Norwegian Mountain Trip

Try it yourself

HTML Images - The <img> Tag and the Src Attribute

In HTML, images are defined with the <img> tag. The <img> tag is empty, which means that it contains attributes only, and has no closing tag. To display an image on a page, you need to use the src attribute. Src stands for "source". The value of the src attribute is the URL of the image you want to display. Syntax for defining an image: <img src="url" alt="some_text"/> The URL points to the location where the image is stored. An image named "boat.gif", located in the "images" directory on "www.w3schools.com" has the URL: http://www.w3schools.com/images/boat.gif. The browser displays the image where the <img> tag occurs in the document. If you put an image tag between two paragraphs, the browser shows the first paragraph, then the image, and then the second paragraph.

HTML Images - The Alt Attribute

The required alt attribute specifies an alternate text for an image, if the image cannot be displayed. The value of the alt attribute is an author-defined text: <img src="boat.gif" alt="Big Boat" /> The alt attribute provides alternative information for an image if a user for some reason cannot view it (because of slow connection, an error in the src attribute, or if the user uses a screen reader).

HTML Images - Set Height and Width of an Image

The height and width attributes are used to specify the height and width of an image. The attribute values are specified in pixels by default: <img src="pulpit.jpg" alt="Pulpit rock" width="304" height="228" /> Tip: It is a good practice to specify both the height and width attributes for an image. If these attributes are set, the space required for the image is reserved when the page is loaded. However, without these attributes, the browser does not know the size of the image. The effect will be that the page layout will change during loading (while the images load).

Basic Notes - Useful Tips

Note: If an HTML file contains ten images - eleven files are required to display the page right. Loading images takes time, so my best advice is: Use images carefully. Note: When a web page is loaded, it is the browser, at that moment, that actually gets the image from a web server and inserts it into the page. Therefore, make sure that the images actually stay in the same spot in relation to the web page, otherwise your visitors will get a broken link icon. The broken link icon is shown if the browser cannot find the image.

HTML Image Tags

Tag Description <img /> Defines an image <map> Defines an image-map <area /> Defines a clickable area inside an image-map

HTML Tables
Apples Bananas Oranges Other 44% 23% 13% 10%

HTML Tables
Tables are defined with the <table> tag. A table is divided into rows (with the <tr> tag), and each row is divided into data cells (with the <td> tag). td stands for "table data," and holds the content of a data cell. A <td> tag can contain text, links, images, lists, forms, other tables, etc.

Table Example
<table border="1"> <tr> <td>row 1, cell 1</td> <td>row 1, cell 2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>row 2, cell 1</td> <td>row 2, cell 2</td> </tr> </table> How the HTML code above looks in a browser: row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2 row 2, cell 1 row 2, cell 2

HTML Tables and the Border Attribute

If you do not specify a border attribute, the table will be displayed without borders. Sometimes this can be useful, but most of the time, we want the borders to show. To display a table with borders, specify the border attribute: <table border="1"> <tr> <td>Row 1, cell 1</td> <td>Row 1, cell 2</td> </tr> </table>

HTML Table Headers

Header information in a table are defined with the <th> tag. All major browsers will display the text in the <th> element as bold and centered. <table border="1"> <tr> <th>Header 1</th> <th>Header 2</th> </tr> <tr> <td>row 1, cell 1</td> <td>row 1, cell 2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>row 2, cell 1</td> <td>row 2, cell 2</td> </tr> </table> How the HTML code above looks in your browser: Header 1 Header 2

row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2 row 2, cell 1 row 2, cell 2

HTML Table Tags

Tag Description <table> Defines a table <th> Defines a table header <tr> Defines a table row <td> Defines a table cell <caption> Defines a table caption <colgroup> Defines a group of columns in a table, for formatting <col /> Defines attribute values for one or more columns in a table <thead> Groups the header content in a table <tbody> Groups the body content in a table <tfoot> Groups the footer content in a table

HTML Lists
The most common HTML lists are ordered and unordered lists:

HTML Lists
An ordered list: 1. The first list item 2. The second list item 3. The third list item An unordered list:

List item List item List item

HTML Unordered Lists

An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag. The list items are marked with bullets (typically small black circles). <ul> <li>Coffee</li> <li>Milk</li> </ul>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

Coffee Milk

HTML Ordered Lists

An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag. The list items are marked with numbers. <ol> <li>Coffee</li> <li>Milk</li> </ol> How the HTML code above looks in a browser: 1. Coffee 2. Milk

HTML Definition Lists

A definition list is a list of items, with a description of each item. The <dl> tag defines a definition list. The <dl> tag is used in conjunction with <dt> (defines the item in the list) and <dd> (describes the item in the list): <dl> <dt>Coffee</dt> <dd>- black hot drink</dd> <dt>Milk</dt> <dd>- white cold drink</dd> </dl> How the HTML code above looks in a browser: Coffee - black hot drink Milk - white cold drink

Basic Notes - Useful Tips

Tip: Inside a list item you can put text, line breaks, images, links, other lists, etc.

HTML List Tags

Tag Description <ol> Defines an ordered list <ul> Defines an unordered list <li> Defines a list item <dl> Defines a definition list <dt> Defines an item in a definition list <dd> Defines a description of an item in a definition list

HTML Forms and Input

HTML Forms are used to select different kinds of user input.

HTML Forms
HTML forms are used to pass data to a server. A form can contain input elements like text fields, checkboxes, radio-buttons, submit buttons and more. A form can also contain select lists, textarea, fieldset, legend, and label elements. The <form> tag is used to create an HTML form: <form> . input elements . </form>

HTML Forms - The Input Element

The most important form element is the input element. The input element is used to select user information. An input element can vary in many ways, depending on the type attribute. An input element can be of type text field, checkbox, password, radio button, submit button, and more. The most used input types are described below.

Text Fields
<input type="text" /> defines a one-line input field that a user can enter text into: <form> First name: <input type="text" name="firstname" /><br /> Last name: <input type="text" name="lastname" /> </form> How the HTML code above looks in a browser: First name: Last name: Note: The form itself is not visible. Also note that the default width of a text field is 20 characters.

Password Field
<input type="password" /> defines a password field: <form> Password: <input type="password" name="pwd" /> </form> How the HTML code above looks in a browser: Password: Note: The characters in a password field are masked (shown as asterisks or circles).

Radio Buttons
<input type="radio" /> defines a radio button. Radio buttons let a user select ONLY ONE of a limited number of choices: <form> <input type="radio" name="sex" value="male" /> Male<br /> <input type="radio" name="sex" value="female" /> Female </form> How the HTML code above looks in a browser: Male Female

Checkboxes
<input type="checkbox" /> defines a checkbox. Checkboxes let a user select ONE or MORE options of a limited number of choices. <form> <input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Bike" /> I have a bike<br /> <input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Car" /> I have a car </form> How the HTML code above looks in a browser: I have a bike I have a car

Submit Button
<input type="submit" /> defines a submit button. A submit button is used to send form data to a server. The data is sent to the page specified in the form's action attribute. The file defined in the action attribute usually does something with the received input: <form name="input" action="html_form_action.asp" method="get"> Username: <input type="text" name="user" /> <input type="submit" value="Submit" /> </form>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser: Username: If you type some characters in the text field above, and click the "Submit" button, the browser will send your input to a page called "html_form_action.asp". The page will show you the received input.

HTML Form Tags

Tag Description <form> Defines an HTML form for user input <input /> Defines an input control <textarea> Defines a multi-line text input control <label> Defines a label for an input element <fieldset> Defines a border around elements in a form <legend> Defines a caption for a fieldset element <select> Defines a select list (drop-down list) <optgroup> Defines a group of related options in a select list <option> Defines an option in a select list <button> Defines a push button

HTML Frames
With frames, several Web pages can be displayed in the same browser window. ATTENTION. Do not expect frames to be supported in future versions of HTML.

HTML Frames
With frames, you can display more than one HTML document in the same browser window. Each HTML document is called a frame, and each frame is independent of the others. The disadvantages of using frames are:

Frames are not expected to be supported in future versions of HTML Frames are difficult to use. (Printing the entire page is difficult).
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The web developer must keep track of more HTML documents

The HTML frameset Element

The frameset element holds one or more frame elements. Each frame element can hold a separate document. The frameset element states HOW MANY columns or rows there will be in the frameset, and HOW MUCH percentage/pixels of space will occupy each of them.

The HTML frame Element

The <frame> tag defines one particular window (frame) within a frameset. In the example below we have a frameset with two columns. The first column is set to 25% of the width of the browser window. The second column is set to 75% of the width of the browser window. The document "frame_a.htm" is put into the first column, and the document "frame_b.htm" is put into the second column: <frameset cols="25%,75%"> <frame src="frame_a.htm" /> <frame src="frame_b.htm" /> </frameset> Note: The frameset column size can also be set in pixels (cols="200,500"), and one of the columns can be set to use the remaining space, with an asterisk (cols="25%,*").

Basic Notes - Useful Tips

Tip: If a frame has visible borders, the user can resize it by dragging the border. To prevent a user from doing this, you can add noresize="noresize" to the <frame> tag. Note: Add the <noframes> tag for browsers that do not support frames. Important: You cannot use the <body></body> tags together with the <frameset></frameset> tags! However, if you add a <noframes> tag containing some text for browsers that do not support frames, you will have to enclose the text in <body></body> tags! See how it is done in the first example below.

