P H P I n t e r v i e w Q u e s t i o n s An d An s w e r s [Php Frequently Asked

Questions ,Php FAQ ]

What's PHP ?
The PHP Hypertext Preprocessor is a programming language that allows web
developers to create dynamic content that interacts with databases. PHP is
basically used for developing web based software applications.

What Is a Session?
A session is a logical object created by the PHP engine to allow you to preserve data
across subsequent HTTP requests.

There is only one session object available to your PHP scripts at any time. Data
saved to the session by a script can be retrieved by the same script or another
script when requested from the same visitor.

Sessions are commonly used to store temporary data to allow multiple PHP pages to
offer a complete functional transaction for the same visitor.

What is meant by PEAR in php?

Answer1:
PEAR is the next revolution in PHP. This repository is bringing higher level
programming to PHP. PEAR is a framework and distribution system for reusable
PHP components. It eases installation by bringing an automated wizard, and
packing the strength and experience of PHP users into a nicely organised OOP
library. PEAR also provides a command-line interface that can be used to
automatically install "packages"

Answer2:
PEAR is short for "PHP Extension and Application Repository" and is pronounced
just like the fruit. The purpose of PEAR is to provide:
A structured library of open-sourced code for PHP users
A system for code distribution and package maintenance
A standard style for code written in PHP
The PHP Foundation Classes (PFC),
The PHP Extension Community Library (PECL),
A web site, mailing lists and download mirrors to support the PHP/PEAR
community
PEAR is a community-driven project with the PEAR Group as the governing body.
The project has been founded by Stig S. Bakken in 1999 and quite a lot of people
have joined the project since then.

How can we know the number of days between two given dates using PHP?
Simple arithmetic:

$date1 = date('Y-m-d');
$date2 = '2006-07-01';
$days = (strtotime() - strtotime()) / (60 * 60 * 24);
echo "Number of days since '2006-07-01': $days";
How can we repair a MySQL table?

The syntex for repairing a mysql table is:

REPAIR TABLE tablename

REPAIR TABLE tablename QUICK
REPAIR TABLE tablename EXTENDED

This command will repair the table specified.

If QUICK is given, MySQL will do a repair of only the index tree.
If EXTENDED is given, it will create index row by row.

What is the difference between $message and $$message?

Anwser 1:
$message is a simple variable whereas $$message is a reference variable. Example:
$user = 'bob'

is equivalent to

$holder = 'user';
$$holder = 'bob';

Anwser 2:
They are both variables. But $message is a variable with a fixed name. $$message
is a variable who's name is stored in $message. For example, if $message contains
"var", $$message is the same as $var.

What Is a Persistent Cookie?

A persistent cookie is a cookie which is stored in a cookie file permanently on the
browser's computer. By default, cookies are created as temporary cookies which
stored only in the browser's memory. When the browser is closed, temporary
cookies will be erased. You should decide when to use temporary cookies and when
to use persistent cookies based on their differences:
*Temporary cookies can not be used for tracking long-term information.
*Persistent cookies can be used for tracking long-term information.
*Temporary cookies are safer because no programs other than the browser can
access them.
*Persistent cookies are less secure because users can open cookie files see the
cookie values.

What does a special set of tags <?= and ?> do in PHP?

The output is displayed directly to the browser.

How do you define a constant?

Via define() directive, like define ("MYCONSTANT", 100);
What are the differences between require and include, include_once?
Anwser 1:
require_once() and include_once() are both the functions to include and evaluate the
specified file only once. If the specified file is included previous to the present call
occurrence, it will not be done again.

But require() and include() will do it as many times they are asked to do.

Anwser 2:
The include_once() statement includes and evaluates the specified file during the
execution of the script. This is a behavior similar to the include() statement, with
the only difference being that if the code from a file has already been included, it
will not be included again. The major difference between include() and require() is
that in failure include() produces a warning message whereas require() produces a
fatal errors.

Anwser 3:
All three are used to an include file into the current page.
If the file is not present, require(), calls a fatal error, while in include() does not.
The include_once() statement includes and evaluates the specified file during the
execution of the script. This is a behavior similar to the include() statement, with
the only difference being that if the code from a file has already been included, it
will not be included again. It des not call a fatal error if file not exists.
require_once() does the same as include_once(), but it calls a fatal error if file not
exists.

Anwser 4:
File will not be included more than once. If we want to include a file once only and
further calling of the file will be ignored then we have to use the PHP function
include_once(). This will prevent problems with function redefinitions, variable
value reassignments, etc.

What is meant by urlencode and urldecode?

Anwser 1:
urlencode() returns the URL encoded version of the given string. URL coding
converts special characters into % signs followed by two hex digits. For example:
urlencode("10.00%") will return "10%2E00%25". URL encoded strings are safe to be
used as part of URLs.
urldecode() returns the URL decoded version of the given string.

Anwser 2:
string urlencode(str) - Returns the URL encoded version of the input string. String
values to be used in URL query string need to be URL encoded. In the URL encoded
version:

Alphanumeric characters are maintained as is.

Space characters are converted to "+" characters.
Other non-alphanumeric characters are converted "%" followed by two hex digits
representing the converted character.
string urldecode(str) - Returns the original string of the input URL encoded string.

For example:

$discount ="10.00%";
$url = "http://domain.com/submit.php?disc=".urlencode($discount);
echo $url;

You will get "http://domain.com/submit.php?disc=10%2E00%25".

How To Get the Uploaded File Information in the Receiving Script?

Once the Web server received the uploaded file, it will call the PHP script specified
in the form action attribute to process them. This receiving PHP script can get the
uploaded file information through the predefined array called $_FILES. Uploaded
file information is organized in $_FILES as a two-dimensional array as:
$_FILES[$fieldName]['name'] - The Original file name on the browser system.
$_FILES[$fieldName]['type'] - The file type determined by the browser.
$_FILES[$fieldName]['size'] - The Number of bytes of the file content.
$_FILES[$fieldName]['tmp_name'] - The temporary filename of the file in which the
uploaded file was stored on the server.
$_FILES[$fieldName]['error'] - The error code associated with this file upload.

