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HTML

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language HTML is not a programming language, it is a markup language. You don't need any tools to learn HTML at W3Schools.

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9963676415
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2K views

HTML

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language HTML is not a programming language, it is a markup language. You don't need any tools to learn HTML at W3Schools.

Uploaded by

9963676415
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 68

With HTML you can create your own Web site.

This tutorial teaches you everything about HTML.

HTML is easy to learn - You will enjoy it.

What is HTML?
HTML is a language for describing web pages.

• HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language


• HTML is not a programming language, it is a markup language
• A markup language is a set of markup tags
• HTML uses markup tags to describe web pages

HTML Tags
HTML markup tags are usually called HTML tags

• HTML tags are keywords surrounded by angle brackets like <html>


• HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>
• The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
• Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing tags.

HTML Documents = Web Pages


• HTML documents describe web pages
• HTML documents contain HTML tags and plain text
• HTML documents are also called web pages

The purpose of a web browser (like Internet Explorer or Firefox) is to read HTML documents
and display them as web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags
to interpret the content of the page:

<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph</p>

</body>
</html>
Example Explained
• The text between <html> and </html> describes the web page
• The text between <body> and </body> is the visible page content
• The text between <h1> and </h1> is displayed as a heading
• The text between <p> and </p> is displayed as a paragraph

What Do You Need?


You don't need any tools to learn HTML at W3Schools.

 You don't need any HTML editor


 You don't need a web server
 You don't need a web site

Editing HTML
In this tutorial we use a plain text editor (like Notepad) to edit HTML. We believe this is the best
way to learn HTML.

However, professional web developers often prefer HTML editors like FrontPage or
Dreamweaver, instead of writing plain text.

Creating Your Own Test Web


If you just want to learn HTML, skip the rest of this chapter.

If you want to create a test web on your own computer, just copy the 3 files below to your
desktop.

Use Your Test Web For Learning


We suggest you experiment with everything you learn at W3Schools by editing your web files
with a text editor (like Notepad).

Note: If your test web contains HTML markup tags you have not learned, don't panic. You will
learn all about it in the next chapters.

HTM or HTML Extension?


When you save an HTML file, you can use either the .htm or the .html extension. We use .htm in
our examples. It is a habit from the past, when the software only allowed three letters in file
extensions.

With new software it is perfectly safe to use .html.

Don't worry if the examples use tags you have not learned.

You will learn about them in the next chapters.

HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.

Example
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<h3>This is a heading</h3>

HTML Paragraphs
HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.

Example
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>

HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag.

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>

Note: The link address is provided as an attribute.

(You will learn about attributes in a later chapter of this tutorial)

HTML Images
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.

Example
<img src="w3schools.jpg" width="104" height="142" />

Note: The name and the size of the image are provided as attributes.

(You will learn about attributes in a later chapter of this tutorial)

HTML documents are defined by HTML elements.

HTML Elements
An HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:

Start tag * Element content End tag *

<p> This is a paragraph </p>

<a href="default.htm"
This is a link </a>
>

<br />
* The start tag is often called the opening tag. The end tag is often called the closing tag.

HTML Element Syntax


• An HTML element starts with a start tag / opening tag
• An HTML element ends with an end tag / closing tag
• The element content is everything between the start and the end tag
• Some HTML elements have empty content
• Empty elements are closed in the start tag
• Most HTML elements can have attributes

(You will learn about element attributes in the next chapter of this tutorial)

Nested HTML Elements


Most HTML elements can be nested (can contain other HTML elements).

HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.

HTML Document Example


<html>

<body>
<p>This is my first paragraph</p>
</body>

</html>

The example above contains 3 HTML elements.

Example Explained
The <p> element:
<p>This is my first paragraph</p>

The <p> element defines a paragraph in the HTML document


The element has a start tag <p> and an end tag </p>
The element content is: This is my first paragraph
The <body> element:
<body>
<p>This is my first paragraph</p>
</body>

The <body> element defines the body of the HTML document


The element has a start tag <body> and an end tag </body>
The element content is another HTML element (a paragraph)

The <html> element:

<html>
<body>
<p>This is my first paragraph</p>
</body>

</html>

The <html> element defines the whole HTML document.


The element has a start tag <html> and an end tag </html>
The element content is another HTML element (the body)

Don't Forget the End Tag


Most browsers will display HTML correctly even if you forget the end tag:

<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is a paragraph

The example above will work in most browsers, but don't rely on it. Forgetting the end tag can
produce unexpected results or errors.

Note: Future version of HTML will not allow you to skip end tags.

Empty HTML Elements


HTML elements without content are called empty elements. Empty elements can be closed in the
start tag.

<br> is an empty element without a closing tag (it defines a line break).

In XHTML, XML, and future versions of HTML, all elements must be closed.
Adding a slash to the start tag, like <br />, is the proper way of closing empty elements, accepted
by HTML, XHTML and XML.

Even if <br> works in all browsers, writing <br /> instead is more future proof.

HTML Tip: Use Lowercase Tags


HTML tags are not case sensitive: <P> means the same as <p>. Plenty of web sites use
uppercase HTML tags in their pages.

W3Schools use lowercase tags because the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends
lowercase in HTML 4, and demands lowercase tags in future versions of (X)HTML.

Attributes provide additional information about HTML elements.

HTML Attributes
• HTML elements can have attributes
• Attributes provide additional information about the element
• Attributes are always specified in the start tag
• Attributes come in name/value pairs like: name="value"

Attribute Example
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag. The link address is provided as an attribute:

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>

(You will learn about links in a later chapter of this tutorial)

Headings are important in HTML documents.

HTML Headings
Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.

<h1> defines the largest heading. <h6> defines the smallest heading.
Example
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<h3>This is a heading</h3>

Note: Browsers automatically adds an empty line before and after headings.

Headings Are Important


Use HTML headings for headings only. Don't use headings to make text BIG or bold.

Search engines use your headings to index the structure and content of your web pages.

Since users may skim your pages by its headings, it is important to use headings to show the
document structure.

H1 headings should be used as main headings, followed by H2 headings, then less important H3
headings, and so on.

HTML Rules (Lines)


The <hr /> tag is used to create an horizontal rule (line).

Example
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<hr />
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<hr />
<p>This is a paragraph</p>

HTML Comments
Comments can be inserted in the HTML code to make it more readable and understandable.
Comments are ignored by the browser and are not displayed.
Comments are written like this:

Example
<!-- This is a comment -->

Note: There is an exclamation point after the opening bracket, but not before the closing bracket.

HTML Tip - How to View HTML Source


Have you ever seen a Web page and wondered "Hey! How did they do that?"

To find out, click the VIEW option in your browser's toolbar and select SOURCE or
PAGE SOURCE. This will open a window that shows you the HTML code of the page.

HTML Tag Reference


W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about these tags and their attributes.

You will learn more about HTML tags and attributes in the next chapters of this tutorial.

Tag Description
<html> Defines an HTML document
<body> Defines the document's body
<h1> to <h6> Defines header 1 to header 6
<hr /> Defines a horizontal rule
<!--> Defines a comment

HTML documents are divided into paragraphs.

HTML Paragraphs
Paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.

Example
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>

Note: Browsers automatically adds an empty line before and after paragraphs.

Don't Forget the End Tag


Most browsers will display HTML correctly even if you forget the end tag:

Example
<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is another paragraph

The example above will work in most browsers, but don't rely on it. Forgetting the end tag can
produce unexpected results or errors.

Note: Future version of HTML will not allow you to skip end tags.

HTML Line Breaks


Use the <br /> tag if you want a line break (a new line) without starting a new paragraph:

Example
<p>This is<br />a para<br />graph with line breaks</p>
The <br /> element is an empty HTML element. It has no end tag.

