MLA Formatting and Style Guide

Summary: MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers
and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA
Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (6th ed.) and the MLA Style Manual and Guide to
Scholarly Publishing (2nd ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers,
in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page. Please use the example at the
bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in MLA.

General Format

MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in
writing. MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through
parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages.

Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to
their source material. Most importantly, the use of MLA style can protect writers from
accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material
by other writers.

If you are asked to use MLA format, be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of
Research Papers (6th edition). Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the
MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (2nd edition). The MLA Handbook is
available in most writing labs and reference libraries; it is also widely available in bookstores,
libraries, and at the MLA web site. See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list
of helpful books and sites about using MLA style.

Paper Format

The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA
Handbook, and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual. Below are some basic guidelines for
formatting a paper in MLA style.

General Guidelines

• Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper,
• Double-space the text of your paper, and use a legible font like Times Roman. The font
size should be 12 pt.
• Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise
instructed by your instructor).
• Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides. Indent the first line of a
paragraph one half-inch (five spaces or press tab once) from the left margin.
• Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner, one-
half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. (Note: Your instructor may ask that
you omit the number on your first page. Always follow your instructor's guidelines.)
 • Use either italics or underlining throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and,
only when absolutely necessary, providing emphasis.
• If you have any endnotes, include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page.

Formatting the First Page of Your Paper

• Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested.
• In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name, your instructor's name, the
course, and the date. Again, be sure to use double-spaced text.
• Double space again and center the title. Don't underline your title or put it in quotation
marks; write the title in Title Case, not in all capital letters.
• Use quotation marks and underlining or italics when referring to other works in your title,
just as you would in your text, e.g.,
o Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play
o Human Weariness in "After Apple Picking"
• Double space between the title and the first line of the text.
• Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name, followed by a
space with a page number; number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3,
4, etc.), one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. (Note: Your instructor
or other readers may ask that you omit last name/page number header on your first page.
Always follow their guidelines.)

Here is a sample first page of an essay in MLA style:

Image Caption: A sample first page of an MLA-formatted paper.

Cite the Purdue OWL in MLA:

Entire Website

The Purdue OWL. 26 Aug. 2008. The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue University.
23 April 2008 <http://owl.english.purdue.edu>.

Individual Resources

Purdue OWL. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Online Writing Lab at Purdue. 10 May
2008. Purdue University Writing Lab. 12 May 2008
<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/557/01/>.
In-Text Citations: The Basics

Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style is covered in chapter
six of the MLA Handbook and in chapter seven of the MLA Style Manual. Both books provide
extensive examples, so it's a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar
with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question.

Basic In-Text Citation Rules

In MLA style, referring to the works of others in your text is done by using what's known as
parenthetical citation. Immediately following a quotation from a source or a paraphrase of a
source's ideas, you place the author's name followed by a space and the relevant page number(s).

Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke 3).

When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name.
Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work, or italicize or underline it if it's a longer
work.

Your in-text citation will correspond with an entry in your Works Cited page, which, for the
Burke citation above, will look something like this:

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method.
Berkeley: U of California P, 1966.

We'll learn how to make a Works Cited page in a bit, but right now it's important to know that
parenthetical citations and Works Cited pages allow readers to know which sources you
consulted in writing your essay, so that they can either verify your interpretation of the sources or
use them in their own scholarly work.

Multiple Citations

To cite multiple sources in the same parenthetical reference, separate the citations by a semi-
colon:

...as has been discussed elsewhere (Burke 3; Dewey 21).

When Citation is not Needed

Common sense and ethics should determine your need for documenting sources. You do not need
to give sources for familiar proverbs, well-known quotations or common knowledge. Remember,
this is a rhetorical choice, based on audience. If you're writing for an expert audience of a
scholarly journal, they'll have different expectations of what constitutes common knowledge.
In-Text Citations: Author-Page Style

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last
name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the
text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may
appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but
the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For
example:

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful
feelings" (263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings"

(Wordsworth 263).

Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

The citation, both (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tells readers that the information in the sentence
can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more
information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of
Wordsworth, they would find the following information:

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. London: Oxford U.P., 1967.

Author-Page Citation for Classic and Literary Works with Multiple Editions

Page numbers are always required, but additional citation information can help literary scholars,
who may have a different edition of a classic work like Marx and Engels's The Communist
Manifesto. In such cases, give the page number of your edition (making sure the edition is listed
in your Works Cited page, of course) followed by a semicolon, and then the appropriate
abbreviations for volume (vol.), book (bk.), part (pt.), chapter (ch.), section (sec.), paragraph
(par.) as available. For example:

Marx and Engels described human history as marked by class struggles (79; ch. 1).

Anonymous Work/Author Unknown

If the work you are citing to has no author, use an abbreviated version of the work's title. (For
non-print sources, such as films, TV series, pictures, or other media, or electronic sources,
include the name that begins the entry in the Works Cited page). For example:

An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too emotional ("Wordsworth
Is a Loser" 100).
Citing Authors with Same Last Names

Sometimes more information is necessary to identify the source from which a quotation is taken.
For instance, if two or more authors have the same last name, provide both authors' first initials
(or even the authors' full name if different authors share initials) in your citation. For example:

Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12),
others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).