The $fieldName is the name used in the <INPUT TYPE=FILE, NAME=fieldName>.

What is the difference between mysql_fetch_object and mysql_fetch_array?

MySQL fetch object will collect first single matching record where mysql_fetch_array
will collect all matching records from the table in an array

How can I execute a PHP script using command line?

Just run the PHP CLI (Command Line Interface) program and provide the PHP
script file name as the command line argument. For example, "php myScript.php",
assuming "php" is the command to invoke the CLI program.
Be aware that if your PHP script was written for the Web CGI interface, it may not
execute properly in command line environment.

I am trying to assign a variable the value of 0123, but it keeps coming up with a
different number, what’s the problem?
PHP Interpreter treats numbers beginning with 0 as octal. Look at the similar PHP
interview questions for more numeric problems.

Would I use print "$a dollars" or "{$a} dollars" to print out the amount of
dollars in this example?
In this example it wouldn’t matter, since the variable is all by itself, but if you were
to print something like "{$a},000,000 mln dollars", then you definitely need to use
the braces.

What are the different tables present in MySQL? Which type of table is
generated when we are creating a table in the following syntax: create table
employee(eno int(2),ename varchar(10))?
Total 5 types of tables we can create
1. MyISAM
2. Heap
3. Merge
4. INNO DB
5. ISAM
MyISAM is the default storage engine as of MySQL 3.23. When you fire the above
create query MySQL will create a MyISAM table.

How To Create a Table?

If you want to create a table, you can run the CREATE TABLE statement as shown
in the following sample script:

<?php
include "mysql_connection.php";

$sql = "CREATE TABLE Tech_links ("

. " id INTEGER NOT NULL"
. ", url VARCHAR(80) NOT NULL"
. ", notes VARCHAR(1024)"
. ", counts INTEGER"
. ", time TIMESTAMP DEFAULT sysdate()"
. ")";
if (mysql_query($sql, $con)) {
print("Table Tech_links created.\n");
} else {
print("Table creation failed.\n");
}

mysql_close($con);
?>

Remember that mysql_query() returns TRUE/FALSE on CREATE statements. If you

run this script, you will get something like this:
Table Tech_links created.

How can we encrypt the username and password using PHP?

Answer1
You can encrypt a password with the following Mysql>SET
PASSWORD=PASSWORD("Password");

Answer2
You can use the MySQL PASSWORD() function to encrypt username and password.
For example,
INSERT into user (password, ...) VALUES (PASSWORD($password”)), ...);

How do you pass a variable by value?

Just like in C++, put an ampersand in front of it, like $a = &$b

What is the functionality of the functions STRSTR() and STRISTR()?

string strstr ( string haystack, string needle ) returns part of haystack string from
the first occurrence of needle to the end of haystack. This function is case-sensitive.

stristr() is idential to strstr() except that it is case insensitive.

When are you supposed to use endif to end the conditional statement?
When the original if was followed by : and then the code block without braces.

How can we send mail using JavaScript?

No. There is no way to send emails directly using JavaScript.

But you can use JavaScript to execute a client side email program send the email
using the "mailto" code. Here is an example:

function myfunction(form)
{
tdata=document.myform.tbox1.value;
location="mailto:[email protected]?subject=...";
return true;
}

What is the functionality of the function strstr and stristr?

strstr() returns part of a given string from the first occurrence of a given substring
to the end of the string. For example: strstr("[email protected]","@") will return
"@example.com".
stristr() is idential to strstr() except that it is case insensitive.

What is the difference between ereg_replace() and eregi_replace()?

eregi_replace() function is identical to ereg_replace() except that it ignores case
distinction when matching alphabetic characters.

How do I find out the number of parameters passed into function9. ?

func_num_args() function returns the number of parameters passed in.

What is the purpose of the following files having extensions: frm, myd, and
myi? What these files contain?
In MySQL, the default table type is MyISAM.
Each MyISAM table is stored on disk in three files. The files have names that begin
with the table name and have an extension to indicate the file type.

The '.frm' file stores the table definition.

The data file has a '.MYD' (MYData) extension.
The index file has a '.MYI' (MYIndex) extension,

If the variable $a is equal to 5 and variable $b is equal to character a, what’s

the value of $$b?
100, it’s a reference to existing variable.
How To Protect Special Characters in Query String?
If you want to include special characters like spaces in the query string, you need
to protect them by applying the urlencode() translation function. The script below
shows how to use urlencode():

<?php
print("<html>");
print("<p>Please click the links below"
." to submit comments about TECHPreparation.com:</p>");
$comment = 'I want to say: "It\'s a good site! :->"';
$comment = urlencode($comment);
print("<p>"
."<a href=\"processing_forms.php?name=Guest&comment=$comment\">"
."It's an excellent site!</a></p>");
$comment = 'This visitor said: "It\'s an average site! :-("';
$comment = urlencode($comment);
print("<p>"
.'<a href="processing_forms.php?'.$comment.'">'
."It's an average site.</a></p>");
print("</html>");
?>

Are objects passed by value or by reference?

Everything is passed by value.

What are the differences between DROP a table and TRUNCATE a table?
DROP TABLE table_name - This will delete the table and its data.

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name - This will delete the data of the table, but not the
table definition.

How do you call a constructor for a parent class?

parent::constructor($value)

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ERRORS IN PHP?

Here are three basic types of runtime errors in PHP:

1. Notices: These are trivial, non-critical errors that PHP encounters while executing
a script - for example, accessing a variable that has not yet been defined. By
default, such errors are not displayed to the user at all - although you can change
this default behavior.

2. Warnings: These are more serious errors - for example, attempting to include() a
file which does not exist. By default, these errors are displayed to the user, but they
do not result in script termination.