<br> or <br />


In XHTML, XML, and future versions of HTML, HTML elements with no end tag (closing tag)
are not allowed.

Even if <br> works in all browsers, writing <br /> instead is more future proof.

HTML Output - Useful Tips


You cannot be sure how HTML will be displayed. Large or small screens, and resized windows
will create different results.

With HTML, you cannot change the output by adding extra spaces or extra lines in your HTML
code.

The browser will remove extra spaces and extra lines when the page is displayed.
Any number of lines count as one space, and any number of spaces count as one
space.

HTML Tag Reference


W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about HTML elements and their
attributes.

Tag Description
<p> Defines a paragraph
<br /> Inserts a single line break

HTML Text Formatting


This text is bold

This text is big

This text is italic

This is computer output

superscript
This is subscript and

HTML Formatting Tags


HTML uses tags like <b> and <i> for formatting output, like bold or italic text.

These HTML tags are called formatting tags.

Refer to the bottom of this page for a complete reference.

Text Formatting Tags


Tag Description
<b> Defines bold text
<big> Defines big text
<em> Defines emphasized text
<i> Defines italic text
<small> Defines small text
<strong> Defines strong text
<sub> Defines subscripted text
<sup> Defines superscripted text
<ins> Defines inserted text
<del> Defines deleted text
<s> Deprecated. Use <del> instead
<strike> Deprecated. Use <del> instead
<u> Deprecated. Use styles instead
"Computer Output" Tags
Tag Description
<code> Defines computer code text
<kbd> Defines keyboard text
<samp> Defines sample computer code
<tt> Defines teletype text
<var> Defines a variable
<pre> Defines preformatted text
<listing> Deprecated. Use <pre> instead
<plaintext> Deprecated. Use <pre> instead
<xmp> Deprecated. Use <pre> instead

Citations, Quotations, and Definition Tags


Tag Description
<abbr> Defines an abbreviation
<acronym> Defines an acronym
<address> Defines an address element
<bdo> Defines the text direction
<blockquote> Defines a long quotation
<q> Defines a short quotation
<cite> Defines a citation
<dfn> Defines a definition term

The style attribute is a new HTML attribute. It introduces CSS to HTML.


Look! Styles and colors

This text is in Verdana and red

This text is in Times and blue

This text is 30 pixels high


The HTML Style Attribute
The purpose of the style attribute is:

To provide a common way to style all HTML elements.

Styles was introduced with HTML 4, as the new and preferred way to style HTML elements.
With HTML styles, styles can be added to HTML elements directly by using the style attribute,
or indirectly by in separate style sheets (CSS files).

You can learn everything about styles and CSS in our CSS tutorial.

In our HTML tutorial we use the style attribute to introduce you to HTML styles.

HTML Style Examples


style="background-color:yellow"

style="font-size:10px"

style="font-family:Times"

style="text-align:center"

Deprecated Tags and Attributes


In HTML 4, some tags and attributes are defined as deprecated. Deprecated means that they will
not be supported in future versions of HTML and XHTML.

The message is clear: Avoid the use of deprecated tags and attributes.

These tags and attributes should be avoided:


Tags Description

<center> Defines centered content

<font> and <basefont> Defines HTML fonts

<s> and <strikeout> Defines strikeout text

<u> Defines underlined text

Attributes Description

align Defines the alignment of text

bgcolor Defines the background color

color Defines the text color

For all the above: Use styles instead.

Style Examples:
Background Color
<body style="background-color:yellow">

The style attribute defines a style for the <body> element.

The new style attribute makes the "old" bgcolor attribute obsolete.

Font Family, Color and Size


<p style="font-family:courier new; color:red; font-size:20px">

The style attribute defines a style for the <p> element.

The new style attribute makes the old <font> tag obsolete.

Text Alignment
<h1 style="text-align:center">

The style attribute defines a style for the <h1> element.

The new style attribute makes the old "align" attribute obsolete.

A link is the "address" to a document (or a resource) on the web.

Hyperlinks, Anchors, and Links


In web terms, a hyperlink is a reference (an address) to a resource on the web.

Hyperlinks can point to any resource on the web: an HTML page, an image, a sound file, a
movie, etc.

An anchor is a term used to define a hyperlink destination inside a document.

The HTML anchor element <a>, is used to define both hyperlinks and anchors.

We will use the term HTML link when the <a> element points to a resource, and the term HTML
anchor when the <a> elements defines an address inside a document..

An HTML Link
Link syntax:

<a href="url">Link text</a>

The start tag contains attributes about the link.

The element content (Link text) defines the part to be displayed.

Note: The element content don't have to be a text. You can link from an image or any other
HTML element.

The href Attribute


The href attribute defines the link "address".

This <a> element defines a link to W3Schools:

<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/">Visit W3Schools!</a>

The code above will display like this in a browser:


The target Attribute
The target attribute defines where the linked document will be opened.

The code below will open the document in a new browser window:

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/"
target="_blank">Visit W3Schools!</a>

The name Attribute


When the name attribute is used, the <a> element defines a named anchor inside a HTML
document.

Named anchor are not displayed in any special way. They are invisible to the reader.

Named anchor syntax:

<a name="label">Any content</a>

The link syntax to a named anchor:

<a href="#label">Any content</a>

The # in the href attribute defines a link to a named anchor.

Example:
A named anchor inside an HTML document:

<a name="tips">Useful Tips Section</a>

A link to the Useful Tips Section from the same document:

<a href="#tips">
Jump to the Useful Tips Section</a>

A link to the Useful Tips Section from another document:


<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/html_tutorial.htm#tips">
Jump to the Useful Tips Section</a>

Basic Notes - Useful Tips


Always add a trailing slash to subfolder references. If you link like this:
href="http://www.w3schools.com/html", you will generate two HTTP requests to the server,
because the server will add a slash to the address and create a new request like this:
href="http://www.w3schools.com/html/"

Named anchors are often used to create "table of contents" at the beginning of a large document.
Each chapter within the document is given a named anchor, and links to each of these anchors
are put at the top of the document.

If a browser cannot find a named anchor that has been specified, it goes to the top of the
document. No error occurs.

Link Tags
Tag Description
<a> Defines an anchor

Example
Norwegian Mountain Trip
The Image Tag and the Src Attribute
In HTML, images are defined with the <img> tag.

The <img> tag is empty, which means that it contains attributes only and it has no closing tag.

To display an image on a page, you need to use the src attribute. Src stands for "source". The
value of the src attribute is the URL of the image you want to display on your page.

The syntax of defining an image:

<img src="url" />

The URL points to the location where the image is stored. An image named "boat.gif" located in
the directory "images" on "www.w3schools.com" has the URL:
http://www.w3schools.com/images/boat.gif.

The browser puts the image where the image tag occurs in the document. If you put an image tag
between two paragraphs, the browser shows the first paragraph, then the image, and then the
second paragraph.

The Alt Attribute


The alt attribute is used to define an "alternate text" for an image. The value of the alt attribute is
an author-defined text:

<img src="boat.gif" alt="Big Boat" />

The "alt" attribute tells the reader what he or she is missing on a page if the browser can't load
images. The browser will then display the alternate text instead of the image. It is a good practice
to include the "alt" attribute for each image on a page, to improve the display and usefulness of
your document for people who have text-only browsers.

Basic Notes - Useful Tips


If an HTML file contains ten images - eleven files are required to display the page right. Loading
images take time, so my best advice is: Use images carefully.
Image Tags
Tag Description
<img> Defines an image
<map> Defines an image map
<area> Defines a clickable area inside an image map

HTML Tables
Apples

44%

Bananas

23%

Oranges

13%

Other

10%

Tables
Tables are defined with the <table> tag. A table is divided into rows (with the <tr> tag), and each
row is divided into data cells (with the <td> tag). The letters td stands for "table data," which is
the content of a data cell. A data cell can contain text, images, lists, paragraphs, forms, horizontal
rules, tables, etc.