HTML Frame Tags

Tag Description <frameset> Defines a set of frames <frame /> Defines a sub window (a frame) <noframes> Defines a noframe section for browsers that do not handle frames

HTML Iframes
An iframe is used to display a web page within a web page.

Syntax for adding an iframe: <iframe src="URL"></iframe> The URL points to the location of the separate page.

Iframe - Set Height and Width

The height and width attributes are used to specify the height and width of the iframe. The attribute values are specified in pixels by default, but they can also be in percent (like "80%").

Example
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" width="200" height="200"></iframe> Try it yourself

Iframe - Remove the Border

The frameborder attribute specifies whether or not to display a border around the iframe. Set the attribute value to "0" to remove the border:

Example
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" frameborder="0"></iframe> Try it yourself

Use iframe as a Target for a Link

An iframe can be used as the target frame for a link. The target attribute of a link must refer to the name attribute of the iframe:

Example
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" name="iframe_a"></iframe> <p><a href="http://www.w3schools.com" target="iframe_a">W3Schools.com</a></p> Try it yourself

HTML iframe Tag

Tag Description <iframe> Defines an inline sub window (frame)

HTML Colors
Colors are displayed combining RED, GREEN, and BLUE light.

Color Values
HTML colors are defined using a hexadecimal notation (HEX) for the combination of Red, Green, and Blue color values (RGB). The lowest value that can be given to one of the light sources is 0 (in HEX: 00). The highest value is 255 (in HEX: FF).

HEX values are specified as 3 pairs of two-digit numbers, starting with a # sign.

Color Values
Color Color HEX #000000 #FF0000 #00FF00 #0000FF #FFFF00 #00FFFF #FF00FF #C0C0C0 #FFFFFF Color RGB rgb(0,0,0) rgb(255,0,0) rgb(0,255,0) rgb(0,0,255) rgb(255,255,0) rgb(0,255,255) rgb(255,0,255) rgb(192,192,192) rgb(255,255,255)

Try it yourself

16 Million Different Colors

The combination of Red, Green, and Blue values from 0 to 255, gives more than 16 million different colors (256 x 256 x 256). If you look at the color table below, you will see the result of varying the red light from 0 to 255, while keeping the green and blue light at zero. To see the full list of color mixes when RED varies from 0 to 255, click on one of the HEX or RGB values below. Red Light Color HEX Color RGB #000000 rgb(0,0,0) #080000 rgb(8,0,0) #100000 rgb(16,0,0) #180000 rgb(24,0,0) #200000 rgb(32,0,0) #280000 rgb(40,0,0) #300000 rgb(48,0,0) #380000 rgb(56,0,0) #400000 rgb(64,0,0) #480000 rgb(72,0,0) #500000 rgb(80,0,0) #580000 rgb(88,0,0) #600000 rgb(96,0,0)
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#680000 #700000 #780000 #800000 #880000 #900000 #980000 #A00000 #A80000 #B00000 #B80000 #C00000 #C80000 #D00000 #D80000 #E00000 #E80000 #F00000 #F80000 #FF0000

rgb(104,0,0) rgb(112,0,0) rgb(120,0,0) rgb(128,0,0) rgb(136,0,0) rgb(144,0,0) rgb(152,0,0) rgb(160,0,0) rgb(168,0,0) rgb(176,0,0) rgb(184,0,0) rgb(192,0,0) rgb(200,0,0) rgb(208,0,0) rgb(216,0,0) rgb(224,0,0) rgb(232,0,0) rgb(240,0,0) rgb(248,0,0) rgb(255,0,0)

Shades of Gray
Gray colors are created by using an equal amount of power to all of the light sources. To make it easier for you to select the correct shade, we have created a table of gray shades for you: Gray Shades Color HEX Color RGB #000000 rgb(0,0,0) #080808 rgb(8,8,8) #101010 rgb(16,16,16) #181818 rgb(24,24,24) #202020 rgb(32,32,32) #282828 rgb(40,40,40) #303030 rgb(48,48,48) #383838 rgb(56,56,56) #404040 rgb(64,64,64) #484848 rgb(72,72,72) #505050 rgb(80,80,80)
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#585858 #606060 #686868 #707070 #787878 #808080 #888888 #909090 #989898 #A0A0A0 #A8A8A8 #B0B0B0 #B8B8B8 #C0C0C0 #C8C8C8 #D0D0D0 #D8D8D8 #E0E0E0 #E8E8E8 #F0F0F0 #F8F8F8 #FFFFFF

rgb(88,88,88) rgb(96,96,96) rgb(104,104,104) rgb(112,112,112) rgb(120,120,120) rgb(128,128,128) rgb(136,136,136) rgb(144,144,144) rgb(152,152,152) rgb(160,160,160) rgb(168,168,168) rgb(176,176,176) rgb(184,184,184) rgb(192,192,192) rgb(200,200,200) rgb(208,208,208) rgb(216,216,216) rgb(224,224,224) rgb(232,232,232) rgb(240,240,240) rgb(248,248,248) rgb(255,255,255)

Web Safe Colors?

Some years ago, when computers supported max 256 different colors, a list of 216 "Web Safe Colors" was suggested as a Web standard, reserving 40 fixed system colors. The 216 cross-browser color palette was created to ensure that all computers would display the colors correctly when running a 256 color palette. This is not important today, since most computers can display millions of different colors. Anyway, here is the list: 000000 003300 006600 009900 00CC00 00FF00 000033 003333 006633 009933 00CC33 00FF33 000066 003366 006666 009966 00CC66 00FF66 000099 003399 006699 009999 00CC99 00FF99 0000CC 0033CC 0066CC 0099CC 00CCCC 00FFCC 0000FF 0033FF 0066FF 0099FF 00CCFF 00FFFF
36

330000 333300 336600 339900 33CC00 33FF00 660000 663300 666600 669900 66CC00 66FF00 990000 993300 996600 999900 99CC00 99FF00 CC0000 CC3300 CC6600 CC9900 CCCC00 CCFF00 FF0000 FF3300 FF6600 FF9900 FFCC00 FFFF00

330033 333333 336633 339933 33CC33 33FF33 660033 663333 666633 669933 66CC33 66FF33 990033 993333 996633 999933 99CC33 99FF33 CC0033 CC3333 CC6633 CC9933 CCCC33 CCFF33 FF0033 FF3333 FF6633 FF9933 FFCC33 FFFF33

330066 333366 336666 339966 33CC66 33FF66 660066 663366 666666 669966 66CC66 66FF66 990066 993366 996666 999966 99CC66 99FF66 CC0066 CC3366 CC6666 CC9966 CCCC66 CCFF66 FF0066 FF3366 FF6666 FF9966 FFCC66 FFFF66

330099 333399 336699 339999 33CC99 33FF99 660099 663399 666699 669999 66CC99 66FF99 990099 993399 996699 999999 99CC99 99FF99 CC0099 CC3399 CC6699 CC9999 CCCC99 CCFF99 FF0099 FF3399 FF6699 FF9999 FFCC99 FFFF99

3300CC 3333CC 3366CC 3399CC 33CCCC 33FFCC 6600CC 6633CC 6666CC 6699CC 66CCCC 66FFCC 9900CC 9933CC 9966CC 9999CC 99CCCC 99FFCC CC00CC CC33CC CC66CC CC99CC CCCCCC CCFFCC FF00CC FF33CC FF66CC FF99CC FFCCCC FFFFCC

3300FF 3333FF 3366FF 3399FF 33CCFF 33FFFF 6600FF 6633FF 6666FF 6699FF 66CCFF 66FFFF 9900FF 9933FF 9966FF 9999FF 99CCFF 99FFFF CC00FF CC33FF CC66FF CC99FF CCCCFF CCFFFF FF00FF FF33FF FF66FF FF99FF FFCCFF FFFFFF

HTML Color Names

Sorted by Color Name

Same list sorted by hex values Color Name AliceBlue AntiqueWhite Aqua Aquamarine Azure Beige Bisque Black BlanchedAlmond Blue BlueViolet Brown BurlyWood CadetBlue Chartreuse Chocolate Coral CornflowerBlue Cornsilk Crimson Cyan HEX #F0F8FF #FAEBD7 #00FFFF #7FFFD4 #F0FFFF #F5F5DC #FFE4C4 #000000 #FFEBCD #0000FF #8A2BE2 #A52A2A #DEB887 #5F9EA0 #7FFF00 #D2691E #FF7F50 #6495ED #FFF8DC #DC143C #00FFFF Color Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix
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DarkBlue DarkCyan DarkGoldenRod DarkGray DarkGrey DarkGreen DarkKhaki DarkMagenta DarkOliveGreen Darkorange DarkOrchid DarkRed DarkSalmon DarkSeaGreen DarkSlateBlue DarkSlateGray DarkSlateGrey DarkTurquoise DarkViolet DeepPink DeepSkyBlue DimGray DimGrey DodgerBlue FireBrick FloralWhite ForestGreen Fuchsia Gainsboro GhostWhite Gold GoldenRod Gray Grey Green GreenYellow HoneyDew HotPink IndianRed Indigo Ivory