3. Fatal errors: These are critical errors - for example, instantiating an object of a
non-existent class, or calling a non-existent function. These errors cause the
immediate termination of the script, and PHP's default behavior is to display them
to the user when they take place.
Internally, these variations are represented by twelve different error types

What’s the special meaning of __sleep and __wakeup?

__sleep returns the array of all the variables than need to be saved, while __wakeup
retrieves them.

How can we submit a form without a submit button?

If you don't want to use the Submit button to submit a form, you can use normal
hyper links to submit a form. But you need to use some JavaScript code in the URL
of the link. For example:

<a href="javascript: document.myform.submit();">Submit Me</a>

How can we register the variables into a session?

session_register($session_var);

$_SESSION['var'] = 'value';

What is the difference between characters \023 and \x23?

The first one is octal 23, the second is hex 23.

With a heredoc syntax, do I get variable substitution inside the heredoc

contents?
Yes.

How can we submit form without a submit button?

We can use a simple JavaScript code linked to an event trigger of any form field. In
the JavaScript code, we can call the document.form.submit() function to submit the
form. For example: <input type=button value="Save"
onClick="document.form.submit()">

How can we create a database using PHP and mysql?

We can create MySQL database with the use of mysql_create_db($databaseName) to
create a database.

How many ways we can retrieve the date in result set of mysql using php?
As individual objects so single record or as a set or arrays.

Can we use include ("abc.php") two times in a php page "makeit.php"?

Yes.

For printing out strings, there are echo, print and printf. Explain the
differences.
echo is the most primitive of them, and just outputs the contents following the
construct to the screen. print is also a construct (so parentheses are optional when
calling it), but it returns TRUE on successful output and FALSE if it was unable to
print out the string. However, you can pass multiple parameters to echo, like:

<?php echo 'Welcome ', 'to', ' ', 'techpreparations!'; ?>

and it will output the string "Welcome to techpreparations!" print does not take
multiple parameters. It is also generally argued that echo is faster, but usually the
speed advantage is negligible, and might not be there for future versions of PHP.
printf is a function, not a construct, and allows such advantages as formatted
output, but it’s the slowest way to print out data out of echo, print and printf.

I am writing an application in PHP that outputs a printable version of driving

directions. It contains some long sentences, and I am a neat freak, and would
like to make sure that no line exceeds 50 characters. How do I accomplish that
with PHP?
On large strings that need to be formatted according to some length specifications,
use wordwrap() or chunk_split().

What’s the output of the ucwords function in this example?

$formatted = ucwords("TECHPREPARATIONS IS COLLECTION OF INTERVIEW
QUESTIONS");
print $formatted;
What will be printed is TECHPREPARATIONS IS COLLECTION OF INTERVIEW
QUESTIONS.
ucwords() makes every first letter of every word capital, but it does not lower-case
anything else. To avoid this, and get a properly formatted string, it’s worth using
strtolower() first.

What’s the difference between htmlentities() and htmlspecialchars()?

htmlspecialchars only takes care of <, >, single quote ‘, double quote " and
ampersand. htmlentities translates all occurrences of character sequences that
have different meaning in HTML.

How can we extract string "abc.com" from a string

"mailto:[email protected]?subject=Feedback" using regular expression of PHP?
$text = "mailto:[email protected]?subject=Feedback";
preg_match('|.*@([^?]*)|', $text, $output);
echo $output[1];

Note that the second index of $output, $output[1], gives the match, not the first
one, $output[0].

So if md5() generates the most secure hash, why would you ever use the less
secure crc32() and sha1()?
Crypto usage in PHP is simple, but that doesn’t mean it’s free. First off, depending
on the data that you’re encrypting, you might have reasons to store a 32-bit value
in the database instead of the 160-bit value to save on space. Second, the more
secure the crypto is, the longer is the computation time to deliver the hash value. A
high volume site might be significantly slowed down, if frequent md5() generation is
required.

How can we destroy the session, how can we unset the variable of a session?
session_unregister() - Unregister a global variable from the current session
session_unset() - Free all session variables
What are the different functions in sorting an array?
Sorting functions in PHP:
asort()
arsort()
ksort()
krsort()
uksort()
sort()
natsort()
rsort()

How can we know the count/number of elements of an array?

2 ways:
a) sizeof($array) - This function is an alias of count()
b) count($urarray) - This function returns the number of elements in an array.
Interestingly if you just pass a simple var instead of an array, count() will return 1.

How many ways we can pass the variable through the navigation between the
pages?
At least 3 ways:

1. Put the variable into session in the first page, and get it back from session in the
next page.
2. Put the variable into cookie in the first page, and get it back from the cookie in
the next page.
3. Put the variable into a hidden form field, and get it back from the form in the
next page.

What is the maximum length of a table name, a database name, or a field name
in MySQL?
Database name: 64 characters
Table name: 64 characters
Column name: 64 characters

How many values can the SET function of MySQL take?

MySQL SET function can take zero or more values, but at the maximum it can take
64 values.

What are the other commands to know the structure of a table using MySQL
commands except EXPLAIN command?
DESCRIBE table_name;

How can we find the number of rows in a table using MySQL?

Use this for MySQL

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;

What’s the difference between md5(), crc32() and sha1() crypto on PHP?
The major difference is the length of the hash generated. CRC32 is, evidently, 32
bits, while sha1() returns a 128 bit value, and md5() returns a 160 bit value. This is
important when avoiding collisions.

How can we find the number of rows in a result set using PHP?
Here is how can you find the number of rows in a result set in PHP:

$result = mysql_query($any_valid_sql, $database_link);

$num_rows = mysql_num_rows($result);
echo "$num_rows rows found";

How many ways we can we find the current date using MySQL?
SELECT CURDATE();
SELECT CURRENT_DATE();
SELECT CURTIME();
SELECT CURRENT_TIME();

Give the syntax of GRANT commands?

The generic syntax for GRANT is as following

GRANT [rights] on [database] TO [username@hostname] IDENTIFIED BY [password]

Now rights can be:

a) ALL privileges
b) Combination of CREATE, DROP, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE etc.