<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>row 2, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

How it looks in a browser:

row 1, cell row 1, cell


1 2

row 2, cell row 2, cell


1 2

Tables and the Border Attribute


If you do not specify a border attribute the table will be displayed without any borders.
Sometimes this can be useful, but most of the time, you want the borders to show.

To display a table with borders, you will have to use the border attribute:

<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

Headings in a Table
Headings in a table are defined with the <th> tag.
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Heading</th>
<th>Another Heading</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>row 2, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

How it looks in a browser:

Another
Heading
Heading

row 1, cell
row 1, cell 2
1

row 2, cell
row 2, cell 2
1

Empty Cells in a Table


Table cells with no content are not displayed very well in most browsers.

<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table>

How it looks in a browser:


row 1, cell row 1, cell
1 2

row 2, cell
1

Note that the borders around the empty table cell are missing (NB! Mozilla Firefox displays the
border).

To avoid this, add a non-breaking space (&nbsp;) to empty data cells, to make the borders
visible:

<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
</table>

How it looks in a browser:

row 1, cell row 1, cell


1 2

row 2, cell
1

Basic Notes - Useful Tips


The <thead>,<tbody> and <tfoot> elements are seldom used, because of bad browser support.
Expect this to change in future versions of XHTML. If you have Internet Explorer 5.0 or newer,
you can view a working example in our XML tutorial.

Table Tags
Tag Description

<table> Defines a table

<th> Defines a table header

<tr> Defines a table row

<td> Defines a table cell

<caption> Defines a table caption

<colgroup> Defines groups of table columns

<col> Defines the attribute values for one or more columns in a table

<thead> Defines a table head

<tbody> Defines a table body

<tfoot> Defines a table footer

HTML supports ordered, unordered and definition lists.

HTML Lists

• This is the first


• This is the second
• This is the third

Unordered Lists
An unordered list is a list of items. The list items are marked with bullets (typically small black
circles).

An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

Here is how it looks in a browser:

• Coffee
• Milk

Inside a list item you can put paragraphs, line breaks, images, links, other lists, etc.

Ordered Lists
An ordered list is also a list of items. The list items are marked with numbers.

An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.

<ol>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

Here is how it looks in a browser:

1. Coffee
2. Milk

Inside a list item you can put paragraphs, line breaks, images, links, other lists, etc.

Definition Lists
A definition list is not a list of single items. It is a list of items (terms), with a description of each
item (term).

A definition list starts with a <dl> tag (definition list).

Each term starts with a <dt> tag (definition term).

Each description starts with a <dd> tag (definition description).

<dl>
<dt>Coffee</dt>
<dd>Black hot drink</dd>
<dt>Milk</dt>
<dd>White cold drink</dd>
</dl>

Here is how it looks in a browser:

Coffee
Black hot drink
Milk
White cold drink

Inside the <dd> tag you can put paragraphs, line breaks, images, links, other lists, etc.

List Tags
Tag Description
<ol> Defines an ordered list
<ul> Defines an unordered list
<li> Defines a list item
<dl> Defines a definition list
<dt> Defines a term (an item) in a definition list
<dd> Defines a description of a term in a definition list
<dir> Deprecated. Use <ul> instead
<menu> Deprecated. Use <ul> instead

HTML Forms are used to select different kinds of user input.

Forms
A form is an area that can contain form elements.

Form elements are elements that allow the user to enter information (like text fields, textarea
fields, drop-down menus, radio buttons, checkboxes, etc.) in a form.

A form is defined with the <form> tag.

<form>
.
input elements
.
</form>

Input
The most used form tag is the <input> tag. The type of input is specified with the type attribute.
The most commonly used input types are explained below.

Text Fields

Text fields are used when you want the user to type letters, numbers, etc. in a form.

<form>
First name:
<input type="text" name="firstname" />
<br />
Last name:
<input type="text" name="lastname" />
</form>

How it looks in a browser:

First name:
Last name:

Note that the form itself is not visible. Also note that in most browsers, the width of the text field
is 20 characters by default.

Radio Buttons

Radio Buttons are used when you want the user to select one of a limited number of choices.

<form>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="male" /> Male
<br />
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="female" /> Female
</form>

How it looks in a browser:

Male
Female
Note that only one option can be chosen.

Checkboxes

Checkboxes are used when you want the user to select one or more options of a limited number
of choices.

<form>
I have a bike:
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Bike" />
<br />
I have a car:
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Car" />
<br />
I have an airplane:
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Airplane" />
</form>

How it looks in a browser:

I have a bike:
I have a car:
I have an airplane:

The Form's Action Attribute and the Submit Button


When the user clicks on the "Submit" button, the content of the form is sent to the server. The
form's action attribute defines the name of the file to send the content to. The file defined in the
action attribute usually does something with the received input.

<form name="input" action="html_form_submit.asp" method="get">


Username:
<input type="text" name="user" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>

How it looks in a browser:

Username:

If you type some characters in the text field above, and click the "Submit" button, the browser
will send your input to a page called "html_form_submit.asp". The page will show you the
received input.
Form Tags
Tag Description

<form> Defines a form for user input

<input> Defines an input field

<textarea> Defines a text-area (a multi-line text input control)

<label> Defines a label to a control

<fieldset> Defines a fieldset

<legend> Defines a caption for a fieldset

<select> Defines a selectable list (a drop-down box)

<optgroup> Defines an option group

<option> Defines an option in the drop-down box

<button> Defines a push button

<isindex> Deprecated. Use <input> instead

Colors are displayed combining RED, GREEN, and BLUE light.

Color Values
HTML colors are defined using a hexadecimal (hex) notation for the combination of Red, Green,
and Blue color values (RGB).

The lowest value that can be given to one of the light sources is 0 (hex 00). The highest value is
255 (hex FF).

Hex values are written as 3 double digit numbers, starting with a # sign.

Color Values
Color
Color HEX
Color RGB

#000000
rgb(0,0,0)

#FF0000
rgb(255,0,0)

#00FF00
rgb(0,255,0)

#0000FF
rgb(0,0,255)

#FFFF00
rgb(255,255,0)

#00FFFF
rgb(0,255,255)

#FF00FF
rgb(255,0,255)

#C0C0C0
rgb(192,192,192)

#FFFFFF
rgb(255,255,255)
16 Million Different Colors
The combination of Red, Green and Blue values from 0 to 255 gives a total of more than 16
million different colors to play with (256 x 256 x 256).

Most modern monitors are capable of displaying at least 16384 different colors.

If you look at the color table below, you will see the result of varying the red light from 0 to 255,
while keeping the green and blue light at zero.

To see a full list of color mixes when the red light varies from 0 to 255, click on one of the hex or
rgb values below.