#00008B #008B8B #B8860B #A9A9A9 #A9A9A9 #006400 #BDB76B #8B008B #556B2F #FF8C00 #9932CC #8B0000 #E9967A #8FBC8F #483D8B #2F4F4F #2F4F4F #00CED1 #9400D3 #FF1493 #00BFFF #696969 #696969 #1E90FF #B22222 #FFFAF0 #228B22 #FF00FF #DCDCDC #F8F8FF #FFD700 #DAA520 #808080 #808080 #008000 #ADFF2F #F0FFF0 #FF69B4 #CD5C5C #4B0082 #FFFFF0

Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades

Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix
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Khaki Lavender LavenderBlush LawnGreen LemonChiffon LightBlue LightCoral LightCyan LightGoldenRodYellow LightGray LightGrey LightGreen LightPink LightSalmon LightSeaGreen LightSkyBlue LightSlateGray LightSlateGrey LightSteelBlue LightYellow Lime LimeGreen Linen Magenta Maroon MediumAquaMarine MediumBlue MediumOrchid MediumPurple MediumSeaGreen MediumSlateBlue MediumSpringGreen MediumTurquoise MediumVioletRed MidnightBlue MintCream MistyRose Moccasin NavajoWhite Navy OldLace

#F0E68C #E6E6FA #FFF0F5 #7CFC00 #FFFACD #ADD8E6 #F08080 #E0FFFF #FAFAD2 #D3D3D3 #D3D3D3 #90EE90 #FFB6C1 #FFA07A #20B2AA #87CEFA #778899 #778899 #B0C4DE #FFFFE0 #00FF00 #32CD32 #FAF0E6 #FF00FF #800000 #66CDAA #0000CD #BA55D3 #9370D8 #3CB371 #7B68EE #00FA9A #48D1CC #C71585 #191970 #F5FFFA #FFE4E1 #FFE4B5 #FFDEAD #000080 #FDF5E6

Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix
40

Olive OliveDrab Orange OrangeRed Orchid PaleGoldenRod PaleGreen PaleTurquoise PaleVioletRed PapayaWhip PeachPuff Peru Pink Plum PowderBlue Purple Red RosyBrown RoyalBlue SaddleBrown Salmon SandyBrown SeaGreen SeaShell Sienna Silver SkyBlue SlateBlue SlateGray SlateGrey Snow SpringGreen SteelBlue Tan Teal Thistle Tomato Turquoise Violet Wheat White

#808000 #6B8E23 #FFA500 #FF4500 #DA70D6 #EEE8AA #98FB98 #AFEEEE #D87093 #FFEFD5 #FFDAB9 #CD853F #FFC0CB #DDA0DD #B0E0E6 #800080 #FF0000 #BC8F8F #4169E1 #8B4513 #FA8072 #F4A460 #2E8B57 #FFF5EE #A0522D #C0C0C0 #87CEEB #6A5ACD #708090 #708090 #FFFAFA #00FF7F #4682B4 #D2B48C #008080 #D8BFD8 #FF6347 #40E0D0 #EE82EE #F5DEB3 #FFFFFF

Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix
41

WhiteSmoke Yellow YellowGreen

#F5F5F5 #FFFF00 #9ACD32

Shades Shades Shades

Mix Mix Mix

HTML 4.01 Quick List

HTML Quick List from W3Schools. Print it, fold it, and put it in your pocket.

HTML Basic Document

<html> <head> <title>Title of document goes here</title> </head>
<body> Visible text goes here... </body>

</html>

Heading Elements
<h1>Largest Heading</h1>

<h2> . . . </h2> <h3> . . . </h3> <h4> . . . </h4> <h5> . . . </h5> <h6>Smallest Heading</h6>

Text Elements
<p>This is a paragraph</p> <br /> (line break) <hr /> (horizontal rule) <pre>This text is preformatted</pre>

Logical Styles <em>This text is emphasized</em> <strong>This text is strong</strong> <code>This is some computer code</code> Physical Styles <b>This text is bold</b> <i>This text is italic</i>

Links
Ordinary link: <a href="http://www.example.com/">Link-text goes here</a> Image-link: <a href="http://www.example.com/"><img src="URL" alt="Alternate Text" /></a> Mailto link: <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Send e-mail</a>

A named anchor: <a name="tips">Tips Section</a> <a href="#tips">Jump to the Tips Section</a>

Unordered list
<ul> <li>Item</li> <li>Item</li> </ul>

Ordered list
<ol> <li>First item</li> <li>Second item</li> </ol>

Definition list
<dl> <dt>First term</dt> <dd>Definition</dd> <dt>Next term</dt> <dd>Definition</dd> </dl>

Tables
<table border="1"> <tr> <th>Tableheader</th> <th>Tableheader</th> </tr> <tr> <td>sometext</td> <td>sometext</td> </tr> </table>

Iframe
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm"></iframe>

Frames
<frameset cols="25%,75%"> <frame src="page1.htm" /> <frame src="page2.htm" /> </frameset>

Forms
<form action="http://www.example.com/test.asp" method="post/get">

<input type="text" name="email" size="40" maxlength="50" /> <input type="password" /> <input type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> <input type="radio" checked="checked" /> <input type="submit" value="Send" /> <input type="reset" /> <input type="hidden" /> <select> <option>Apples</option> <option selected="selected">Bananas</option> <option>Cherries</option> </select> <textarea name="comment" rows="60" cols="20"></textarea> </form>

Entities
< is the same as < > is the same as > © is the same as

Other Elements
 <blockquote> Text quoted from a source. </blockquote> <address> Written by W3Schools.com<br /> <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Email us</a><br /> Address: Box 564, Disneyland<br /> Phone: +12 34 56 78 </address> Source : http://www.w3schools.com/html/html_quick.asp

HTML Advanced HTML Layouts

Web page layout is very important to make your website look good. Design your webpage layout very carefully.

Website Layouts
Most websites have put their content in multiple columns (formatted like a magazine or newspaper). Multiple columns are created by using <table> or <div> tags. Some CSS are normally also added to position elements, or to create backgrounds or colorful look for the pages.

HTML Layouts - Using Tables

The simplest way of creating layouts is by using the HTML <table> tag. The following example uses a table with 3 rows and 2 columns - the first and last row spans both columns using the colspan attribute:

Example
<html> <body> <table width="500" border="0"> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFA500;"> <h1>Main Title of Web Page</h1> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="background-color:#FFD700;width:100px;text-align:top;"> 46

<b>Menu</b><br /> HTML<br /> CSS<br /> JavaScript </td> <td style="background-color:#EEEEEE;height:200px;width:400px;text-align:top;"> Content goes here</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFA500;text-align:center;"> Copyright 2011 W3Schools.com</td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>

Try it yourself

The HTML code above will produce the following result:

Main Title of Web Page

Menu HTML CSS JavaScript Content goes here

Copyright 2011 W3Schools.com

Note: Even though it is possible to create nice layouts with HTML tables, tables were designed for presenting tabular data - NOT as a layout tool!

HTML Layouts - Using Div Elements

The div element is a block level element used for grouping HTML elements.
47

The following example uses five div elements to create a multiple column layout, creating the same result as in the previous example:

Example
<html> <body> <div id="container" style="width:500px"> <div id="header" style="background-color:#FFA500;"> <h1 style="margin-bottom:0;">Main Title of Web Page</h1></div> <div id="menu" style="background-color:#FFD700;height:200px;width:100px;float:left;"> <b>Menu</b><br /> HTML<br /> CSS<br /> JavaScript</div> <div id="content" style="background-color:#EEEEEE;height:200px;width:400px;float:left;"> Content goes here</div> <div id="footer" style="background-color:#FFA500;clear:both;text-align:center;"> Copyright 2011 W3Schools.com</div> </div> </body> </html>

Try it yourself

The HTML code above will produce the following result:

Main Title of Web Page

HTML Layout - Useful Tips

Tip: The biggest advantage of using CSS is that, if you place the CSS code in an external style sheet, your site becomes MUCH EASIER to maintain. You can change the layout of all your pages by editing one file. To learn more about CSS, study our CSS tutorial. Tip: Because advanced layouts take time to create, a quicker option is to use a template. Search Google for free website templates (these are pre-built website layouts you can use and customize).

HTML Layout Tags

Tag <table> <div> Description Defines a table Defines a section in a document

HTML Doctypes
A doctype declaration refers to the rules for the markup language, so that the browsers render the content correctly.

Example
An HTML document with a doctype of HTML 4.01 Transitional:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <html> <head> <title>Title of the document</title> </head> <body> The content of the document...... </body> </html> 49

HTML Different Doctypes

The doctype declaration is not an HTML tag; it is an instruction to the web browser about what version of the markup language the page is written in. The doctype declaration refers to a Document Type Definition (DTD). The DTD specifies the rules for the markup language, so that the browsers render the content correctly. The doctype declaration should be the very first thing in an HTML document, before the <html> tag. Tip: Always add a doctype to your pages. This helps the browsers to render the page correctly!