We can grant rights on all database by using h *.* or some specific database by
database.* or a specific table by database.table_name.

Give the syntax of REVOKE commands?

The generic syntax for revoke is as following

REVOKE [rights] on [database] FROM [username@hostname]

Now rights can be:

a) ALL privileges
b) Combination of CREATE, DROP, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE etc.

We can grant rights on all database by using *.* or some specific database by
database.* or a specific table by database.table_name.

What is the difference between CHAR and VARCHAR data types?

CHAR is a fixed length data type. CHAR(n) will take n characters of storage even if
you enter less than n characters to that column. For example, "Hello!" will be stored
as "Hello! " in CHAR(10) column.

VARCHAR is a variable length data type. VARCHAR(n) will take only the required
storage for the actual number of characters entered to that column. For example,
"Hello!" will be stored as "Hello!" in VARCHAR(10) column.

How can we encrypt and decrypt a data present in a mysql table using mysql?
AES_ENCRYPT() and AES_DECRYPT()
Will comparison of string "10" and integer 11 work in PHP?
Yes, internally PHP will cast everything to the integer type, so numbers 10 and 11
will be compared.

What is the functionality of MD5 function in PHP?

string md5(string)

It calculates the MD5 hash of a string. The hash is a 32-character hexadecimal

number.

How can I load data from a text file into a table?

The MySQL provides a LOAD DATA INFILE command. You can load data from a file.
Great tool but you need to make sure that:

a) Data must be delimited

b) Data fields must match table columns correctly

How can we know the number of days between two given dates using MySQL?

Use DATEDIFF()

SELECT DATEDIFF(NOW(),'2006-07-01');

How can we change the name of a column of a table?

This will change the name of column:

ALTER TABLE table_name CHANGE old_colm_name new_colm_name

How can we change the data type of a column of a table?

This will change the data type of a column:

ALTER TABLE table_name CHANGE colm_name same_colm_name [new data type]

What is the difference between GROUP BY and ORDER BY in SQL?

To sort a result, use an ORDER BY clause.
The most general way to satisfy a GROUP BY clause is to scan the whole table and
create a new temporary table where all rows from each group are consecutive, and
then use this temporary table to discover groups and apply aggregate functions (if
any).
ORDER BY [col1],[col2],...[coln]; Tells DBMS according to what columns it should
sort the result. If two rows will have the same value in col1 it will try to sort them
according to col2 and so on.
GROUP BY [col1],[col2],...[coln]; Tells DBMS to group (aggregate) results with same
value of column col1. You can use COUNT(col1), SUM(col1), AVG(col1) with it, if
you want to count all items in group, sum all values or view average.

What is meant by MIME?

Answer 1:
MIME is Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions is an Internet standard for the
format of e-mail. However browsers also uses MIME standard to transmit files.
MIME has a header which is added to a beginning of the data. When browser sees
such header it shows the data as it would be a file (for example image)
Some examples of MIME types:
audio/x-ms-wmp
image/png
application/x-shockwave-flash

Answer 2:
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions.
WWW's ability to recognize and handle files of different types is largely dependent
on the use of the MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) standard. The
standard provides for a system of registration of file types with information about
the applications needed to process them. This information is incorporated into Web
server and browser software, and enables the automatic recognition and display of
registered file types. …

How can we know that a session is started or not?

A session starts by session_start() function.
This session_start() is always declared in header portion. it always declares first.
then we write session_register().

What are the differences between mysql_fetch_array(), mysql_fetch_object(),

mysql_fetch_row()?
Answer 1:
mysql_fetch_array() -> Fetch a result row as a combination of associative array and
regular array.
mysql_fetch_object() -> Fetch a result row as an object.
mysql_fetch_row() -> Fetch a result set as a regular array().

Answer 2:
The difference between mysql_fetch_row() and mysql_fetch_array() is that the first
returns the results in a numeric array ($row[0], $row[1], etc.), while the latter
returns a the results an array containing both numeric and associative keys
($row['name'], $row['email'], etc.). mysql_fetch_object() returns an object ($row-
>name, $row->email, etc.).

If we login more than one browser windows at the same time with same user
and after that we close one window, then is the session is exist to other
windows or not? And if yes then why? If no then why?
Session depends on browser. If browser is closed then session is lost. The session
data will be deleted after session time out. If connection is lost and you recreate
connection, then session will continue in the browser.

What are the MySQL database files stored in system ?

Data is stored in name.myd
Table structure is stored in name.frm
Index is stored in name.myi

What is the difference between PHP4 and PHP5?

PHP4 cannot support oops concepts and Zend engine 1 is used.

PHP5 supports oops concepts and Zend engine 2 is used.

Error supporting is increased in PHP5.
XML and SQLLite will is increased in PHP5.

Can we use include(abc.PHP) two times in a PHP page makeit.PHP”?

Yes we can include that many times we want, but here are some things to make
sure of:
(including abc.PHP, the file names are case-sensitive)
there shouldn't be any duplicate function names, means there should not be
functions or classes or variables with the same name in abc.PHP and makeit.php

What are the differences between mysql_fetch_array(), mysql_fetch_object(),

mysql_fetch_row()?
mysql_fetch_array - Fetch a result row as an associative array and a numeric array.

mysql_fetch_object - Returns an object with properties that correspond to the

fetched row and moves the internal data pointer ahead. Returns an object with
properties that correspond to the fetched row, or FALSE if there are no more rows

mysql_fetch_row() - Fetches one row of data from the result associated with the
specified result identifier. The row is returned as an array. Each result column is
stored in an array offset, starting at offset 0.

What is meant by nl2br()?

Anwser1:
nl2br() inserts a HTML tag <br> before all new line characters \n in a string.

echo nl2br("god bless \n you");

output:
god bless<br>
you

How can we encrypt and decrypt a data presented in a table using MySQL?
You can use functions: AES_ENCRYPT() and AES_DECRYPT() like:

AES_ENCRYPT(str, key_str)
AES_DECRYPT(crypt_str, key_str)

How can I retrieve values from one database server and store them in other
database server using PHP?
For this purpose, you can first read the data from one server into session variables.
Then connect to other server and simply insert the data into the database.