Red Light Color HEX Color RGB


#000000 rgb(0,0,0)
#080000 rgb(8,0,0)
#100000 rgb(16,0,0)
#180000 rgb(24,0,0)
#200000 rgb(32,0,0)
#280000 rgb(40,0,0)
#300000 rgb(48,0,0)
#380000 rgb(56,0,0)
#400000 rgb(64,0,0)
#480000 rgb(72,0,0)
#500000 rgb(80,0,0)
#580000 rgb(88,0,0)
#600000 rgb(96,0,0)
#680000 rgb(104,0,0)
#700000 rgb(112,0,0)
#780000 rgb(120,0,0)
#800000 rgb(128,0,0)
#880000 rgb(136,0,0)
#900000 rgb(144,0,0)
#980000 rgb(152,0,0)
#A00000 rgb(160,0,0)
#A80000 rgb(168,0,0)
#B00000 rgb(176,0,0)
#B80000 rgb(184,0,0)
#C00000 rgb(192,0,0)
#C80000 rgb(200,0,0)
#D00000 rgb(208,0,0)
#D80000 rgb(216,0,0)
#E00000 rgb(224,0,0)
#E80000 rgb(232,0,0)
#F00000 rgb(240,0,0)
#F80000 rgb(248,0,0)
#FF0000 rgb(255,0,0)

Shades of Gray
Gray colors are displayed using an equal amount of power to all of the light sources. To make it
easier for you to select the right gray color we have compiled a table of gray shades for you:

Gray Shades Color HEX Color RGB


#000000 rgb(0,0,0)
#080808 rgb(8,8,8)
#101010 rgb(16,16,16)
#181818 rgb(24,24,24)
#202020 rgb(32,32,32)
#282828 rgb(40,40,40)
#303030 rgb(48,48,48)
#383838 rgb(56,56,56)
#404040 rgb(64,64,64)
#484848 rgb(72,72,72)
#505050 rgb(80,80,80)
#585858 rgb(88,88,88)
#606060 rgb(96,96,96)
#686868 rgb(104,104,104)
#707070 rgb(112,112,112)
#787878 rgb(120,120,120)
#808080 rgb(128,128,128)
#888888 rgb(136,136,136)
#909090 rgb(144,144,144)
#989898 rgb(152,152,152)
#A0A0A0 rgb(160,160,160)
#A8A8A8 rgb(168,168,168)
#B0B0B0 rgb(176,176,176)
#B8B8B8 rgb(184,184,184)
#C0C0C0 rgb(192,192,192)
#C8C8C8 rgb(200,200,200)
#D0D0D0 rgb(208,208,208)
#D8D8D8 rgb(216,216,216)
#E0E0E0 rgb(224,224,224)
#E8E8E8 rgb(232,232,232)
#F0F0F0 rgb(240,240,240)
#F8F8F8 rgb(248,248,248)
#FFFFFF rgb(255,255,255)

Cross-Browser Color Names


A collection of nearly 150 color names are supported by all major browsers.

Web Standard Color Names


The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has listed 16 valid color names for HTML and CSS:

aqua, black, blue, fuchsia, gray, green, lime, maroon, navy, olive, purple, red, silver, teal, white,
and yellow.

If you want to use other colors, you should specify their HEX value.

Web Safe Colors?


Some years ago, when computers supported max 256 different colors, a list of 216 "Web Safe
Colors" was suggested as a Web standard, reserving 40 fixed system colors.

The 216 cross-browser color palette was created to ensure that all computers would display the
colors correctly when running a 256 color palette.

This is not important now, since most computers can display millions of different colors.
Anyway here is the list:

000000 000033 000066 000099 0000CC 0000FF


003300 003333 003366 003399 0033CC 0033FF
006600 006633 006666 006699 0066CC 0066FF
009900 009933 009966 009999 0099CC 0099FF
00CC00 00CC33 00CC66 00CC99 00CCCC 00CCFF
00FF00 00FF33 00FF66 00FF99 00FFCC 00FFFF
330000 330033 330066 330099 3300CC 3300FF
333300 333333 333366 333399 3333CC 3333FF
336600 336633 336666 336699 3366CC 3366FF
339900 339933 339966 339999 3399CC 3399FF
33CC00 33CC33 33CC66 33CC99 33CCCC 33CCFF
33FF00 33FF33 33FF66 33FF99 33FFCC 33FFFF
660000 660033 660066 660099 6600CC 6600FF
663300 663333 663366 663399 6633CC 6633FF
666600 666633 666666 666699 6666CC 6666FF
669900 669933 669966 669999 6699CC 6699FF
66CC00 66CC33 66CC66 66CC99 66CCCC 66CCFF
66FF00 66FF33 66FF66 66FF99 66FFCC 66FFFF
990000 990033 990066 990099 9900CC 9900FF
993300 993333 993366 993399 9933CC 9933FF
996600 996633 996666 996699 9966CC 9966FF
999900 999933 999966 999999 9999CC 9999FF
99CC00 99CC33 99CC66 99CC99 99CCCC 99CCFF
99FF00 99FF33 99FF66 99FF99 99FFCC 99FFFF
CC0000 CC0033 CC0066 CC0099 CC00CC CC00FF
CC3300 CC3333 CC3366 CC3399 CC33CC CC33FF
CC6600 CC6633 CC6666 CC6699 CC66CC CC66FF
CC9900 CC9933 CC9966 CC9999 CC99CC CC99FF
CCCC00 CCCC33 CCCC66 CCCC99 CCCCCC CCCCFF
CCFF00 CCFF33 CCFF66 CCFF99 CCFFCC CCFFFF
FF0000 FF0033 FF0066 FF0099 FF00CC FF00FF
FF3300 FF3333 FF3366 FF3399 FF33CC FF33FF
FF6600 FF6633 FF6666 FF6699 FF66CC FF66FF
FF9900 FF9933 FF9966 FF9999 FF99CC FF99FF
FFCC00 FFCC33 FFCC66 FFCC99 FFCCCC FFCCFF
FFFF00 FFFF33 FFFF66 FFFF99 FFFFCC FFFFFF

Color Names Supported by All Browsers


The list below is a complete list of the color names supported by all major browsers.

You can click on a color name (or a hex value) to view the color as the background-color along
with different text colors.