HTML 4.01 Strict

This DTD contains all HTML elements and attributes, but does NOT INCLUDE presentational or deprecated elements (like font and center). Framesets are not allowed:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">

HTML 4.01 Transitional

This DTD contains all HTML elements and attributes, INCLUDING presentational and deprecated elements (like font). Framesets are not allowed:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

HTML 4.01 Frameset

This DTD is equal to HTML 4.01 Transitional, but allows the use of frameset content:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/frameset.dtd">

HTML DOCTYPE Element

Tag <!DOCTYPE> Description Defines the document type. This declaration goes before the <html> start tag

HTML Styles
In HTML 4.0, all formatting can be removed from the HTML document, and stored in a style sheet.

How to Use Styles

When a browser reads a style sheet, it will format the document according to it. There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:

External style sheet Internal style sheet Inline styles

External Style Sheet

An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire Web site by changing one file. Each page must link to the style sheet using the <link> tag. The <link> tag goes inside the <head> section:
<head> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css" /> </head>

Internal Style Sheet

An internal style sheet can be used if one single document has a unique style. Internal styles are defined in the <head> section of an HTML page, by using the <style> tag, like this:
<head> <style type="text/css"> body {background-color:yellow;} p {color:blue;} </style> </head>

Inline Styles
An inline style can be used if a unique style is to be applied to one single occurrence of an element. To use inline styles, use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The style attribute can contain any CSS property. The example below shows how to change the text color and the left margin of a paragraph:
<p style="color:blue;margin-left:20px;">This is a paragraph.</p>

To learn more about style sheets, visit our CSS tutorial.

HTML Style Tags

Tag Description

HTML head Elements

The head element is a container for all the head elements. Elements inside <head> can include scripts, instruct the browser where to find style sheets, provide meta information, and more. The following tags can be added to the head section: <title>, <base>, <link>, <meta>, <script>, and <style>.

The HTML title Element

The <title> tag defines the title of the document. The title element is required in all HTML/XHTML documents. The title element:

defines a title in the browser toolbar provides a title for the page when it is added to favorites displays a title for the page in search-engine results 52

A simplified HTML document:

<html> <head> <title>Title of the document</title> </head> <body> The content of the document...... </body> </html>

The HTML base Element

The <base> tag specifies a default address or a default target for all links on a page:
<head> <base href="http://www.w3schools.com/images/" /> <base target="_blank" /> </head>

The HTML link Element

The <link> tag defines the relationship between a document and an external resource. The <link> tag is most used to link to style sheets:
<head> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css" /> </head>

The HTML style Element

The <style> tag is used to define style information for an HTML document. Inside the style element you specify how HTML elements should render in a browser:
53

<head> <style type="text/css"> body {background-color:yellow} p {color:blue} </style> </head>

The HTML meta Element

The <meta> tag provides metadata about the HTML document. The meta element will be explained in the next chapter.

The HTML script Element

The <script> tag is used to define a client-side script, such as a JavaScript. The script element will be explained in a later chapter.

HTML head Elements

Tag <head> <title> <base /> <link /> <meta /> <script> <style> Description Defines information about the document Defines the title of a document Defines a default address or a default target for all links on a page Defines the relationship between a document and an external resource Defines metadata about an HTML document Defines a client-side script Defines style information for a document

HTML Meta
The HTML meta Element
Metadata is information about data. The <meta> tag provides metadata about the HTML document. Metadata will not be displayed on the page, but will be machine parsable. Meta elements are typically used to specify page description, keywords, author of the document, last modified, and other metadata. The <meta> tag always goes inside the head element. The metadata can be used by browsers (how to display content or reload page), search engines (keywords), or other web services.

Keywords for Search Engines

Some search engines will use the name and content attributes of the meta element to index your pages. The following meta element defines a description of a page: <meta name="description" content="Free Web tutorials on HTML, CSS, XML" /> The following meta element defines keywords for a page: <meta name="keywords" content="HTML, CSS, XML" /> The intention of the name and content attributes is to describe the content of a page. Note: A lot of webmasters have used <meta> tags for spamming, like repeating keywords (or using wrong keywords) for higher ranking. Therefore, most search engines have stopped using <meta> tags to index/rank pages.

HTML Scripts
JavaScripts make HTML pages more dynamic and interactive.

The HTML script Element

The <script> tag is used to define a client-side script, such as a JavaScript. The script element either contains scripting statements or it points to an external script file through the src attribute. The required type attribute specifies the MIME type of the script. Common uses for JavaScript are image manipulation, form validation, and dynamic changes of content. The script below writes Hello World! to the HTML output:

Example
<script type="text/javascript"> document.write("Hello World!") </script> Try it yourself

Tip: To learn more about JavaScript, visit our JavaScript tutorial!

The HTML noscript Element

The <noscript> tag is used to provide an alternate content for users that have disabled scripts in their browser or have a browser that doesnt support client-side scripting. The noscript element can contain all the elements that you can find inside the body element of a normal HTML page. The content inside the noscript element will only be displayed if scripts are not supported, or are disabled in the users browser:

Example
<script type="text/javascript"> document.write("Hello World!") </script> <noscript>Sorry, your browser does not support JavaScript!</noscript> Try it yourself

HTML Script Tags

Tag <script> Description Defines a client-side script

HTML Entities
Some characters are reserved in HTML. It is not possible to use the less than (<) or greater than (>) signs in your text, because the browser will mix them with tags. To actually display reserved characters, we must use character entities in the HTML source code. A character entity looks like this:
&entity_name;

OR
&#entity_number;

To display a less than sign we must write: < or < Tip: The advantage of using an entity name, instead of a number, is that the name is easier to remember. However, the disadvantage is that browsers may not support all entity names (the support for entity numbers is very good).

Non-breaking Space
A common character entity used in HTML is the non-breaking space ( ). Browsers will always truncate spaces in HTML pages. If you write 10 spaces in your text, the browser will remove 9 of them, before displaying the page. To add spaces to your text, you can use the   character entity.

HTML Entities Example

Experiment with HTML character entities: Try it yourself

HTML Useful Character Entities

Note: Entity names are case sensitive!
Result Description Entity Name Entity Number   < > & ¢ £ ¥ € § © ® ™

non-breaking space   < > & less than greater than ampersand cent pound yen euro section copyright < > & ¢ £ ¥ € § ©

registered trademark ® trademark ™

For a complete reference of all character entities, visit our HTML Entities Reference.

HTML Uniform Resource Locators

A URL is another word for a web address. A URL can be composed of words, such as "w3schools.com", or an Internet Protocol (IP) address: 192.68.20.50. Most people enter the name of the website when surfing, because names are easier to remember than numbers.

URL - Uniform Resource Locator

When you click on a link in an HTML page, an underlying <a> tag points to an address on the world wide web. A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is used to address a document (or other data) on the world wide web. A web address, like this: http://www.w3schools.com/html/default.asp follows these syntax rules:
scheme://host.domain:port/path/filename

Explanation:

scheme - defines the type of Internet service. The most common type is http host - defines the domain host (the default host for http is www) domain - defines the Internet domain name, like w3schools.com :port - defines the port number at the host (the default port number for http is 80) path - defines a path at the server (If omitted, the document must be stored at the root directory of the web site) filename - defines the name of a document/resource

Common URL Schemes

The table below lists some common schemes:
Scheme http Short for.... HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure HyperText Transfer Protocol Which pages will the scheme be used for... Common web pages starts with http://. Not encrypted Secure web pages. All information exchanged are encrypted

https

ftp file

File Transfer Protocol

For downloading or uploading files to a website. Useful for domain maintenance A file on your computer

HTML URL Encoding

URL encoding converts characters into a format that can be transmitted over the Internet.

URL - Uniform Resource Locator

Web browsers request pages from web servers by using a URL. The URL is the address of a web page, like: http://www.w3schools.com.

URL Encoding
URLs can only be sent over the Internet using the ASCII character-set. Since URLs often contain characters outside the ASCII set, the URL has to be converted into a valid ASCII format. URL encoding replaces non ASCII characters with a "%" followed by two hexadecimal digits. URLs cannot contain spaces. URL encoding normally replaces a space with a + sign.

Try It Yourself
If you click the "Submit" button below, the browser will URL encode the input before it is sent to the server. A page at the server will display the received input.
Hello Gnter

Try some other input and click Submit again.

URL Encoding Examples

Character URL-encoding %80 %A3 %A9 %AE %C0 %C1 %C2 %C3 %C4 %C5

For a complete reference of all URL encodings, visit our URL Encoding Reference.

HTML Web Server

To make your web site visible to the world, you'll have to store it on a web server.

Hosting your own Web site

Hosting your web site on your own server is always an option. Here are some points to consider:

Hardware Expenses
To run a "real" web site, you will have to buy some powerful server hardware. Don't expect that a low cost PC will do the job. You will also need a permanent (24 hours a day ) highspeed connection.

Software Expenses
Remember that server-licenses often are higher than client-licenses. Also note that serverlicenses might have limits on number of users.

Labor Expenses
Don't expect low labor expenses. You have to install your own hardware and software. You also have to deal with bugs and viruses, and keep your server constantly running in an environment where "everything could happen".

Using an Internet Service Provider

Renting a server from an Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a common option. Most small companies store their web site on a server provided by an ISP. Here are some advantages:

Connection Speed
Most ISPs have very fast connections to the Internet.