Who is the father of PHP and what is the current version of PHP and MYSQL?
Rasmus Lerdorf.
PHP 5.1. Beta
MySQL 5.0
In how many ways we can retrieve data in the result set of MYSQL using PHP?
mysql_fetch_array - Fetch a result row as an associative array, a numeric array, or
both
mysql_fetch_assoc - Fetch a result row as an associative array
mysql_fetch_object - Fetch a result row as an object
mysql_fetch_row —- Get a result row as an enumerated array

What are the functions for IMAP?

imap_body - Read the message body
imap_check - Check current mailbox
imap_delete - Mark a message for deletion from current mailbox
imap_mail - Send an email message

What are encryption functions in PHP?

CRYPT()
MD5()

What is the difference between htmlentities() and htmlspecialchars()?

htmlspecialchars() - Convert some special characters to HTML entities (Only the
most widely used)
htmlentities() - Convert ALL special characters to HTML entities

What is the functionality of the function htmlentities?

htmlentities() - Convert all applicable characters to HTML entities
This function is identical to htmlspecialchars() in all ways, except with
htmlentities(), all characters which have HTML character entity equivalents are
translated into these entities.

How can we get the properties (size, type, width, height) of an image using php
image functions?
To know the image size use getimagesize() function
To know the image width use imagesx() function
To know the image height use imagesy() function

How can we increase the execution time of a php script?

By the use of void set_time_limit(int seconds)
Set the number of seconds a script is allowed to run. If this is reached, the script
returns a fatal error. The default limit is 30 seconds or, if it exists, the
max_execution_time value defined in the php.ini. If seconds is set to zero, no time
limit is imposed.

When called, set_time_limit() restarts the timeout counter from zero. In other words,
if the timeout is the default 30 seconds, and 25 seconds into script execution a call
such as set_time_limit(20) is made, the script will run for a total of 45 seconds
before timing out.

HOW CAN WE TAKE A BACKUP OF A MYSQL TABLE AND HOW CAN WE

RESTORE IT?
Answer 1:
Create a full backup of your database: shell> mysqldump tab=/path/to/some/dir
opt db_name
Or: shell> mysqlhotcopy db_name /path/to/some/dir
The full backup file is just a set of SQL statements, so restoring it is very easy:

shell> mysql "."Executed";

Answer 2:
To backup: BACKUP TABLE tbl_name TO /path/to/backup/directory
’ To restore: RESTORE TABLE tbl_name FROM /path/to/backup/directory

mysqldump: Dumping Table Structure and Data

Utility to dump a database or a collection of database for backup or for transferring

the data to another SQL server (not necessarily a MySQL server). The dump will
contain SQL statements to create the table and/or populate the table.
-t, no-create-info
Don't write table creation information (the CREATE TABLE statement).
-d, no-data
Don't write any row information for the table. This is very useful if you just want to
get a dump of the structure for a table!

How to set cookies?

setcookie('variable','value','time')
;
variable - name of the cookie variable
value - value of the cookie variable
time - expiry time
Example: setcookie('Test',$i,time()+3600);

Test - cookie variable name

$i - value of the variable 'Test'
time()+3600 - denotes that the cookie will expire after an one hour

How to reset/destroy a cookie ?

Reset a cookie by specifying expire time in the past:
Example: setcookie('Test',$i,time()-3600); // already expired time

Reset a cookie by specifying its name only

Example: setcookie('Test');

What types of images that PHP supports ?

Using imagetypes() function to find out what types of images are supported in your
PHP engine.
imagetypes() - Returns the image types supported.
This function returns a bit-field corresponding to the image formats supported by
the version of GD linked into PHP. The following bits are returned, IMG_GIF |
IMG_JPG | IMG_PNG | IMG_WBMP | IMG_XPM.

Check if a variable is an integer in JAVASCRIPT ?

var myValue =9.8;
if(parseInt(myValue)== myValue)
alert('Integer');
else
alert('Not an integer');

Tools used for drawing ER diagrams.

Case Studio
Smart Draw

How can I know that a variable is a number or not using a JavaScript?

Answer 1:
bool is_numeric( mixed var)
Returns TRUE if var is a number or a numeric string, FALSE otherwise.

Answer 2:
Definition and Usage
The isNaN() function is used to check if a value is not a number.

Syntax
isNaN(number)

Parameter Description
number Required. The value to be tested

How can we submit from without a submit button?

Trigger the JavaScript code on any event ( like onSelect of drop down list box,
onfocus, etc ) document.myform.submit(); This will submit the form.

How many ways can we get the value of current session id?
session_id() returns the session id for the current session.

How can we destroy the cookie?

Set the cookie with a past expiration time.

What are the current versions of Apache, PHP, and MySQL?

PHP: PHP 5.1.2
MySQL: MySQL 5.1
Apache: Apache 2.1

What are the reasons for selecting LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, Php) instead
of combination of other software programs, servers and operating systems?
All of those are open source resource. Security of Linux is very more than windows.
Apache is a better server that IIS both in functionality and security. Mysql is world
most popular open source database. Php is more faster that asp or any other
scripting language.

What are the features and advantages of OBJECT ORIENTED

PROGRAMMING?
One of the main advantages of OO programming is its ease of modification; objects
can easily be modified and added to a system there by reducing maintenance costs.
OO programming is also considered to be better at modeling the real world than is
procedural programming. It allows for more complicated and flexible interactions.
OO systems are also easier for non-technical personnel to understand and easier
for them to participate in the maintenance and enhancement of a system because it
appeals to natural human cognition patterns. For some systems, an OO approach
can speed development time since many objects are standard across systems and
can be reused. Components that manage dates, shipping, shopping carts, etc. can
be purchased and easily modified for a specific system.