Sorted by Names
Link: Same list sorted by values

Color Name Color HEX Color


AliceBlue #F0F8FF
AntiqueWhite #FAEBD7
Aqua #00FFFF
Aquamarine #7FFFD4
Azure #F0FFFF
Beige #F5F5DC
Bisque #FFE4C4
Black #000000
BlanchedAlmond #FFEBCD
Blue #0000FF
BlueViolet #8A2BE2
Brown #A52A2A
BurlyWood #DEB887
CadetBlue #5F9EA0
Chartreuse #7FFF00
Chocolate #D2691E
Coral #FF7F50
CornflowerBlue #6495ED
Cornsilk #FFF8DC
Crimson #DC143C
Cyan #00FFFF
DarkBlue #00008B
DarkCyan #008B8B
DarkGoldenRod #B8860B
DarkGray #A9A9A9
DarkGreen #006400
DarkKhaki #BDB76B
DarkMagenta #8B008B
DarkOliveGreen #556B2F
Darkorange #FF8C00
DarkOrchid #9932CC
DarkRed #8B0000
DarkSalmon #E9967A
DarkSeaGreen #8FBC8F
DarkSlateBlue #483D8B
DarkSlateGray #2F4F4F
DarkTurquoise #00CED1
DarkViolet #9400D3
DeepPink #FF1493
DeepSkyBlue #00BFFF
DimGray #696969
DodgerBlue #1E90FF
FireBrick #B22222
FloralWhite #FFFAF0
ForestGreen #228B22
Fuchsia #FF00FF
Gainsboro #DCDCDC
GhostWhite #F8F8FF
Gold #FFD700
GoldenRod #DAA520
Gray #808080
Green #008000
GreenYellow #ADFF2F
HoneyDew #F0FFF0
HotPink #FF69B4
IndianRed #CD5C5C
Indigo #4B0082
Ivory #FFFFF0
Khaki #F0E68C
Lavender #E6E6FA
LavenderBlush #FFF0F5
LawnGreen #7CFC00
LemonChiffon #FFFACD
LightBlue #ADD8E6
LightCoral #F08080
LightCyan #E0FFFF
LightGoldenRodYellow #FAFAD2
LightGrey #D3D3D3
LightGreen #90EE90
LightPink #FFB6C1
LightSalmon #FFA07A
LightSeaGreen #20B2AA
LightSkyBlue #87CEFA
LightSlateGray #778899
LightSteelBlue #B0C4DE
LightYellow #FFFFE0
Lime #00FF00
LimeGreen #32CD32
Linen #FAF0E6
Magenta #FF00FF
Maroon #800000
MediumAquaMarine #66CDAA
MediumBlue #0000CD
MediumOrchid #BA55D3
MediumPurple #9370D8
MediumSeaGreen #3CB371
MediumSlateBlue #7B68EE
MediumSpringGreen #00FA9A
MediumTurquoise #48D1CC
MediumVioletRed #C71585
MidnightBlue #191970
MintCream #F5FFFA
MistyRose #FFE4E1
Moccasin #FFE4B5
NavajoWhite #FFDEAD
Navy #000080
OldLace #FDF5E6
Olive #808000
OliveDrab #6B8E23
Orange #FFA500
OrangeRed #FF4500
Orchid #DA70D6
PaleGoldenRod #EEE8AA
PaleGreen #98FB98
PaleTurquoise #AFEEEE
PaleVioletRed #D87093
PapayaWhip #FFEFD5
PeachPuff #FFDAB9
Peru #CD853F
Pink #FFC0CB
Plum #DDA0DD
PowderBlue #B0E0E6
Purple #800080
Red #FF0000
RosyBrown #BC8F8F
RoyalBlue #4169E1
SaddleBrown #8B4513
Salmon #FA8072
SandyBrown #F4A460
SeaGreen #2E8B57
SeaShell #FFF5EE
Sienna #A0522D
Silver #C0C0C0
SkyBlue #87CEEB
SlateBlue #6A5ACD
SlateGray #708090
Snow #FFFAFA
SpringGreen #00FF7F
SteelBlue #4682B4
Tan #D2B48C
Teal #008080
Thistle #D8BFD8
Tomato #FF6347
Turquoise #40E0D0
Violet #EE82EE
Wheat #F5DEB3
White #FFFFFF
WhiteSmoke #F5F5F5
Yellow #FFFF00
YellowGreen #9ACD32

Note: The names above are not a part of the W3C web standard.

The W3C HTML and CSS standards have listed only 16 valid color names:
aqua, black, blue, fuchsia, gray, green, lime, maroon, navy, olive, purple, red, silver, teal, white,
and yellow.

If you want valid HTML or CSS use the HEX values instead.

Color Names Supported by All Browsers


The list below is a complete list of the color names supported by all major browsers.

You can click on a color name (or a hex value) to view the color as the background-color along
with different text colors.

Sorted by HEX Value


Link: Same list sorted by names

Color Name Color HEX Color


Black #000000
Navy #000080
DarkBlue #00008B
MediumBlue #0000CD
Blue #0000FF
DarkGreen #006400
Green #008000
Teal #008080
DarkCyan #008B8B
DeepSkyBlue #00BFFF
DarkTurquoise #00CED1
MediumSpringGreen #00FA9A
Lime #00FF00
SpringGreen #00FF7F
Aqua #00FFFF
Cyan #00FFFF
MidnightBlue #191970
DodgerBlue #1E90FF
LightSeaGreen #20B2AA
ForestGreen #228B22
SeaGreen #2E8B57
DarkSlateGray #2F4F4F
LimeGreen #32CD32
MediumSeaGreen #3CB371
Turquoise #40E0D0
RoyalBlue #4169E1
SteelBlue #4682B4
DarkSlateBlue #483D8B
MediumTurquoise #48D1CC
Indigo #4B0082
DarkOliveGreen #556B2F
CadetBlue #5F9EA0
CornflowerBlue #6495ED
MediumAquaMarine #66CDAA
DimGray #696969
SlateBlue #6A5ACD
OliveDrab #6B8E23
SlateGray #708090
LightSlateGray #778899
MediumSlateBlue #7B68EE
LawnGreen #7CFC00
Chartreuse #7FFF00
Aquamarine #7FFFD4
Maroon #800000
Purple #800080
Olive #808000
Gray #808080
SkyBlue #87CEEB
LightSkyBlue #87CEFA
BlueViolet #8A2BE2
DarkRed #8B0000
DarkMagenta #8B008B
SaddleBrown #8B4513
DarkSeaGreen #8FBC8F
LightGreen #90EE90
MediumPurple #9370D8
DarkViolet #9400D3
PaleGreen #98FB98
DarkOrchid #9932CC
YellowGreen #9ACD32
Sienna #A0522D
Brown #A52A2A
DarkGray #A9A9A9
LightBlue #ADD8E6
GreenYellow #ADFF2F
PaleTurquoise #AFEEEE
LightSteelBlue #B0C4DE
PowderBlue #B0E0E6
FireBrick #B22222
DarkGoldenRod #B8860B
MediumOrchid #BA55D3
RosyBrown #BC8F8F
DarkKhaki #BDB76B
Silver #C0C0C0
MediumVioletRed #C71585
IndianRed #CD5C5C
Peru #CD853F
Chocolate #D2691E
Tan #D2B48C
LightGrey #D3D3D3
PaleVioletRed #D87093
Thistle #D8BFD8
Orchid #DA70D6
GoldenRod #DAA520
Crimson #DC143C
Gainsboro #DCDCDC
Plum #DDA0DD
BurlyWood #DEB887
LightCyan #E0FFFF
Lavender #E6E6FA
DarkSalmon #E9967A
Violet #EE82EE
PaleGoldenRod #EEE8AA
LightCoral #F08080
Khaki #F0E68C
AliceBlue #F0F8FF
HoneyDew #F0FFF0
Azure #F0FFFF
SandyBrown #F4A460
Wheat #F5DEB3
Beige #F5F5DC
WhiteSmoke #F5F5F5
MintCream #F5FFFA
GhostWhite #F8F8FF
Salmon #FA8072
AntiqueWhite #FAEBD7
Linen #FAF0E6
LightGoldenRodYellow #FAFAD2
OldLace #FDF5E6
Red #FF0000
Fuchsia #FF00FF
Magenta #FF00FF
DeepPink #FF1493
OrangeRed #FF4500
Tomato #FF6347
HotPink #FF69B4
Coral #FF7F50
Darkorange #FF8C00
LightSalmon #FFA07A
Orange #FFA500
LightPink #FFB6C1
Pink #FFC0CB
Gold #FFD700
PeachPuff #FFDAB9
NavajoWhite #FFDEAD
Moccasin #FFE4B5
Bisque #FFE4C4
MistyRose #FFE4E1
BlanchedAlmond #FFEBCD
PapayaWhip #FFEFD5
LavenderBlush #FFF0F5
SeaShell #FFF5EE
Cornsilk #FFF8DC
LemonChiffon #FFFACD
FloralWhite #FFFAF0
Snow #FFFAFA
Yellow #FFFF00
LightYellow #FFFFE0
Ivory #FFFFF0
White #FFFFFF

Note: The names above are not a part of the W3C web standard.

The W3C HTML and CSS standards have listed only 16 valid color names:
aqua, black, blue, fuchsia, gray, green, lime, maroon, navy, olive, purple, red, silver, teal, white,
and yellow.

If you want valid HTML or CSS use the HEX values instead.

HTML Quick List from W3Schools. Print it, fold it, and put it in your pocket.