Powerful Hardware
ISPs often have powerful web servers that can be shared by several companies. You can also expect them to have an effective load balancing, and necessary backup servers.

Security and Stability

ISPs are specialists on web hosting. Expect their servers to have more than 99% up time, the latest software patches, and the best virus protection.

Things to Consider with an ISP

24-hour support
Make sure your ISP offers 24-hours support. Don't put yourself in a situation where you cannot fix critical problems without having to wait until the next working day. Toll-free phone could be vital if you don't want to pay for long distance calls.

Daily Backup
Make sure your ISP runs a daily backup routine, otherwise you may lose some valuable data.

Traffic Volume
Study the ISP's traffic volume restrictions. Make sure that you don't have to pay a fortune for unexpected high traffic if your web site becomes popular.

Bandwidth or Content Restrictions

Study the ISP's bandwidth and content restrictions. If you plan to publish pictures or broadcast video or sound, make sure that you can.

E-mail Capabilities
Make sure your ISP supports the e-mail capabilities you need.

Database Access
If you plan to use data from databases on your web site, make sure your ISP supports the database access you need. Before you select an ISP, make sure you read W3Schools Web Hosting Tutorial !!

You Have Learned HTML, Now What?

HTML Summary
This tutorial has taught you how to use HTML to create your own web site. HTML is the universal markup language for the Web. HTML lets you format text, add graphics, create links, input forms, frames and tables, etc., and save it all in a text file that any browser can read and display. The key to HTML is the tags, which indicates what content is coming up. For more information on HTML, please take a look at our HTML examples and our HTML reference.

Now You Know HTML, What's Next?

XHTML XHTML reformulates HTML 4.01 in XML. If you want to learn more about XHTML, please visit our XHTML tutorial. CSS CSS is used to control the style and layout of multiple Web pages all at once. With CSS, all formatting can be removed from the HTML document and stored in a separate file. CSS gives you total control of the layout, without messing up the document content. To learn how to create style sheets, please visit our CSS tutorial. JavaScript JavaScript can make your web site more dynamic. A static web site is nice when you just want to show flat content, but a dynamic web site can react to events and allow user interaction. JavaScript is the most popular scripting language on the internet and it works with all major browsers. If you want to learn more about JavaScript, please visit our JavaScript tutorial.

HTML Multimedia
Multimedia on the web is sound, music, videos, and animations. Modern web browsers have support for many multimedia formats.

What is Multimedia?
Multimedia comes in many different formats. It can be almost anything you can hear or see like text, pictures, music, sound, videos, records, films, animations, and more. On the Internet you can often find multimedia elements embedded in web pages, and modern web browsers have support for a number of multimedia formats. In this tutorial you will learn about different multimedia formats and how to use them in your web pages.

Browser Support
The first Internet browsers had support for text only, and even the text support was limited to a single font in a single color. Then came browsers with support for colors, fonts and text styles, and the support for pictures was added. The support for sounds, animations and videos is handled in different ways by different browsers. Some elements can be handled inline, and some requires an extra helper program (a plug-in). You will learn more about plug-ins in the next chapters.

Multimedia Formats
Multimedia elements (like sounds or videos) are stored in media files. The most common way to discover the media type is to look at the file extension. When a browser sees the file extensions .htm or .html, it will assume that the file is an HTML page. The .xml extension indicates an XML file, and the .css extension indicates a style sheet. Picture formats are recognized by extensions like .gif and .jpg.

Multimedia elements also have their own file formats with different extensions like .swf, .wmv, .mp3, and .mp4.

Video Formats
The MP4 format is the new and upcoming format for internet video. It is supported by YouTube, Flash players and HTML5.

Format AVI

File .avi

Description The AVI (Audio Video Interleave) format was developed by Microsoft. The AVI format is supported by all computers running Windows, and by all the most popular web browsers. It is a very common format on the Internet, but not always possible to play on non-Windows computers. The Windows Media format is developed by Microsoft. Windows Media is a common format on the Internet, but Windows Media movies cannot be played on non-Windows computer without an extra (free) component installed. Some later Windows Media movies cannot play at all on nonWindows computers because no player is available The MPEG (Moving Pictures Expert Group) format is the most popular format on the Internet. It is cross-platform, and supported by all the most popular web browsers. The QuickTime format is developed by Apple. QuickTime is a common format on the Internet, but QuickTime movies cannot be played on a Windows computer without an extra (free) component installed. The RealVideo format was developed for the Internet by Real Media. The format allows streaming of video (on-line video, Internet TV) with low bandwidths. Because of the low bandwidth priority, quality is often reduced. The Flash (Shockwave) format was developed by Macromedia. The Shockwave format requires an extra component to play. But this component comes preinstalled with web browsers like Firefox and Internet Explorer. Mpeg-4 (with H.264 video compression) is the new format for the internet. In fact, YouTube recommends using MP4. YouTube accepts multiple formats, and then converts them all to .flv or .mp4 for distribution. More

WMV

.wmv

MPEG

.mpg .mpeg

QuickTime .mov

RealVideo .rm .ram

Flash

.swf .flv

Mpeg-4

.mp4

and more online video publishers are moving to MP4 as the internet sharing format for both Flash players and HTML5.

Sound Formats
Format MIDI File .mid .midi Description The MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a format for electronic music devices like synthesizers and PC sound cards. MIDI files do not contain sound, but digital musical instructions (notes) that can be played by electronics (like your PC's sound card).

Click here to play The Beatles.

Since MIDI format only contains instructions (notes), MIDI files are extremely small. The example above is only 23K in size but it plays for nearly 5 minutes. MIDI is supported by many software systems over a large range of platforms. MIDI is supported by all the most popular Internet browsers. RealAudio .rm .ram The RealAudio format was developed for the Internet by Real Media. The format also supports video. The format allows streaming of audio (on-line music, Internet radio) with low bandwidths. Because of the low bandwidth priority, quality is often reduced. The Wave (waveform) format is developed by IBM and Microsoft. It is supported by all computers running Windows, and by all the most popular web browsers (except Google Chrome). The WMA format (Windows Media Audio), compares in quality to MP3, and is compatible with most players, except the iPod. WMA files can be delivered as a continuous flow of data, which makes it practical for use in Internet radio or on-line music. MP3 files are actually the sound part of MPEG files. The MPEG format was originally developed for video by the Moving Pictures Experts Group. MP3 is one of the most popular sound formats for music. The encoding system combines good compression (small files) with high quality. Expect future software systems to support it.

Wave

.wav

WMA

.wma

MP3

.mp3 .mpga

What Format To Use?

The WAVE is the most popular uncompressed sound format on the Internet, and it is supported by all popular browsers. If you want uncompressed sound (music or speech) to be available to all your visitors, you should use the WAVE format. The MP3 format is the newest format for compressed recorded music. The term MP3 has become synonymous with digital music. If your website is about recorded music, the MP3 format is the choice.

HTML Audio Sounds

Sounds can be played in HTML by many different methods.

Problems and Solutions

Displaying audio in HTML is not easy! You must add a lot of tricks to make sure you audio files will play in all browsers (Internet Explorer, Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Opera) and on all hardware (PC, Mac , iPad, iPhone). In this chapter W3Schools summarizes the problems and the solutions.

The Easiest Way to Add Audio to Your Site

The easiest way to add Audio to your web pages? The Yahoo Media Player (described at the bottom of this page) is definitely a favorite. It plays mp3 and a variety of other formats. You can add it to your page (or blog) with a single line of code, and easily turn your HTML page into a professional playlist.

Example
<a href="song.mp3">Play Song</a> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://mediaplayer.yahoo.com/js"> </script> Try it yourself 68

Using Plugins
A Plugin is a small computer program that extends the standard functionality of a web browser. Plugins can be used for many purposes. They can be used to display music, display maps, verify your bank id, control your input, and much more. Plugins can be added to HTML pages using <object> or <embed> tags.

Playing Audio in HTML Example

Try it yourself

Using The <embed> Element

The purpose of the <embed> tag is to embed multimedia elements in HTML pages. The following code fragment displays an MP3 file embedded in a web page.

Example
<embed height="50px" width="100px" src="song.mp3" /> Try it yourself

Problems:

The <embed> tag is unknown to HTML 4. Your page will not validate correctly. If your browser does not support the file format, your audio will not play. If you convert your file to another format, it will still not play in all browsers.

Using The <object> Element

The purpose of the <object> tag is to embed multimedia elements in HTML pages. The following code fragment displays an MP3 file embedded in a web page.

Example
<object height="50px" width="100px" data="song.mp3" /> Try it yourself

Problems:

If your browser does not support the file format, your audio will not play. If you convert your file to another format, it will still not play in all browsers.

Using the <audio> Element

The <audio> element is an HTML 5 element, unknown to HTML 4, but it works in new browsers.

Example
<audio controls="controls"> <source src="song.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /> <source src="song.ogg" type="audio/ogg" /> Your browser does not support this audio </audio> Try it yourself

The example above uses an Ogg file, to make it work in Firefox, Opera and Chrome. To make the audio work in Internet Explorer and Safari, a file of the type MP3 is added. Currently, there are 3 main formats for the audio element: Ogg Vorbis, MP3, and Wav. Problems:

You must convert your audio files into many different formats. The <audio> element does not work in older browsers. The <audio> element does not validate in HTML 4 and XHTML.