How can we get second of the current time using date function?
$second = date("s");

What is the use of friend function?

Friend functions
Sometimes a function is best shared among a number of different classes. Such
functions can be declared either as member functions of one class or as global
functions. In either case they can be set to be friends of other classes, by using a
friend specifier in the class that is admitting them. Such functions can use all
attributes of the class which names them as a friend, as if they were themselves
members of that class.
A friend declaration is essentially a prototype for a member function, but instead of
requiring an implementation with the name of that class attached by the double
colon syntax, a global function or member function of another class provides the
match.
class mylinkage
{
private:
mylinkage * prev;
mylinkage * next;

protected:
friend void set_prev(mylinkage* L, mylinkage* N);
void set_next(mylinkage* L);

public:
mylinkage * succ();
mylinkage * pred();
mylinkage();
};

void mylinkage::set_next(mylinkage* L) { next = L; }

void set_prev(mylinkage * L, mylinkage * N ) { N->prev = L; }

Friends in other classes

It is possible to specify a member function of another class as a friend as follows:
class C
{
friend int B::f1();
};
class B
{
int f1();
};

It is also possible to specify all the functions in another class as friends, by

specifying the entire class as a friend.
class A
{
friend class B;
};

Friend functions allow binary operators to be defined which combine private data in
a pair of objects. This is particularly powerful when using the operator overloading
features of C++. We will return to it when we look at overloading.

How can we get second of the current time using date function?
$second = date("s");

What is the maximum size of a file that can be uploaded using PHP and how
can we change this?
You can change maximum size of a file set upload_max_filesize variable in php.ini
file

How can I make a script that can be bilingual (supports English, German)?
You can change char set variable in above line in the script to support bi language.

What are the difference between abstract class and interface?

Abstract class: abstract classes are the class where one or more methods are
abstract but not necessarily all method has to be abstract. Abstract methods are
the methods, which are declare in its class but not define. The definition of those
methods must be in its extending class.

Interface: Interfaces are one type of class where all the methods are abstract. That
means all the methods only declared but not defined. All the methods must be
define by its implemented class.

What are the advantages of stored procedures, triggers, indexes?

A stored procedure is a set of SQL commands that can be compiled and stored in
the server. Once this has been done, clients don't need to keep re-issuing the entire
query but can refer to the stored procedure. This provides better overall
performance because the query has to be parsed only once, and less information
needs to be sent between the server and the client. You can also raise the
conceptual level by having libraries of functions in the server. However, stored
procedures of course do increase the load on the database server system, as more
of the work is done on the server side and less on the client (application) side.
Triggers will also be implemented. A trigger is effectively a type of stored procedure,
one that is invoked when a particular event occurs. For example, you can install a
stored procedure that is triggered each time a record is deleted from a transaction
table and that stored procedure automatically deletes the corresponding customer
from a customer table when all his transactions are deleted. Indexes are used to
find rows with specific column values quickly. Without an index, MySQL must
begin with the first row and then read through the entire table to find the relevant
rows. The larger the table, the more this costs. If the table has an index for the
columns in question, MySQL can quickly determine the position to seek to in the
middle of the data file without having to look at all the data. If a table has 1,000
rows, this is at least 100 times faster than reading sequentially. If you need to
access most of the rows, it is faster to read sequentially, because this minimizes
disk seeks.

What is maximum size of a database in mysql?

If the operating system or filesystem places a limit on the number of files in a
directory, MySQL is bound by that constraint. The efficiency of the operating
system in handling large numbers of files in a directory can place a practical limit
on the number of tables in a database. If the time required to open a file in the
directory increases significantly as the number of files increases, database
performance can be adversely affected.
The amount of available disk space limits the number of tables.
MySQL 3.22 had a 4GB (4 gigabyte) limit on table size. With the MyISAM storage
engine in MySQL 3.23, the maximum table size was increased to 65536 terabytes
(2567 – 1 bytes). With this larger allowed table size, the maximum effective table
size for MySQL databases is usually determined by operating system constraints on
file sizes, not by MySQL internal limits.
The InnoDB storage engine maintains InnoDB tables within a tablespace that can
be created from several files. This allows a table to exceed the maximum individual
file size. The tablespace can include raw disk partitions, which allows extremely
large tables. The maximum tablespace size is 64TB.
The following table lists some examples of operating system file-size limits. This is
only a rough guide and is not intended to be definitive. For the most up-to-date
information, be sure to check the documentation specific to your operating system.
Operating System File-size Limit
Linux 2.2-Intel 32-bit 2GB (LFS: 4GB)
Linux 2.4+ (using ext3 filesystem) 4TB
Solaris 9/10 16TB
NetWare w/NSS filesystem 8TB
Win32 w/ FAT/FAT32 2GB/4GB
Win32 w/ NTFS 2TB (possibly larger)
MacOS X w/ HFS+ 2TB

Explain normalization concept?

The normalization process involves getting our data to conform to three progressive
normal forms, and a higher level of normalization cannot be achieved until the
previous levels have been achieved (there are actually five normal forms, but the
last two are mainly academic and will not be discussed).

First Normal Form

The First Normal Form (or 1NF) involves removal of redundant data from horizontal
rows. We want to ensure that there is no duplication of data in a given row, and
that every column stores the least amount of information possible (making the field
atomic).

Second Normal Form

Where the First Normal Form deals with redundancy of data across a horizontal
row, Second Normal Form (or 2NF) deals with redundancy of data in vertical
columns. As stated earlier, the normal forms are progressive, so to achieve Second
Normal Form, your tables must already be in First Normal Form.
Third Normal Form
I have a confession to make; I do not often use Third Normal Form. In Third Normal
Form we are looking for data in our tables that is not fully dependant on the
primary key, but dependant on another value in the table

What’s the difference between accessing a class method via -> and via ::?
:: is allowed to access methods that can perform static operations, i.e. those, which
do not require object initialization.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of CASCADE STYLE SHEETS?