HTML Basic Document

<html>
<head>
<title>Document name goes here</title>
</head>
<body>
Visible text goes here
</body>

</html>

Heading Elements
<h1>Largest Heading</h1>

<h2> . . . </h2>
<h3> . . . </h3>
<h4> . . . </h4>
<h5> . . . </h5>

<h6>Smallest Heading</h6>

Text Elements
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<br> (line break)
<hr> (horizontal rule)
<pre>This text is preformatted</pre>

Logical Styles
<em>This text is emphasized</em>
<strong>This text is strong</strong>
<code>This is some computer code</code>

Physical Styles
<b>This text is bold</b>
<i>This text is italic</i>

Links, Anchors, and Image Elements


<a href="http://www.example.com/">This is a Link</a>
<a href="http://www.example.com/"><img src="URL" alt="Alternate Text"></a>
<a href="mailto:[email protected]">Send e-mail</a>

A named anchor:
<a name="tips">Useful Tips Section</a>
<a href="#tips">Jump to the Useful Tips Section</a>

Unordered list
<ul>
<li>First item</li>
<li>Next item</li>
</ul>
Ordered list
<ol>
<li>First item</li>
<li>Next item</li>
</ol>

Definition list
<dl>
<dt>First term</dt>
<dd>Definition</dd>
<dt>Next term</dt>
<dd>Definition</dd>
</dl>

Tables

<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>someheader</th>
<th>someheader</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>sometext</td>
<td>sometext</td>
</tr>
</table>

Frames

<frameset cols="25%,75%">
<frame src="page1.htm">
<frame src="page2.htm">
</frameset>

Forms
<form action="http://www.example.com/test.asp" method="post/get">

<input type="text" name="lastname" value="Nixon" size="30" maxlength="50">


<input type="password">
<input type="checkbox" checked="checked">
<input type="radio" checked="checked">
<input type="submit">
<input type="reset">
<input type="hidden">

<select>
<option>Apples
<option selected>Bananas
<option>Cherries
</select>

<textarea name="Comment" rows="60" cols="20"></textarea>

</form>

Entities
&lt; is the same as <
&gt; is the same as >
&#169; is the same as ©

Other Elements

<!-- This is a comment -->

<blockquote>
Text quoted from some source.
</blockquote>

<address>
Address 1<br>
Address 2<br>
City<br>
</address>

Everywhere on the Web you will find pages that are formatted like newspaper pages using
HTML columns.

HTML Layout - Using Tables


One very common practice with HTML, is to An HTML <table> is used to divide a part of
use HTML tables to format the layout of an this Web page into two columns.
HTML page.
The trick is to use a table without borders, and
A part of this page is formatted with two maybe a little extra cell-padding.
columns, like a newspaper page.
No matter how much text you add to this page,
As you can see on this page, there is a left it will stay inside its column borders.
column and a right column.

This text is displayed in the left column.


Same Layout - Color Added
One very common practice with HTML, is to An HTML <table> is used to divide a part of
use HTML tables to format the layout of an this Web page into two columns.
HTML page.
This text is displayed in the right column.
A part of this page is formatted with two
columns, like a newspaper page. The trick is to use a table without borders, and
maybe a little extra cell-padding.
As you can see at this page, there is a left
column and a right column. No matter how much text you add to this page,
it will stay inside its column borders.

HTML Joke
Student: "How do you spell HTML?"

With frames, you can display more than one Web page in the same browser window.

Frames
With frames, you can display more than one HTML document in the same browser window.
Each HTML document is called a frame, and each frame is independent of the others.

The disadvantages of using frames are:

• The web developer must keep track of more HTML documents


• It is difficult to print the entire page

The Frameset Tag


• The <frameset> tag defines how to divide the window into frames
• Each frameset defines a set of rows or columns
• The values of the rows/columns indicate the amount of screen area each row/column will
occupy

The Frame Tag


• The <frame> tag defines what HTML document to put into each frame

In the example below we have a frameset with two columns. The first column is set to 25% of
the width of the browser window. The second column is set to 75% of the width of the browser
window. The HTML document "frame_a.htm" is put into the first column, and the HTML
document "frame_b.htm" is put into the second column:

<frameset cols="25%,75%">
<frame src="frame_a.htm">
<frame src="frame_b.htm">
</frameset>

Note: The frameset column size value can also be set in pixels (cols="200,500"), and one of the
columns can be set to use the remaining space (cols="25%,*").

Basic Notes - Useful Tips


If a frame has visible borders, the user can resize it by dragging the border. To prevent a user
from doing this, you can add noresize="noresize" to the <frame> tag.

Add the <noframes> tag for browsers that do not support frames.

Important: You cannot use the <body></body> tags together with the <frameset></frameset>
tags! However, if you add a <noframes> tag containing some text for browsers that do not
support frames, you will have to enclose the text in <body></body> tags! See how it is done in
the first example below.

Frame Tags
Tag Description
<frameset> Defines a set of frames
<frame> Defines a sub window (a frame)
<noframes> Defines a noframe section for browsers that do not handle frames
<iframe> Defines an inline sub window (frame)

The <font> tag in HTML is deprecated. It is supposed to be removed in a future version of


HTML.

Even if a lot of people are using it, you should try to avoid it, and use styles instead.

The HTML <font> Tag


With HTML code like this, you can specify both the size and the type of the browser output :

Example
<p>
<font size="2" face="Verdana">
This is a paragraph.
</font>
</p>

<p>
<font size="3" face="Times">
This is another paragraph.
</font>
</p>

Font Attributes
Attribute Example Purpose
size="number" size="2" Defines the font size
size="+number" size="+1" Increases the font size
size="-number" size="-1" Decreases the font size
face="face-name" face="Times" Defines the font-name
color="color-value" color="#eeff00" Defines the font color
color="color-name" color="red" Defines the font color

The <font> Tag Should NOT be Used


The <font> tag is deprecated in the latest versions of HTML (HTML 4 and XHTML).

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has removed the <font> tag from its recommendations.
In future versions of HTML, style sheets (CSS) will be used to define the layout and display
properties of HTML elements.

Where to Learn More About Style Sheets?


First off: Finish the last chapters in our HTML tutorial !!! In the following chapters we will
explain why some tags, like <font>, are to be removed from the HTML recommendations, and
how to insert a style sheet in an HTML document.

To learn more about style sheets: Study our CSS Tutorial.

HTML 3.2 Was Very Wrong !


The original HTML was never intended to contain tags for formatting a document. HTML tags
were intended to define the content of the document like:

<p>This is a paragraph</p>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>

When tags like <font> and color attributes were added to the HTML 3.2 specification, it started a
nightmare for web developers. Development of large web sites where fonts and color
information had to be added to every single Web page, became a long, expensive and unduly
painful process.

What is so Great About HTML 4.0 ?


In HTML 4.0 all formatting can be removed from the HTML document and stored in a
separate style sheet.

Because HTML 4.0 separates the presentation from the document structure, we have what we
always needed: Total control of presentation layout without messing up the document content.

What Should You do About it ?


Do not use presentation attributes inside your HTML tags if you can avoid it. Start using styles!
Please read our CSS tutorial to learn about style sheets.

Do not use deprecated tags. Visit our complete HTML 4.01 Reference to see which tags and
attributes that are deprecated.

Prepare Yourself for XHTML


XHTML is the "new" HTML. The most important thing you can do is to start writing valid
HTML 4.01. Also start writing your tags in lower case. Always close your tag elements. Never
end a paragraph without </p>.

NOTE: The official HTML 4.01 recommends the use of lower case tags.
If you want to read about how this web site was converted to XHTML, please visit our XHTML
tutorial.

Validate Your HTML Files as HTML 4.01


An HTML document is validated against a Document Type Definition (DTD). Before an HTML
file can be properly validated, a correct DTD must be added as the first line of the file.