The Best HTML Solution Example

Try it yourself

The example above uses 4 different audio formats. The HTML 5 <audio> element tries to play the video either as ogg or mp3. If this fails, the code "falls back" to try the <embed> element. If this also fails, it displays an error. Problems:

You must convert your videos to many different formats. The <audio> element does not validate in HTML 4 and XHTML. The <embed> element does not validate in HTML 4 and XHTML.

NOTE: Using <!DOCTYPE html> solves the validation problem.

Using the Yahoo Media Player

Using the Yahoo Media Player is a different approach. You simply let Yahoo do the job of playing your songs.

Example
<a href="song.mp3">Play Song</a> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://mediaplayer.yahoo.com/js"></script>

Try it yourself

Using the Yahoo player is free. To use it you insert this piece of JavaScript at the bottom of your web page: <script type="text/javascript" src="http://mediaplayer.yahoo.com/js"></script>

Then you simply link to your MP3 files in your HTML, and the JavaScript code automatically creates a play button for each song: <a href="song1.mp3">Play Song 1</a> <a href="song2.mp3">Play Song 2</a> ... ... ... The Yahoo Media Player presents your readers with a small play button instead of a full player. However, when you click the button, a full player pops up. Note that the player is always docked and ready at the bottom the window. Just click on it to slide it out.

Using Google Example

Try it yourself

Using A Hyperlink
If a web page includes a hyperlink to a media file, most browsers will use a "helper application" to play the file. The following code fragment displays a link to an MP3 file. If a user clicks on the link, the browser will launch a helper application to play the file:

Example
<a href="song.mp3">Play the song</a> Try it yourself

Inline Sound
When sound is included in a web page, or as part of a web page, it is called inline sound. If you plan to use inline sounds in your web applications, be aware that many people find inline sound annoying. Also note that some users might have turned off the inline sound option in their browser. Our best advice is to include inline sound only in web pages where the user expects to hear the sound. An example of this is a page which opens after the user has clicked on a link to hear a recording.

The HTML Object Element

The purpose of the <object> element is to support HTML helpers (Plug-Ins)

HTML Helpers (Plug-Ins)

A helper application is a program that can be launched by the browser to "help". Helper applications are also called Plug-Ins. Helper applications can be used to play audio and video (and much more). Helper applications are launched using the <object> tag. One advantage of using a helper application to play video and audio, is that you can let some (or all) of the player settings be controlled by the user. Most helper applications allow manual (or programmed) control over the volume settings and play functions like rewind, pause, stop and play.

The Best Way to Play Videos in HTML?

For the best general way to include videos in HTML, refer to the next chapter.

Playing Wave Audio Using QuickTime Example

Playing MP4 Video Using QuickTime Example

Try it yourself

Playing SWF Videos Using Flash Example

Playing WMV Movies Using Windows Media Player

The example below shows the suggested code used to display a Windows Media file.

Example
<object width="100%" height="100%" type="video/x-ms-asf" url="3d.wmv" data="3d.wmv" classid="CLSID:6BF52A52-394A-11d3-B153-00C04F79FAA6"> <param name="url" value="3d.wmv"> <param name="filename" value="3d.wmv"> <param name="autostart" value="1"> <param name="uiMode" value="full" /> <param name="autosize" value="1"> <param name="playcount" value="1"> <embed type="application/x-mplayer2" src="3d.wmv" width="100%" height="100%" autostart="true" showcontrols="true" pluginspage="http://www.microsoft.com/Windows/MediaPlayer/"></embed> </object> Try it yourself

Plug-Ins
Plug-Ins can be used in HTML for many purposes. They can be used to display maps, verify your bank id, control your input, and much more. The restrictions are few.

HTML Videos
Videos can be played in HTML by many different methods.

Playing Videos in HTML Example

<video width="320" height="240" controls="controls"> <source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4" /> 75

<source src="movie.ogg" type="video/ogg" /> <source src="movie.webm" type="video/webm" /> <object data="movie.mp4" width="320" height="240"> <embed src="movie.swf" width="320" height="240" /> </object> </video> Try it yourself

Problems, Problems, and Solutions

Displaying videos in HTML is not easy! You must add a lot of tricks to make sure your video will play in all browsers (Internet Explorer, Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Opera) and on all hardware (PC, Mac , iPad, iPhone). In this chapter W3Schools summarizes the problems and the solutions.

The <embed> Tag

The purpose of the <embed> tag is to embed multimedia elements in HTML pages. The following HTML fragment displays a Flash video embedded in a web page:

Example
<embed src="intro.swf" height="200" width="200"/> Try it yourself

Problems

The <embed> tag is unknown to HTML 4. Your page will not validate correctly. If the browser does not support Flash, your video will not play. iPad and iPhone cannot display Flash videos. If you convert the video to another format, it will still not play in all browsers.

Using The <object> Tag

The purpose of the <object> tag is to embed multimedia elements in HTML pages. The following HTML fragment displays a Flash video embedded in a web page:

Example
<object data="intro.swf" height="200" width="200"/> Try it yourself

Problems:

If the browser does not support Flash, your video will not play. iPad and iPhone cannot display Flash videos. If you convert the video to another format, it will still not play in all browsers.

Using the <video> Tag

The <video> element is new in HTML 5. The purpose of the <video> tag is to embed video elements in HTML pages. The following HTML fragment displays a video in ogg, mp4, or webm format embedded in a web page:

Example
<video width="320" height="240" controls="controls"> <source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4" /> <source src="movie.ogg" type="video/ogg" /> <source src="movie.webm" type="video/webm" /> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> Try it yourself

Problems:

You must convert your videos to many different formats. The <video> element does not work in older browsers. The <video> element does not validate in HTML 4 and XHTML.

The Best HTML Solution HTML 5 + <object> + <embed>

<video width="320" height="240" controls="controls"> <source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4" /> <source src="movie.ogg" type="video/ogg" /> <source src="movie.webm" type="video/webm" /> <object data="movie.mp4" width="320" height="240"> <embed src="movie.swf" width="320" height="240"> Your browser does not support video </embed> </object> </video> Try it yourself

The example above uses 4 different video formats. The HTML 5 <video> element tries to play the video either in mp4, ogg, or webm formats. If this fails, the code "falls back" to try the <object> element. If this also fails, it "falls back" to the <embed> element. Problems:

You must convert your videos to many different formats. The <video> element does not validate in HTML 4 and XHTML. The <embed> element does not validate in HTML 4 and XHTML.

NOTE: Using <!DOCTYPE html> solves the validation problem.

The YouTube Solution

The easiest way to display videos in HTML is to use YouTube (see next chapter).

Using A Hyperlink
If a web page includes a hyperlink to a media file, most browsers will use a "helper application" to play the file. The following code fragment displays a link to a Flash video. If a user clicks on the link, the browser will launch a helper application, like Windows Media Player to play the AVI file:

Example
<a href="intro.swf">Play a video file</a> Try it yourself

A Note About Inline Videos

When a video is included in a web page it is called inline video. If you plan to use inline videos in your web applications, be aware that many people find inline videos annoying. Also note that some users might have turned off the inline video option in their browser. Our best advice is to include inline videos only in web pages where the user expects to see a video. An example of this is a page which opens after the user has clicked on a link to see the video.

HTML - YouTube Videos

The easiest way to display videos (others or your own) in HTML is to use YouTube.

Playing a YouTube Video in HTML

If you want to display a video in a web page, you can upload the video to YouTube and insert HTML code to display the video in your web page.

Example - YouTube iFrame

Example - YouTube Embedded

HTML Media Tags Reference

HTML 4.01 Multimedia Tags
Tag Description

<applet> Deprecated. Defines an embedded applet <embed> Deprecated in HTML4 but not in HTML5. Defines an embedded object <object> Defines an embedded object <param> Defines a parameter for an object

Complete HTML 4.01 Reference.

Standard Attributes
Attribute class dir Value classname rtl ltr id Description Specifies a classname for an element Specifies the text direction for the content in an element Specifies a unique id for an element DTD STF STF

STF

lang

language_code

Specifies a language code for the content in an element Specifies an inline style for an element Specifies the tab order of an element Specifies extra information about an element Specifies a language code for the content in an element, in XHTML documents

STF

style tabindex title xml:lang

style_definition number text language_code

STF STF STF STF

More information about Standard Attributes.

Event Attributes
Attribute onclick ondblclick onmousedown onmousemove onmouseout Value script script script script script Description Script to be run on a mouse click Script to be run on a mouse double-click Script to be run when mouse button is pressed Script to be run when mouse pointer moves DTD STF STF STF STF

Script to be run when mouse pointer moves out of an STF element Script to be run when mouse pointer moves over an element Script to be run when mouse button is released Script to be run when a key is pressed Script to be run when a key is pressed and released Script to be run when a key is released STF

onmouseover

script

onmouseup onkeydown onkeypress onkeyup

script script script script

STF STF STF STF

More information about Event Attributes.

HTML vs XHTML
XHTML is a stricter and cleaner version of HTML.

What Is XHTML?

