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Comp 4

The document summarizes key points about power series and the complex exponential function: 1. If a power series F(z) = Σ anzn has radius of convergence R > 0, then F(z) is differentiable for |z| < R and the derivative is the power series Σ nancnzn-1. 2. The complex exponential function ez is defined as the power series Σ (zn/n!) for all z in C. 3. The complex exponential function ez is analytic on C, and its properties include: i) d/dz(ez) = ez, ii) ez1+z2 = ez1ez2,

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16 views

Comp 4

The document summarizes key points about power series and the complex exponential function: 1. If a power series F(z) = Σ anzn has radius of convergence R > 0, then F(z) is differentiable for |z| < R and the derivative is the power series Σ nancnzn-1. 2. The complex exponential function ez is defined as the power series Σ (zn/n!) for all z in C. 3. The complex exponential function ez is analytic on C, and its properties include: i) d/dz(ez) = ez, ii) ez1+z2 = ez1ez2,

Uploaded by

monu991
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LECTURE 4: DERIVATIVE OF POWER SERIES AND COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL The reason of dealing with power series is that they

provide examples of analytic functions. Theorem 1. If F (z ) = f (z ) =


n=0

an z n has radius of convergence R > 0, then the function on S = {z C : |z | < R}, and the derivative is

n n=0 an z is dierentiable n1 . n=0 nan z

)F (z ) Proof. () We will show that | F (z+hh f (z )| 0 as h 0 (in C), whenever

|z | < R. Using the binomial theorem (z + h)n = F (z + h) F (z ) f (z ) = h =


n=0

n n k=0 k

hk z nk we get

an
n=0

(z + h)n z n hnz n1 h
n

n k n k an ( h z ) h k=2 k
n

=
n=0

a n h(
k=2 n 2

n k2 nk h z ) k n hj z n2j ) (by putting j = k 2). j+2 n(n 1)


n2 j

=
n=0

a n h(
j =0 n j +2

By using the easily veriable fact that

, we obtain n2 |h|j |z |n2j ) j

F (z + h) F (z ) f (z )| |h| n(n 1)|an |( h n=0 j =0

n2

= |h|
n=0

n(n 1)|an |(|z | + |h|)n2 .


n=0

We already know that the series

n(n 1)|an ||z |n2 converges for |z | < R.

Now, for |z | < R and h 0 we have |z | + |h| < R eventually. It thus follows from )F (z ) above that | F (z+hh f (z )| 0 as h 0, whenever |z | < R. We are now going to dene the complex analogue of the exponential function, that is, ex .
1

LECTURE 4: DERIVATIVE OF POWER SERIES AND COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL


zn n=0 n!

Denition 2. (Exponential function) We dene ez =


+1 Since | an |= an

for all z C.

1 (n+1)

0, the series converges for all z C. The following theorem

summarizes important properties of the exponential. Theorem 3. The function f (z ) = ez is analytic on C and satises the following properties i) d z (e ) = ez ii) ez1 +z2 = ez1 ez2 iii) ei = cos + i sin , R. dz

Proof. By the previous result ez is an analytic function on C and d z (e ) = dz n n1 z = n! 1 z n1 = ez . (n 1)!

n=1

n=1

We dene g (z ) = ez ez1 +z2 z . Then g is analytic on C and g (z ) = 0 for all z C. It follows from CR equations that g (z ) = for some C. Since g (0) = = ez1 +z2 we get that ez ez1 +z2 z = ez1 +z2 . By choosing z = z1 the result follows. For the last part we have,

e =
n=0

(i)n = n! =

[
n=0

1 1 (i)2n + (i)2n+1 ] (2n)! (2n + 1)! 2n (i2 )n 2n+1 (i2 )n +i ] = cos + i sin . (2n)! (2n + 1)!

[
n=0

We have the following observations to make. (1) Since ez ez = 1 it follows that ez = 0 for all z C.
(2) ez = ex+iy = ex (cos y + i sin y ) and ez = ez = ex eyi .

(3) ez+2ni = ex (cos(2n + y ) + i sin(2n + y )) = ex (cos y + i sin y ) = ez . Thus complex exponential is a periodic function with period 2i and hence it is not injective, unlike the real exponential. (4) It follows now easily that ez = 1 z = 2ni for some n Z and hence ez1 = ez2 z2 = z1 + 2ni, for some n Z. Surjectivity of Exponential: We know that complex exponential is not an injective function however it is surjective from C to C \{0}. If w C \{0} then using polar coordinates we can write w = |w|ei where (, ]. If we dene z = log |w| + i then ez = elog |w|+i = elog |w| ei = w. In fact, by our previous observation, it follows

LECTURE 4: DERIVATIVE OF POWER SERIES AND COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL

that elog |w|+i(+2ni) = w (not surprising as exponential is not injective). Thus we have that elog |w|+iArgw = w. It follows from the above discussion that if we restrict the domain of the exponential then it becomes injective. In fact, if H = {z = x + iy : < y } then z ez is a bijective function from H to C \ {0}. We can also understand now image of certain subsets of H under the exponential. For example, for a xed y0 (, ] if A = {x + iy0 : x R} (which is a line parallel to the real axis) then its image under exponential is {ex eiy0 : x R} which is a one sidded ray with angle y0 . If for a xed x0 R, B = {x0 + iy : y (, ]} (which is part of a line parallel to the imaginary axis) then its image under exponential is {ex0 eiy : y (, ]} which is a circle about origin with radius ex0 .

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