The HTML 4.01 Strict DTD includes elements and attributes that have not been deprecated or do
not appear in framesets:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC


"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">

The HTML 4.01 Transitional DTD includes everything in the strict DTD plus deprecated
elements and attributes:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC


"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

The HTML 4.01 Frameset DTD includes everything in the transitional DTD plus frames as well:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC


"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/frameset.dtd">

Test Your HTML With the W3C Validator


Input your page address in the box below
(like http://www.w3schools.com/)

With HTML 4.0 all formatting can be moved out of the HTML document and into a separate
style sheet.

How to Use Styles


When a browser reads a style sheet, it will format the document according to it. There are three
ways of inserting a style sheet:
External Style Sheet

An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an external style
sheet, you can change the look of an entire Web site by changing one file. Each page must link to
the style sheet using the <link> tag. The <link> tag goes inside the head section.

<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css">
</head>

Internal Style Sheet

An internal style sheet should be used when a single document has a unique style. You define
internal styles in the head section with the <style> tag.

<head>
<style type="text/css">
body {background-color: red}
p {margin-left: 20px}
</style>
</head>

Inline Styles

An inline style should be used when a unique style is to be applied to a single occurrence of an
element.

To use inline styles you use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The style attribute can contain
any CSS property. The example shows how to change the color and the left margin of a
paragraph:

<p style="color: red; margin-left: 20px">


This is a paragraph
</p>

To learn more about styles, visit our CSS tutorial.

Style Tags
Tag Description

<style> Defines a style definition


<link> Defines a resource reference

<div> Defines a section in a document

<span> Defines a section in a document

<font> Deprecated. Use styles instead

<basefont> Deprecated. Use styles instead

<center> Deprecated. Use styles instead

Character Entities
Some characters are reserved in HTML. For example, you cannot use the greater than or less
than signs within your text because the browser could mistake them for markup.

If we want the browser to actually display these characters we must insert character entities in
the HTML source.

A character entity looks like this: &entity_name; OR &#entity_number;

To display a less than sign we must write: &lt; or &#60;

The advantage of using an entity name instead of a number is that the name often is easier to
remember. However, the disadvantage is that browsers may not support all entity names (while
the support for entity numbers is very good).

Non-breaking Space
The most common character entity in HTML is the non-breaking space.

Normally HTML will truncate spaces in your text. If you write 10 spaces in your text HTML will
remove 9 of them. To add lots of spaces to your text, use the &nbsp; character entity.

Commonly Used Character Entities

Note Entity names are case sensitive!

Result Description Entity Name Entity Number

non-breaking space &nbsp; &#160;

< less than &lt; &#60;


> greater than &gt; &#62;

& ampersand &amp; &#38;

¢ cent &cent; &#162;

£ pound &pound; &#163;

¥ yen &yen; &#165;

€ euro &euro; &#8364;

§ section &sect; &#167;

© copyright &copy; &#169;

® registered trademark &reg; &#174;

The Head Element


The head element contains general information, also called meta-information, about a document.
Meta means "information about".

You can say that meta-data means information about data, or meta-information means
information about information.

Information Inside the Head Element


The elements inside the head element should not be displayed by a browser.

According to the HTML standard, only a few tags are legal inside the head section. These are:
<base>, <link>, <meta>, <title>, <style>, and <script>.

Look at the following illegal construct:

<head>
<p>This is some text</p>
</head>

In this case the browser has two options:

• Display the text because it is inside a paragraph element


• Hide the text because it is inside a head element

If you put an HTML element like <h1> or <p> inside a head element like this, most browsers
will display it, even if it is illegal.

Should browsers forgive you for errors like this? We don't think so. Others do.

Head Tags
Tag Description

<head> Defines information about the document

<title> Defines the document title

<base> Defines a base URL for all the links on a page

<link> Defines a resource reference

<meta> Defines meta information

Tag Description

<!DOCTYPE> Defines the document type. This tag goes before the <html>
start tag.

The Meta Element


As we explained in the previous chapter, the head element contains general information (meta-
information) about a document.

HTML also includes a meta element that goes inside the head element. The purpose of the meta
element is to provide meta-information about the document.

Most often the meta element is used to provide information that is relevant to browsers or search
engines like describing the content of your document.
Note: W3C states that "Some user agents support the use of META to refresh the current page
after a specified number of seconds, with the option of replacing it by a different URI. Authors
should not use this technique to forward users to different pages, as this makes the page
inaccessible to some users. Instead, automatic page forwarding should be done using server-side
redirects" at http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/struct/global.html#adef-http-equiv.

Keywords for Search Engines


Some search engines on the WWW will use the name and content attributes of the meta tag to
index your pages.

This meta element defines a description of your page:

<meta name="description" content="Free Web tutorials on HTML, CSS, XML, and


XHTML" />

This meta element defines keywords for your page:

<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, DHTML, CSS, XML, XHTML, JavaScript" />

The intention of the name and content attributes is to describe the content of a page.

However, since too many webmasters have used meta tags for spamming, like repeating
keywords to give pages a higher ranking, some search engines have stopped using them entirely.

You can read more about search engines in our Web Building Tutorial.

Unknown Meta Attributes


Sometimes you will see meta attributes that are unknown to you like this:

<meta name="security" content="low" />

Then you just have to accept that this is something unique to the site or to the author of the site,
and that it has probably no relevance to you.

You can see a complete list of the meta element attributes in our
Complete HTML 4.01 Tag Reference.

Uniform Resource Locators


Something called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is used to address a document (or other
data) on the World Wide Web. A full Web address like this:
http://www.w3schools.com/html/lastpage.htm follows these syntax rules:

scheme://host.domain:port/path/filename

The scheme is defining the type of Internet service. The most common type is
http.

The domain is defining the Internet domain name like w3schools.com.

The host is defining the domain host. If omitted, the default host for http is www.

The :port is defining the port number at the host. The port number is normally omitted. The
default port number for http is 80.

The path is defining a path (a sub directory) at the server. If the path is omitted, the resource
(the document) must be located at the root directory of the Web site.

The filename is defining the name of a document. The default filename might be default.asp, or
index.html or something else depending on the settings of the Web server.

URL Schemes
Some examples of the most common schemes can be found below:
Schemes

Access

file

a file on your
local PC

ftp

a file on an FTP
server

http

a file on a World
Wide Web Server

gopher

a file on a
Gopher server

news

a Usenet
newsgroup

telnet

a Telnet
connection

WAIS

a file on a WAIS
Insert a Script into HTML Page
A script in HTML is defined with the <script> tag. Note that you will have to use the type
attribute to specify the scripting language.

<html>
<body>

<script type="text/javascript">
document.write("Hello World!")
</script>

</body>
</html>

The script above will produce this output:

Hello World!

Note: To learn more about scripting in HTML, visit our JavaScript School.

How to Handle Older Browsers


A browser that does not recognize the <script> tag at all, will display the <script> tag's content as
text on the page. To prevent the browser from doing this, you should hide the script in comment
tags. An old browser (that does not recognize the <script> tag) will ignore the comment and it
will not write the tag's content on the page, while a new browser will understand that the script
should be executed, even if it is surrounded by comment tags.

Example
JavaScript:
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write("Hello World!")
//-->
</script>

VBScript:
<script type="text/vbscript">
<!--
document.write("Hello World!")
'-->
</script>
The <noscript> Tag
In addition to hiding the script inside a comment, you can also add a <noscript> tag.

The <noscript> tag is used to define an alternate text if a script is NOT executed. This tag is used
for browsers that recognize the <script> tag, but do not support the script inside, so these
browsers will display the text inside the <noscript> tag instead. However, if a browser supports
the script inside the <script> tag it will ignore the <noscript> tag.