XHTML stands for EXtensible HyperText Markup Language XHTML is almost identical to HTML 4.01 XHTML is a stricter and cleaner version of HTML XHTML is HTML defined as an XML application XHTML is a W3C Recommendation of January 2000. XHTML is supported by all major browsers.

Why XHTML?
Many pages on the internet contain "bad" HTML. The following HTML code will work just fine if you view it in a browser (even if it does NOT follow the HTML rules):
<html> <head> <title>This is bad HTML</title> <body> <h1>Bad HTML <p>This is a paragraph </body>

XHTML is HTML 4.01 redesigned as XML. XML is a markup language where documents must be marked up correctly and "wellformed". If you want to study XML, Read our XML tutorial. Today's market consists of different browser technologies. Some browsers run on computers, and some browsers run on mobile phones or other small devices. Smaller devices often lack the resources or power to interpret a "bad" markup language. Therefore - by combining the strengths of HTML and XML, XHTML was developed.
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The Most Important Differences from HTML:

XHTML elements must be properly nested XHTML elements must always be closed XHTML elements must be in lowercase XHTML documents must have one root element

XHTML Elements Must Be Properly Nested

In HTML, some elements can be improperly nested within each other, like this:
<b><i>This text is bold and italic</b></i>

In XHTML, all elements must be properly nested within each other, like this:
<b><i>This text is bold and italic</i></b>

Note: A common mistake with nested lists, is to forget that the inside list must be within <li> and </li> tags. This is wrong:
<ul> <li>Coffee</li> <li>Tea <ul> <li>Black tea</li> <li>Green tea</li> </ul> <li>Milk</li> </ul>

This is correct:
<ul> <li>Coffee</li> <li>Tea <ul> <li>Black tea</li> <li>Green tea</li> </ul> </li> <li>Milk</li> </ul>

Notice that we have inserted a </li> tag after the </ul> tag in the "correct" code example.
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XHTML Elements Must Always Be Closed

Non-empty elements must have a closing tag. This is wrong:
<p>This is a paragraph <p>This is another paragraph

This is correct:
<p>This is a paragraph</p> <p>This is another paragraph</p>

Empty Elements Must Also Be Closed

Empty elements must also be closed. This is wrong:
A break: <br> A horizontal rule: <hr> An image: <img src="happy.gif" alt="Happy face">

This is correct:
A break: <br /> A horizontal rule: <hr /> An image: <img src="happy.gif" alt="Happy face" />

XHTML Elements Must Be In Lower Case

Tag names and attributes must be in lower case. This is wrong:
<BODY> <P>This is a paragraph</P> </BODY>

This is correct:
84

<body> <p>This is a paragraph</p> </body>

XHTML Documents Must Have One Root Element

All XHTML elements must be nested within the <html> root element. Child elements must be in pairs and correctly nested within their parent element. The basic document structure is:
<html> <head> ... </head> <body> ... </body> </html>

XHTML Syntax
More XHTML Syntax Rules

Attribute names must be in lower case Attribute values must be quoted Attribute minimization is forbidden The XHTML DTD defines mandatory elements

Attribute Names Must Be In Lower Case

This is wrong:
<table WIDTH="100%">

This is correct:
<table width="100%">

Attribute Values Must Be Quoted

This is wrong:
<table width=100%>

This is correct:
<table width="100%">

Attribute Minimization Is Forbidden

This is wrong:
<input checked> <input readonly> <input disabled> <option selected> <frame noresize>

This is correct:
<input checked="checked" /> <input readonly="readonly" /> <input disabled="disabled" /> <option selected="selected" />

The Lang Attribute

The lang attribute applies to almost every XHTML element. It specifies the language of the content within an element. If you use the lang attribute in an element, you must also add the xml:lang attribute, like this:
<div lang="it" xml:lang="it">Ciao bella!</div>

Mandatory XHTML Elements

An XHTML document must have a DOCTYPE declaration. The html, head, title, and body elements must also be present.

XHTML Doctypes
<!DOCTYPE> Is Mandatory
An XHTML document consists of three main parts:

the DOCTYPE declaration the <head> section the <body> section

The basic document structure is:

<!DOCTYPE ...> <html> <head> <title>... </title> </head> <body> ... </body> </html>

Note: The <!DOCTYPE> declaration refers to a Document Type Definition (DTD). A DTD specifies the rules for the markup language, so that the browsers render the content correctly.

An XHTML Example
The example below shows an XHTML document with a minimum of required tags:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Title of document</title> </head> <body> 87

</body> </html>

Note: The xmlns attribute in <html>, specifies the xml namespace for a document, and is required in XHTML documents.

XHTML Different Doctypes

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration is the very first thing in an XHTML document, before the <html> tag. The <!DOCTYPE> declaration is not an XHTML tag; it is an instruction to the web browser about what version of the markup language the page is written in. The <!DOCTYPE> declaration refers to a Document Type Definition (DTD). The DTD specifies the rules for the markup language, so that the browsers render the content correctly.

XHTML 1.0 Strict

This DTD contains all HTML elements and attributes, but does NOT INCLUDE presentational or deprecated elements (like font). Framesets are not allowed. The markup must also be written as well-formed XML.
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">

XHTML 1.0 Transitional

This DTD contains all HTML elements and attributes, INCLUDING presentational and deprecated elements (like font). Framesets are not allowed. The markup must also be written as well-formed XML.
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

XHTML 1.0 Frameset

This DTD is equal to XHTML 1.0 Transitional, but allows the use of frameset content.
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Frameset//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-frameset.dtd">

XHTML 1.1
This DTD is equal to XHTML 1.0 Strict, but allows you to add modules (for example to provide ruby support for East-Asian languages).
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">

XHTML HowTo
The following steps shows how a website can be converted from HTML to XHTML in 6 simple steps:

1. Add a <!DOCTYPE>
Add an XHTML <!DOCTYPE> to the first line of every page:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

Tip: Your pages must have a DOCTYPE declaration if you want them to validate as XHTML.

2. Add an xmlns Attribute

Add an xmlns attribute to the html element of every page:
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Note: The xmlns attribute specifies the xml namespace for a document, and is required in XHTML documents.

3. Change Tags And Attribute Names to Lowercase

A general "find-and-replace" function was executed to replace all uppercase tags with lowercase tags. The same was done for attribute names.

4. Quote All Attribute Values

Check every page to see that attribute values are quoted.

5. Close all Empty Tags

Empty tags are not allowed in XHTML. The <hr> and <br> tags should be replaced with <hr /> and <br />. A general "find-and-replace" function was executed to swap the tags. Close the <img> tags with /> the end of the tag.

6. Validate XHTML With The W3C Validator

Before an XHTML file can be validated, a correct DTD must be added as the first line of the file. Input a web address in the box below:
http://w w w .w 3schools.com/html/demo_xhtml.htm

Correct errors found (if any).

XHTML Quiz Test

The test contains 20 questions and there is no time limit. The test is not official, it's just a nice way to see how much you know, or don't know, about XHTML. You will get 1 point for each correct answer. At the end of the Quiz, your total score will be displayed. Maximum score is 20 points. Good luck! Start the XHTML Quiz

HTML 4.01 / XHTML 1.0 Reference

Ordered Alphabetically
DTD: indicates in which HTML 4.01 / XHTML 1.0 DTD the tag is allowed. S=Strict, T=Transitional, and F=Frameset
Tag  <!DOCTYPE> <a> <abbr> <acronym> <address> <applet> <area /> <b> <base /> <basefont /> <bdo> <big> <blockquote> <body> <br /> <button> <caption> Description Defines a comment Defines the document type Defines an anchor Defines an abbreviation Defines an acronym Defines contact information for the author/owner of a document Deprecated. Defines an embedded applet Defines an area inside an image-map Defines bold text Defines a default address or a default target for all links on a page Deprecated. Defines a default font, color, or size for the text in a page Defines the text direction Defines big text Defines a long quotation Defines the document's body Defines a single line break Defines a push button Defines a table caption DTD STF STF STF STF STF STF TF STF STF STF TF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF

Deprecated. Defines centered text Defines a citation Defines computer code text Defines attribute values for one or more columns in a table Defines a group of columns in a table for formatting Defines a description of a term in a definition list Defines deleted text Defines a definition term Deprecated. Defines a directory list Defines a section in a document Defines a definition list Defines a term (an item) in a definition list Defines emphasized text Defines a border around elements in a form Deprecated. Defines font, color, and size for text Defines an HTML form for user input Defines a window (a frame) in a frameset Defines a set of frames Defines HTML headings Defines information about the document Defines a horizontal line Defines an HTML document Defines italic text Defines an inline frame

TF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF TF STF STF STF STF STF TF STF F F STF STF STF STF STF TF

Defines an image Defines an input control Defines inserted text Defines keyboard text Defines a label for an input element Defines a caption for a fieldset element Defines a list item Defines the relationship between a document and an external resource Defines an image-map Deprecated. Defines a menu list Defines metadata about an HTML document Defines an alternate content for users that do not support frames Defines an alternate content for users that do not support client-side scripts Defines an embedded object Defines an ordered list Defines a group of related options in a select list Defines an option in a select list Defines a paragraph Defines a parameter for an object Defines preformatted text Defines a short quotation Deprecated. Defines strikethrough text Defines sample computer code

STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF TF STF TF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF TF STF

Defines a client-side script Defines a select list (drop-down list) Defines small text Defines a section in a document Deprecated. Defines strikethrough text Defines strong text Defines style information for a document Defines subscripted text Defines superscripted text Defines a table Groups the body content in a table Defines a cell in a table Defines a multi-line text input control Groups the footer content in a table Defines a header cell in a table Groups the header content in a table Defines the title of a document Defines a row in a table Defines teletype text Deprecated. Defines underlined text Defines an unordered list Defines a variable part of a text Deprecated. Defines preformatted text

STF STF STF STF TF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF TF STF STF

Ordered by Function
DTD: indicates in which HTML 4.01 / XHTML 1.0 DTD the tag is allowed. S=Strict, T=Transitional, and F=Frameset
Tag Basic <!DOCTYPE> <html> <body> <h1> to <h6> <p> <br /> <hr />  Formatting <acronym> <abbr> <address> <b> <bdo> <big> <blockquote> <center> <cite> <code> Defines an acronym Defines an abbreviation Defines contact information for the author/owner of a document Defines bold text Overrides the current text direction Defines big text Defines a long quotation Deprecated. Defines centered text Defines a citation Defines a piece of computer code STF STF STF STF STF STF STF TF STF STF Defines the document type Defines an HTML document Defines the document's body Defines HTML headings Defines a paragraph Inserts a single line break Defines a horizontal line Defines a comment STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF Description DTD

<del> <dfn> <em> <font> <i> <ins> <kbd> <pre> <q> <s> <samp> <small> <strike> <strong> <sub> <sup> <tt> <u> <var> <xmp> Forms <form> <input /> <textarea>

Defines text that has been deleted from a document Defines a definition term Defines emphasized text Deprecated. Defines font, color, and size for text Defines italic text Defines text that has been inserted into a document Defines keyboard input Defines preformatted text Defines a short quotation Deprecated. Defines strikethrough text Defines sample output from a computer program Defines smaller text Deprecated. Defines strikethrough text Defines strong text Defines subscripted text Defines superscripted text Defines teletype text Deprecated. Defines underlined text Defines a variable Deprecated. Defines preformatted text

STF STF STF TF STF STF STF STF STF TF STF STF TF STF STF STF STF TF STF

Defines an HTML form for user input Defines an input control Defines a multiline input control (text area)

STF STF STF

<button> <select> <optgroup> <option> <label> <fieldset> <legend> Frames <frame /> <frameset> <noframes> <iframe> Images <img /> <map> <area /> Links <a> <link /> Lists <ul> <ol> <li> <dir>

Defines a clickable button Defines a drop-down list Defines a group of related options in a drop-down list Defines an option in a drop-down list Defines a label for an <input> element Groups related elements in a form Defines a caption for a <fieldset> element

STF STF STF STF STF STF STF

Defines a window (a frame) in a frameset Defines a set of frames Defines an alternate content for users that do not support frames Defines an inline frame

F F TF TF

Defines an image Defines an image-map Defines an area inside an image-map

STF STF STF

Defines an anchor Defines the relationship between a document and an external resource

STF STF

Defines an unordered list Defines an ordered list Defines a list item Deprecated. Defines a directory list

STF STF STF TF

<dl> <dt> <dd> <menu> Tables <table> <caption> <th> <tr> <td> <thead> <tbody> <tfoot> <col /> <colgroup> Styles <style> <div> <span> Meta Info <head> <title> <meta> <base />

Defines a definition list Defines an item in a definition list Defines a description of an item in a definition list Deprecated. Defines a menu list

STF STF STF TF

Defines a table Defines a table caption Defines a header cell in a table Defines a row in a table Defines a cell in a table Groups the header content in a table Groups the body content in a table Groups the footer content in a table Defines attribute values for one or more columns in a table Defines a group of columns in a table for formatting

STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF

Defines style information for a document Defines a section in a document Defines a section in a document

STF STF STF

Defines information about the document Defines the document title Defines metadata about an HTML document Specifies the base URL/target for all relative URLs in a document

STF STF STF STF

<basefont /> Programming <script> <noscript> <applet> <object> <param />

Deprecated. Specifies a default color, size, or font for all the text in a document

Defines a client-side script Defines an alternate content for users that do not support client-side scripts Deprecated. Defines an embedded applet Defines an embedded object Defines a parameter for an object

STF STF TF STF STF

HTML / XHTML Standard Attributes

The attributes listed below are standard, and are supported by all HTML and XHTML tags, with a few exceptions.

Core Attributes
Not valid in base, head, html, meta, param, script, style, and title elements.
Attribute class id style title Value classname id style_definition text Description Specifies a classname for an element Specifies a unique id for an element Specifies an inline style for an element Specifies extra information about an element (displayed as a tool tip)

Language Attributes
Not valid in base, br, frame, frameset, hr, iframe, param, and script elements.
Attribute dir Value ltr rtl language_code Description Specifies the text direction for the content in an element Specifies a language code for the content in an element. Language code reference Specifies a language code for the content in an element, in XHTML documents. Language code reference

lang

xml:lang

language_code

Keyboard Attributes
Attribute accesskey tabindex Value character number Description Specifies a keyboard shortcut to access an element Specifies the tab order of an element

HTML / XHTML Standard Event Attributes

Standard Event Attributes
HTML 4 added the ability to let events trigger actions in a browser, like starting a JavaScript when a user clicks on an element. To learn more about programming events, please visit our JavaScript tutorial and our DHTML tutorial. Below is the standard event attributes that can be inserted into HTML / XHTML elements to define event actions.

100

<body> and <frameset> Events

The two attributes below can only be used in <body> or <frameset>:
Attribute onload onunload Value script script Description Script to be run when a document load Script to be run when a document unload

Form Events
The attributes below can be used in form elements:
Attribute onblur onchange onfocus onreset onselect onsubmit Value script script script script script script Description Script to be run when an element loses focus Script to be run when an element changes Script to be run when an element gets focus Script to be run when a form is reset Script to be run when an element is selected Script to be run when a form is submitted

Image Events
The attribute below can be used with the img element:
Attribute onabort Value script Description Script to be run when loading of an image is interrupted

101

Keyboard Events
Valid in all elements except base, bdo, br, frame, frameset, head, html, iframe, meta, param, script, style, and title.
Attribute onkeydown onkeypress onkeyup Value script script script Description Script to be run when a key is pressed Script to be run when a key is pressed and released Script to be run when a key is released

Mouse Events
Valid in all elements except base, bdo, br, frame, frameset, head, html, iframe, meta, param, script, style, and title.
Attribute onclick ondblclick onmousedown onmousemove onmouseout Value script script script script script Description Script to be run on a mouse click Script to be run on a mouse double-click Script to be run when mouse button is pressed Script to be run when mouse pointer moves Script to be run when mouse pointer moves out of an element Script to be run when mouse pointer moves over an element Script to be run when mouse button is released

onmouseover onmouseup

script script

102

HTML Elements and Valid Doctypes

HTML/XHTML Elements and Valid DTDs
The table below lists all HTML/XHTML elements, and shows what Doctype (DTD) each element appears in.
HTML 4.01 / XHTML 1.0 Tag <a> <abbr> <acronym> <address> <applet> <area /> <article> <aside> <audio> <b> <base /> <basefont /> <bdi> <bdo> <big> <blockquote> <body> HTML5 Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Transitional Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Strict Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Frameset Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes XHTML 1.1 Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes

103

Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No

Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No

Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No

Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No No No No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No

104

No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

No No Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

No No Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No

105

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No

No No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No Yes Yes No

No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No

No No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No Yes Yes No

106

Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes

Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes

Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes

107

<var> <video> <wbr>

Yes Yes Yes

Yes No No

HTML Color Names

Color Names Supported by All Browsers
147 color names are defined in the HTML and CSS color specification (17 standard colors plus 130 more). The table below lists them all, along with their hexadecimal values. Tip: The 17 standard colors are: aqua, black, blue, fuchsia, gray, grey, green, lime, maroon, navy, olive, purple, red, silver, teal, white, and yellow. Click on a color name (or a hex value) to view the color as the background-color along with different text colors:
Color Name AliceBlue AntiqueWhite Aqua Aquamarine Azure Beige Bisque Black BlanchedAlmond Blue BlueViolet HEX #F0F8FF #FAEBD7 #00FFFF #7FFFD4 #F0FFFF #F5F5DC #FFE4C4 #000000 #FFEBCD #0000FF #8A2BE2 Color Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix

108

Brown BurlyWood CadetBlue Chartreuse Chocolate Coral CornflowerBlue Cornsilk Crimson Cyan DarkBlue DarkCyan DarkGoldenRod DarkGray DarkGrey DarkGreen DarkKhaki DarkMagenta DarkOliveGreen Darkorange DarkOrchid DarkRed DarkSalmon DarkSeaGreen

#A52A2A #DEB887 #5F9EA0 #7FFF00 #D2691E #FF7F50 #6495ED #FFF8DC #DC143C #00FFFF #00008B #008B8B #B8860B #A9A9A9 #A9A9A9 #006400 #BDB76B #8B008B #556B2F #FF8C00 #9932CC #8B0000 #E9967A #8FBC8F