ET201 ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

Chapter 2

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 Complex Number Systems

Chapter 2

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 The complex plane
Chapter 2
2.1

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 Positive & Negative Numbers
 Positive number – a number greater than zero.
 Negative number – a number less than zero.

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 Complex Plane

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 Angular Position On The Complex Plane
 The distance along the light blue line from the origin to the
point z is the modulus or absolute value of z.
 The angle θ is the angular position.

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 Real And Imaginary Numbers
Chapter 2
2.2

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 Real Numbers
 Any number that can be represented as a, possibly infinitely long and non-
repeating, decimal.
 Real numbers stand in one-to-one correspondence with the points on a
continuous line, known as the real number line that stretches from zero to
infinity in both directions.

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 Imaginary Numbers
 An imaginary number is a number whose square is less than
or equal to zero.
 For example, − is an imaginary number and its square is
-25.
 An imaginary number can be written as a real number
multiplied by the imaginary unit j , which is defined by its
property � = −

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 Imaginary Numbers
 An imaginary number bj can be added to a real number a to form a complex
number of the form + � , where aand b are called, respectively, the real part
and the imaginary part of the complex number.

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 Value of j
 The letter j is used in to signify its imaginary number operation. Examples of
imaginary numbers are: j3, j12, j100.

 The j-operator has a value exactly equal to √-1, so successive multiplication of

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 Value of j
 As the j-operator is commonly used to indicate the anticlockwise rotation of a vector,
each successive multiplication or power of " j ", j2, j3 etc, will force the vector to rotate
through an angle of 90o anticlockwise as shown below.

 Likewise, if the multiplication of the vector results in a -j operator then the phase shift
will be -90o, i.e. a clockwise rotation.

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 Phasor Quantities In Both
Rectangular And Polar Forms
Chapter 2
2.3

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 Rectangular Forms
A + jB

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 Polar Forms
 Any complex number can also be written in polar form:
∠�
where
C = the complex number's magnitude
θ =angle

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 Rectangular Form
And Polar Form
Chapter 2
2.4

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 Rectangular To Polar Forms

A + jB ∠�:

= + �� � = � �−

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 Polar Forms To Rectangular Forms
∠� A + jB

= cos � �� = sin �

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 Example 1
A point has polar coordinates: (6 ∠ 30º). Convert to
rectangular coordinates

Solution
630  x  jy

x  A.cos y  A.sin
However,

  
630  6 cos    j 6 sin    6cos30  j 6 sin 30 
Therefore,

 6  0.866   j 6  0.5
 5.2  j 3
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 Example 2
A point has rectangular coordinates: (5.2+j3). Convert to polar
coordinates

5.2  j 3  A
Solution:

where : A  5.2  3  6
2 2

and   tan  30

Hence, 5.2  j 3  630

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 Arithmetic Operations With
Complex Numbers
Chapter 2
2.5

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 Adding Complex Numbers
 To add two complex numbers in rectangular form, add their
real parts to each other and then add their imaginary parts to
each other

= +� = +�

+ = + +� +

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 Subtracting Complex Numbers
To subtract two complex numbers in rectangular form,
subtract their real parts and then subtract their imaginary parts

= +� = +�

− = − +� −

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 Multiplication Complex Numbers
 The multiplication of complex numbers in the rectangular form
follows more or less the same rules as for normal algebra along
with some additional rules for the successive multiplication of the
j-operator where: j2 = -1.

(A  jB)  (C  jD)  (AC - BD)  j(BC  AD)

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 Multiplication Complex Numbers
 To multiply two complex numbers in polar form, multiply their
magnitudes and add their angles.

∠� ∠�

× = × ∠ � +�

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 Dividing Complex Numbers
 The division of complex numbers in rectangular form is a little more difficult to
perform as it requires the use of the denominators conjugate function to
convert the denominator of the equation into a real number. This is called
"rationalizing“ or conjugate method.

(A  jB) A  jB C  jD
 
C  jD) C  jD C  jD
AC  jAD  jBC  j 2 BD
 2
C  jCD  jCD  j 2 D 2
( j 2  1)
AC  jAD  jBC  BD

C 2  D2
AC  BD BC  AD
 2 
C  D2 C2  D2
j
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 Dividing Complex Numbers
Then the division of complex numbers is best carried out using
"Polar Form"

To divide two complex numbers in polar form, divide their

∠� ∠�

÷ = ÷ ∠ � −�

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 Example 3
Two vectors are defined as, A = 4 + j1 and B = 2 + j3 respectively.
Determine the sum and difference of the two vectors in both
rectangular ( a + jb ) form and graphically as an Argand Diagram.

Solution

A  4  j1 B  2  j3
A  B  4  2   j 1  3
 6  j4

A - B  4 - 2  j 1 - 3
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 2 - j2
 Argand Diagram

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 Example 4
Multiplying together our two vectors from above of
A = 4 + j1 and B = 2 + j3 will give us the following result.

Solution

A  4  j1 B  2  j3
A  B  4  j12  3 j 
 8  j12  j2  j 2 3
but j 2  1
 8  j14  3
A  B  5  j14
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 Example 5
As an example in rectangular form lets find the value of vector
A=4+j 1 divided by vector B=2+j3

Solution

4  j1

A
B 2  j3
t & bottom by Conjugate 2  j 3
M ultip ly op
4  j1 2  j 3 8  j12  j 2  j 2 3
 
2  j3 2  j3 4  6 j  6 j  j29
8 - j10  3 11  j10
 
49
11  j10
13
 

 0.85 - j 0.77
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 Example 6
Find the value of vector A=4+j 1 divided by vector B=2+j3.

Solution
= +� = . ∠ °

= +� = . ∠ . °

÷ = . ÷ . ∠ °− . ° = . ∠− . °

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