Citing Multiple Works by the Same Author

If you cite more than one work by a particular author, include a shortened title for the particular
work from which you are quoting to distinguish it from the others.

Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children ("Too Soon" 38),
though he has acknowledged elsewhere that early exposure to computer games does lead to
better small motor skill development in a child's second and third year ("Hand-Eye
Development" 17).

Additionally, if the author's name is not mentioned in the sentence, you would format your
citation with the author's name followed by a comma, followed by a shortened title of the work,
followed, when appropriate, by page numbers:

Visual studies, because it is such a new discipline, may be "too easy" (Elkins, "Visual Studies"
63).

Citing Indirect Sources

Sometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect source is a source cited in
another source. For such indirect quotations, use "qtd. in" to indicate the source you actually
consulted. For example:

Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as "social service centers, and they don't do
that well" (qtd. in Weisman 259).

Note that, in most cases, a responsible researcher will attempt to find the original source, rather
than citing an indirect source.

Citing Electronic Sources or Sources from the Internet

With more and more scholarly work being posted on the Internet, you may have to cite research
you have completed in virtual environments. While many sources on the Internet should not be
used for scholarly work (reference the OWL's Evaluating Sources of Information resource),
some Web sources are perfectly acceptable for research. When creating in-text citation for
electronic, film, or Internet sources, remember that your citation must reference the source in
your Works Cited. Also remember that the URLs for Websites are included in the Works Cited
list only.

Miscellaneous Non-Print Sources

Werner Herzog's Fitzcarraldo stars Herzog's long-time film partner, Klaus Kinski. During the
shooting of Fitzcarraldo, Herzog and Kinski were often at odds, but their explosive relationship
fostered a memorable and influential film.
During the presentation, Jane Yates stated that invention and pre-writing are areas of rhetoric that
need more attention.

Electronic Sources

The Purdue OWL is accessed by millions of users every year. Specifically, the OWL's MLA
Formatting and Style Guide is one of the most popular resources.
One online film critic stated that Fitzcarraldo is "...a beautiful and terrifying critique of obsession
and colonialism" (Garcia, "Herzog: a Life," par. 18).

The examples above are listed in a Works Cited like this:

Garcia, Elizabeth. "Herzog: a Life." Online Film Critics Corner. 8 May 2006. The Film School of
New Hampshire. 2 May 2002. <http://www.filmnewhampshire.edu/criticscorner>

Herzog, Werner, dir. Fitzcarraldo. Perf. Klaus Kinski. Filmverlag der Autoren, 1982.

Stolley, Karl. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The OWL at Purdue. 10 May 2006. Purdue
University Writing Lab. 12 May 2006 <http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/557/01/>.

Yates, Jane. "Invention in Rhetoric and Composition." Gaps Addressed: Future Work in Rhetoric
and Composition. CCCC. Palmer House Hilton. 2002.

Citing the Bible

In your first parenthetical citation, you want to make clear which Bible you're using (and
underline or italicize the title), as each version varies in its translation, followed by book (do not
italicize or underline), chapter and verse. For example:

Ezekiel saw "what seemed to be four living creatures," each with faces of a man, a lion, an ox,
and an eagle (New Jerusalem Bible, Ezek. 1.5-10).

All future references can then just cite book, chapter, and verse, since you've established which
edition of the Bible you will be using.
Formatting Quotations

When you directly quote the works of others in your paper, you will format quotations differently
depending on their length. Formatting quotations using MLA style is covered in section 2.7 of
the of the MLA Handbook (which begins on page 80) and in section 3.9 of the MLA Style
Manual (which begins on page 102). Below are some basic guidelines for incorporating
quotations into your paper.

Short Quotations

To indicate short quotations (fewer than four typed lines of prose or three lines of verse) in your
text, enclose the quotation within double quotation marks. Provide the author and specific page
citation (in the case of verse, provide line numbers) in the text, and include a complete reference
on the Works Cited page. Punctuation marks such as periods, commas, and semicolons should
appear after the parenthetical citation. Question marks and exclamation points should appear
within the quotation marks if they are a part of the quoted passage but after the parenthetical
citation if they are a part of your text. For example:

According to some, dreams express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184), though
others disagree.

According to Foulkes's study, dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (184).

Is it possible that dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184)?

Mark breaks in short quotations of verse with a slash, /, at the end of each line of verse: (a space
should precede and follow the slash)

Cullen concludes, "Of all the things that happened there / That's all I remember" (11-12).