Example
JavaScript:
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write("Hello World!")
//-->
</script>
<noscript>Your browser does not support JavaScript!</noscript>

VBScript:
<script type="text/vbscript">
<!--
document.write("Hello World!")
'-->
</script>
<noscript>Your browser does not support VBScript!</noscript>

Script Tags
Tag Description

<script> Defines a script

<noscript> Defines an alternate text if the script is not executed

<object> Defines an embedded object

<param> Defines run-time settings (parameters) for an object


<applet> Deprecated. Use <object> instead

Core Attributes
Not valid in base, head, html, meta, param, script, style, and title elements.

Attribute Value Description

class class_rule or style_rule The class of the element

id id_name A unique id for the element

style style_definition An inline style definition

title tooltip_text A text to display in a tool tip

Language Attributes
Not valid in base, br, frame, frameset, hr, iframe, param, and script elements.

Attribute Value Description

dir ltr | rtl Sets the text direction

lang language_code Sets the language code

Keyboard Attributes
Attribute Value Description

accesskey character Sets a keyboard shortcut to access an


element

tabindex number Sets the tab order of an element

Window Events
Only valid in body and frameset elements.

Attribute Value Description

onload script Script to be run when a document loads

onunload script Script to be run when a document unloads

Form Element Events


Only valid in form elements.

Attribute Value Description

onchange script Script to be run when the element changes

onsubmit script Script to be run when the form is submitted

onreset script Script to be run when the form is reset

onselect script Script to be run when the element is selected

onblur script Script to be run when the element loses focus

onfocus script Script to be run when the element gets focus

Keyboard Events
Not valid in base, bdo, br, frame, frameset, head, html, iframe, meta, param, script, style, and
title elements.

Attribute Value Description

onkeydown script What to do when key is pressed

onkeypress script What to do when key is pressed and released

onkeyup script What to do when key is released


Mouse Events
Not valid in base, bdo, br, frame, frameset, head, html, iframe, meta, param, script, style, title
elements.

Attribute Value Description

onclick script What to do on a mouse click

ondblclick script What to do on a mouse double-click

onmousedown script What to do when mouse button is pressed

onmousemove script What to do when mouse pointer moves

onmouseout script What to do when mouse pointer moves out of an


element

onmouseover script What to do when mouse pointer moves over an


element

onmouseup script What to do when mouse button is released

URL - Universal Resource Locator


Web browsers request pages from web servers by using a URL.

The URL is the address of a web page like: http://www.w3schools.com.

URL Encoding
URLs can only be sent over the Internet using the ASCII character-set.

Since URLs often contains characters outside the ASCII set, the URL has to be converted. URL
encoding converts the URL into a valid ASCII format.

URL encoding replaces unsafe ASCII characters with "%" followed by two hexadecimal digits
corresponding to the character values in the ISO-8859-1 character-set.

URLs cannot contain spaces. URL encoding normally replaces a space with a + sign.
Try It Yourself
If you click the "Submit" button below, the browser will URL encode the input before it is sent to
the server. A page at the server will display the received input.

Try some other input and click Submit again.

URL Encoding Examples


Character URL-encoding

€ %80

£ %A3

© %A9

® %AE

À %C0

Á %C1

 %C2

à %C3

Ä %C4

Å %C5

For a complete reference of all URL encodings, visit our URL Encoding Reference.

Your Windows PC as a Web Server


• If you want other people to view your pages, you must publish them.
• To publish your work, you must save your pages on a web server.
• Your own PC can act as a web server if you install IIS or PWS.
• IIS or PWS turns your computer into a web server.
• Microsoft IIS and PWS are free web server components.

IIS - Internet Information Server


IIS is a set of Internet-based services for servers created by Microsoft for use with Microsoft
Windows.

IIS comes with Windows 2000, XP, and Vista. It is also available for Windows NT.

IIS is easy to install and ideal for developing and testing web applications.

IIS includes Active Server Pages (ASP), a server-side scripting standard that can be used to
create dynamic and interactive web applications.

If you want to read more about ASP, you should study our ASP School.

PWS - Personal Web Server


PWS is for older Windows system like Windows 95, 98, and NT.

PWS is easy to install and can be used for developing and testing web applications including
ASP.

We don't recommend running PWS for anything else than training. It is outdated and have
security issues.

Windows Web Server Versions


• Windows Vista Business, Enterprise and Ultimate come with IIS 7
• Windows Vista Home Premium comes with IIS 7
• Windows Vista Home Edition does not support PWS or IIS
• Windows XP Professional comes with IIS 5.1
• Windows XP Home Edition does not support IIS or PWS
• Windows 2000 Professional comes with IIS 5.0
• Windows NT Professional comes with IIS 3 and also supports IIS 4
• Windows NT Workstation supports PWS and IIS 3
• Windows ME does not support PWS or IIS
• Windows 98 comes with PWS
• Windows 95 supports PWS

How to Install IIS on Windows Vista


Follow these steps to install IIS on Windows Vista:

1. Open the Control Panel from the Start menu


2. Double-click Programs and Features
3. Click "Turn Windows features on or off" (a link to the left)
4. Select the check box for Internet Information Services (IIS), and click OK
After you have installed IIS, make sure you install all patches for bugs and security problems.
(Run Windows Update).

How to Install IIS on Windows XP and Windows 2000


Follow these steps to install IIS on Windows XP, and Windows 2000:

1. On the Start menu, click Settings and select Control Panel


2. Double-click Add or Remove Programs
3. Click Add/Remove Windows Components
4. Click Internet Information Services (IIS)
5. Click Details
6. Select the check box for World Wide Web Service, and click OK
7. In Windows Component selection, click Next to install IIS

After you have installed IIS, make sure you install all patches for bugs and security problems.
(Run Windows Update).

Test Your Web


After you have installed IIS or PWS follow these steps:

1. Look for a new folder called Inetpub on your hard drive


2. Open the Inetpub folder, and find a folder named wwwroot
3. Create a new folder, like "MyWeb", under wwwroot
4. Write some ASP code and save the file as "test1.asp" in the new folder
5. Make sure your Web server is running (see below)
6. Open your browser and type "http://localhost/MyWeb/test1.asp", to view your
first web page

Note: Look for the IIS (or PWS) symbol in your start menu or task bar. The program has
functions for starting and stopping the web server, disable and enable ASP, and much more.

How to install PWS on Windows 95, 98, and Windows NT


For Windows 98: Open the Add-ons folder on your Windows CD, find the PWS folder and run
setup.exe to install PWS.

For Windows 95 or Windows NT: Download "Windows NT 4.0 Option Pack" from Microsoft,
and install PWS.

Test your web as described above.

Your Next Step: A Professional Web Server


• If you do not want to use PWS or IIS, you must upload your files to a public
server.
• Most Internet Service Providers (ISP's) will offer to host your web pages.
• If your employer has an Internet Server, you can ask him to host your Web
site.
• If you are really serious about this, you should install your own Internet
Server.

Before you select an ISP, make sure you read W3Schools Web Hosting Tutorial !!

HTML Summary
This tutorial has taught you how to use HTML to create your own web site.

HTML is the universal markup language for the Web. HTML lets you format text, add graphics,
create links, input forms, frames and tables, etc., and save it all in a text file that any browser can
read and display.

The key to HTML is the tags, which indicates what content is coming up.

For more information on HTML, please take a look at our HTML examples and our HTML
reference.

Now You Know HTML, What's Next?


The next step is to learn XHTML and CSS.

XHTML

XHTML reformulates HTML 4.01 in XML.

If you want to learn more about XHTML, please visit our XHTML tutorial.

CSS

CSS is used to control the style and layout of multiple Web pages all at once.
With CSS, all formatting can be removed from the HTML document and stored in a separate file.

CSS gives you total control of the layout, without messing up the document content.

To learn how to create style sheets, please visit our CSS tutorial.

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