External Style Sheets
Advantages
Can control styles for multiple documents at once Classes can be created for use on
multiple HTML element types in many documents Selector and grouping methods
can be used to apply styles under complex contexts

Disadvantages
An extra download is required to import style information for each document The
rendering of the document may be delayed until the external style sheet is loaded
Becomes slightly unwieldy for small quantities of style definitions

Embedded Style Sheets

Advantages
Classes can be created for use on multiple tag types in the document Selector and
grouping methods can be used to apply styles under complex contexts No
additional downloads necessary to receive style information

Disadvantage
This method can not control styles for multiple documents at once

Inline Styles
Advantages
Useful for small quantities of style definitions Can override other style specification
methods at the local level so only exceptions need to be listed in conjunction with
other style methods

Disadvantages
Does not distance style information from content (a main goal of SGML/HTML) Can
not control styles for multiple documents at once Author can not create or control
classes of elements to control multiple element types within the document Selector
grouping methods can not be used to create complex element addressing scenarios

What type of inheritance that php supports?

In PHP an extended class is always dependent on a single base class, that is,
multiple inheritance is not supported. Classes are extended using the keyword
'extends'.

How can increase the performance of MySQL select query?

We can use LIMIT to stop MySql for further search in table after we have received
our required no. of records, also we can use LEFT JOIN or RIGHT JOIN instead of
full join in cases we have related data in two or more tables.

How can we change the name of a column of a table?

MySQL query to rename table: RENAME TABLE tbl_name TO new_tbl_name
or,
ALTER TABLE tableName CHANGE OldName newName.

When you want to show some part of a text displayed on an HTML page in red
font color? What different possibilities are there to do this? What are the
advantages/disadvantages of these methods?
There are 2 ways to show some part of a text in red:

1. Using HTML tag <font color="red">

2. Using HTML tag <span style="color: red">

When viewing an HTML page in a Browser, the Browser often keeps this page
in its cache. What can be possible advantages/disadvantages of page
caching? How can you prevent caching of a certain page (please give several
alternate solutions)?
When you use the metatag in the header section at the beginning of an HTML Web
page, the Web page may still be cached in the Temporary Internet Files folder.

A page that Internet Explorer is browsing is not cached until half of the 64 KB
buffer is filled. Usually, metatags are inserted in the header section of an HTML
document, which appears at the beginning of the document. When the HTML code
is parsed, it is read from top to bottom. When the metatag is read, Internet Explorer
looks for the existence of the page in cache at that exact moment. If it is there, it is
removed. To properly prevent the Web page from appearing in the cache, place
another header section at the end of the HTML document.

What are the different ways to login to a remote server? Explain the means,
advantages and disadvantages?
There is at least 3 ways to logon to a remote server:
Use ssh or telnet if you concern with security
You can also use rlogin to logon to a remote server.

Please give a regular expression (preferably Perl/PREG style), which can be

used to identify the URL from within a HTML link tag.
Try this: /href="([^"]*)"/i

How can I use the COM components in php?

The COM class provides a framework to integrate (D)COM components into your
PHP scripts.
string COM::COM( string module_name [, string server_name [, int codepage]]) -
COM class constructor.

Parameters:

module_name: name or class-id of the requested component.

server_name: name of the DCOM server from which the component should be
fetched. If NULL, localhost is assumed. To allow DCOM com, allow_dcom has to be
set to TRUE in php.ini.
codepage - specifies the codepage that is used to convert php-strings to unicode-
strings and vice versa. Possible values are CP_ACP, CP_MACCP, CP_OEMCP,
CP_SYMBOL, CP_THREAD_ACP, CP_UTF7 and CP_UTF8.
Usage:
$word->Visible = 1; //open an empty document
$word->Documents->Add(); //do some weird stuff
$word->Selection->TypeText("This is a test…");
$word->Documents[1]->SaveAs("Useless test.doc"); //closing word
$word->Quit(); //free the object
$word->Release();
$word = null;

How many ways we can give the output to a browser?

HTML output
PHP, ASP, JSP, Servlet Function
Script Language output Function
Different Type of embedded Package to output to a browser

What is the default session time in php and how can I change it?
The default session time in php is until closing of browser

What changes I have to do in php.ini file for file uploading?

Make the following line uncomment like:
; Whether to allow HTTP file uploads.
file_uploads = On
; Temporary directory for HTTP uploaded files (will use system default if not
; specified).
upload_tmp_dir = C:\apache2triad\temp
; Maximum allowed size for uploaded files.
upload_max_filesize = 2M

How can I set a cron and how can I execute it in Unix, Linux, and windows?
Cron is very simply a Linux module that allows you to run commands at
predetermined times or intervals. In Windows, it's called Scheduled Tasks. The
name Cron is in fact derived from the same word from which we get the word
chronology, which means order of time.
The easiest way to use crontab is via the crontab command.

# crontab

This command 'edits' the crontab. Upon employing this command, you will be able
to enter the commands that you wish to run. My version of
Linux uses the text editor vi. You can find information on using vi here.

The syntax of this file is very important – if you get it wrong, your crontab will not
function properly. The syntax of the file should be as follows:
minutes hours day_of_month month day_of_week command
All the variables, with the exception of the command itself, are numerical
constants. In addition to an asterisk (*), which is a wildcard that allows any value,
the ranges permitted for each field are as follows:

Minutes: 0-59
Hours: 0-23
Day_of_month: 1-31
Month: 1-12
Weekday: 0-6

We can also include multiple values for each entry, simply by separating each value
with a comma.
command can be any shell command and, as we will see momentarily, can also be
used to execute a Web document such as a PHP file.
So, if we want to run a script every Tuesday morning at 8:15 AM, our mycronjob file
will contain the following content on a single line:

15 8 * * 2 /path/to/scriptname

This all seems simple enough, right? Not so fast! If you try to run a PHP script in
this manner, nothing will happen (barring very special configurations that have
PHP compiled as an executable, as opposed to an Apache module). The reason is
that, in order for PHP to be parsed, it needs to be passed through Apache. In other
words, the page needs to be called via a browser or other means of retrieving

Web content. For our purposes, I'll assume that your server configuration includes
wget, as is the case with most default configurations. To test your configuration, log
in to shell. If you're using an RPM-based system (e.g. Redhat or Mandrake), type
the following:

# wget help

If you are greeted with a wget package identification, it is installed in your system.
You could execute the PHP by invoking wget on the URL to the page, like so:

# wget http://www.example.com/file.php

Now, let's go back to the mailstock.php file we created in the first part of this
article. We saved it in our document root, so it should be accessible via the
Internet. Remember that we wanted it to run at 4PM Eastern time, and send you
your precious closing bell report? Since I'm located in the Eastern timezone, we can
go ahead and set up our crontab to use 4:00, but if you live elsewhere, you might
have to compensate for the time difference when setting this value.
This is what my crontab will look like:

0 4 * * 1,2,3,4,5 we get http://www.example.com/mailstock.php

Steps for the payment gateway processing?

An online payment gateway is the interface between your merchant account and
your Web site. The online payment gateway allows you to immediately verify credit
card transactions and authorize funds on a customer's credit card directly from
your Web site. It then passes the transaction off to your merchant bank for
processing, commonly referred to as transaction batching

How many ways I can redirect a PHP page?

Here are the possible ways of php page redirection.

1. Using Java script:

'; echo 'window.location.href="'.$filename.'";'; echo ''; echo ''; echo ''; echo ''; } }
redirect('http://maosjb.com'); ?>

2. Using php function: header("Location:http://maosjb.com ");

List out different arguments in PHP header function?

void header ( string string [, bool replace [, int http_response_code]])

What type of headers have to be added in the mail function to attach a file?
$boundary = '--' . md5( uniqid ( rand() ) );
$headers = "From: \"Me\"\n";
$headers .= "MIME-Version: 1.0\n";
$headers .= "Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=\"$boundary\"";

What is the difference between Reply-to and Return-path in the headers of a

mail function?
Reply-to: Reply-to is where to delivery the reply of the mail.

Return-path: Return path is when there is a mail delivery failure occurs then where
to delivery the failure notification.

How to store the uploaded file to the final location?

move_uploaded_file ( string filename, string destination)

This function checks to ensure that the file designated by filename is a valid upload
file (meaning that it was uploaded via PHP's HTTP POST upload mechanism). If the
file is valid, it will be moved to the filename given by destination.

If filename is not a valid upload file, then no action will occur, and
move_uploaded_file() will return FALSE.

If filename is a valid upload file, but cannot be moved for some reason, no action
will occur, and move_uploaded_file() will return FALSE. Additionally, a warning will
be issued.

Explain about Type Juggling in php?

PHP does not require (or support) explicit type definition in variable declaration; a
variable's type is determined by the context in which that variable is used. That is
to say, if you assign a string value to variable $var, $var becomes a string. If you
then assign an integer value to $var, it becomes an integer.

An example of PHP's automatic type conversion is the addition operator '+'. If any of
the operands is a float, then all operands are evaluated as floats, and the result will
be a float. Otherwise, the operands will be interpreted as integers, and the result
will also be an integer. Note that this does NOT change the types of the operands
themselves; the only change is in how the operands are evaluated.

$foo += 2; // $foo is now an integer (2)

$foo = $foo + 1.3; // $foo is now a float (3.3)
$foo = 5 + "10 Little Piggies"; // $foo is integer (15)
$foo = 5 + "10 Small Pigs"; // $foo is integer (15)

If the last two examples above seem odd, see String conversion to numbers.
If you wish to change the type of a variable, see settype().
If you would like to test any of the examples in this section, you can use the
var_dump() function.
Note: The behavior of an automatic conversion to array is currently undefined.

Since PHP (for historical reasons) supports indexing into strings via offsets using
the same syntax as array indexing, the example above leads to a problem: should
$a become an array with its first element being "f", or should "f" become the first
character of the string $a? The current versions of PHP interpret the second
assignment as a string offset identification, so $a becomes "f", the result of this
automatic conversion however should be considered undefined. PHP 4 introduced
the new curly bracket syntax to access characters in string, use this syntax instead
of the one presented above:

How can I embed a java programme in php file and what changes have to be
done in php.ini file?
There are two possible ways to bridge PHP and Java: you can either integrate PHP
into a Java Servlet environment, which is the more stable and efficient solution, or
integrate Java support into PHP. The former is provided by a SAPI module that
interfaces with the Servlet server, the latter by this Java extension.
The Java extension provides a simple and effective means for creating and invoking
methods on Java objects from PHP. The JVM is created using JNI, and everything
runs in-process.

Example Code:

getProperty('java.version') . ''; echo 'Java vendor=' . $system-

>getProperty('java.vendor') . ''; echo 'OS=' . $system->getProperty('os.name') . ' ' .
$system->getProperty('os.version') . ' on ' . $system->getProperty('os.arch') . ' '; //
java.util.Date example $formatter = new Java('java.text.SimpleDateFormat', "EEEE,
MMMM dd, yyyy 'at' h:mm:ss a zzzz"); echo $formatter->format(new
Java('java.util.Date')); ?>

The behaviour of these functions is affected by settings in php.ini.

Table 1. Java configuration options
Name
Default
Changeable
java.class.path
NULL
PHP_INI_ALL
Name Default Changeable
java.home
NULL
PHP_INI_ALL
java.library.path
NULL
PHP_INI_ALL
java.library
JAVALIB
PHP_INI_ALL

Explain the ternary conditional operator in PHP?

Expression preceding the ? is evaluated, if it’s true, then the expression preceding
the : is executed, otherwise, the expression following : is executed.

What’s the difference between include and require?

It’s how they handle failures. If the file is not found by require(), it will cause a fatal
error and halt the execution of the script. If the file is not found by include(), a
warning will be issued, but execution will continue.

How many ways can we get the value of current session id?
session_id() returns the session id for the current session.