Long Quotations

Place quotations longer than four typed lines in a free-standing block of text, and omit quotation
marks. Start the quotation on a new line, with the entire quote indented one inch from the left
margin; maintain double-spacing. Only indent the first line of the quotation by a half inch if you
are citing multiple paragraphs. Your parenthetical citation should come after the closing
punctuation mark. When quoting verse, maintain original line breaks. (You should maintain
double-spacing throughout your essay.) For example:

Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her narration:

They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room, and I had no more sense,
so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or
else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on
quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was obliged to confess, and in
recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of the house. (Bronte 78)
Poetry will be handled something like this:

In her poem "Sources," Adrienne Rich explores the roles of women in shaping their world:

The faithful drudging child

the child at the oak desk whose penmanship,
hard work, style will win her prizes
becomes the woman with a mission, not to win prizes
but to change the laws of history. (23)

Adding or Omitting Words In Quotations

If you add a word or words in a quotation, you should put brackets around the words to indicate
that they are not part of the original text.

Jan Harold Brunvand, in an essay on urban legends, states: "some individuals [who retell urban
legends] make a point of learning every rumor or tale" (78).

If you omit a word or words from a quotation, you should indicate the deleted word or words by
using ellipsis marks, which are three periods (...) preceded and followed by a space. For
example:

In an essay on urban legends, Jan Harold Brunvand notes that "some individuals make a point of
learning every recent rumor or tale ... and in a short time a lively exchange of details occurs"
(78).

NOTE: According to the 6th Edition of the MLA Handbook, brackets are no longer needed
around ellipses unless adding brackets would clarify your use of ellipses. For example, if there
are ellipsis marks in the quoted author's work, do not put brackets around them; but do use
brackets around ellipsis marks you add, so as to distinguish them from ellipsis marks in the
quoted author's work. Also note that the MLA Style Guide still requires brackets, so it's probably
best practice to follow the MLA manual appropriate to your assignment or publication.

Footnotes and Endnotes

Because long explanatory notes can be distracting to readers, most academic style guidelines
(including MLA and APA) recommend limited use of footnotes/endnotes; however, certain
publishers encourage or require note references in lieu of parenthetical references (see the MLA
Handbook, Appendix B, and the MLA Style Manual, Appendix A, for other systems of MLA
citation).

MLA discourages extensive use of explanatory or digressive notes. MLA style does, however,
allow you to use endnotes or footnotes for evaluative bibliographic comments, for example:
1
See Blackmur, especially chapters three and four, for an insightful analysis of this trend.
2
On the problems related to repressed memory recovery, see Wollens pp. 120-35; for a
contrasting view, see Pyle.

You can also use endnotes or footnotes for occasional explanatory notes or other brief additional
helpful information that might be too digressive for the main text:
3
In a 1998 interview, she reiterated this point even more strongly: "I am an artist, not a
politician!" (Weller 124).

Numbering Endnotes and Footnotes

Footnotes in MLA format are indicated by consecutively-numbered superscript arabic numbers

in the main text after the punctuation of the phrase or clause the note refers to:

Some have argued that such an investigation would be fruitless.6

Scholars have argued for years that this claim has no basis,7 so we would do well to ignore it.

However, note references appear before dashes:

For years, scholars have failed to address this point8—a fact that suggests their cowardice more
than their carelessness.

Do not use asterisks, daggers, or other symbols for note references. The list of endnotes and
footnotes (either of which, for papers submitted for publication, should be listed on a separate
page, as indicated below) should correspond to the note references in the text.

Formatting Endnotes and Footnotes

The MLA recommends that all notes be listed on a separate page titled Notes (no quotation
marks or italics), which should appear before the Works Cited page. This is especially important
for papers being submitted for publication. The notes themselves are listed by consecutive
superscript arabic numbers and appear double-spaced in regular paragraph format (a new
paragraph for each note) on a separate page under the word Notes (centered, in plain text without
quotation marks).

In the case that you need to format footnotes on the same page as the main text, footnotes should
begin four lines (two double-spaced lines) below the main text. Single-space notes formatted as
footnotes on the page, but double-space between individual notes.

Works Cited Page: Basic Format

According to MLA style, you must have a Works Cited page at the end of your research paper.
Works Cited page preparation and formatting is covered in chapter 5 of the MLA Handbook, and
chapter 6 of the MLA Style Manual. All entries in the Works Cited page must correspond to the
works cited in your main text.
Basic Rules

• Begin your Works Cited page on a separate page at the end of your research paper. It
should have the same one-inch margins and last name, page number header as the rest of
your paper.
• Label the page Works Cited (do not underline the words Works Cited or put them in
quotation marks) and center the words Works Cited at the top of the page.
• Double space all citations, but do not skip spaces between entries.
• List page numbers of sources efficiently, when needed. If you refer to a journal article
that appeared on pages 225 through 250, list the page numbers on your Works Cited page
as 225-50.
• If you're citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that
you retrieved from an online database, you should provide enough information so that the
reader can locate the article either in its original print form or retrieve it from the online
database (if they have access).

Capitalization and Punctuation

• Capitalize each word in the titles of articles, books, etc, but do not capitalize articles,
short prepositions, or conjunctions unless one is the first word of the title or subtitle:
Gone with the Wind, The Art of War, There Is Nothing Left to Lose
• Use italics or underlining for titles of larger works (books, magazines) and quotation
marks for titles of shorter works (poems, articles)

Listing Author Names

Entries are listed by author name (or, for entire edited collections, editor names). Author names
are written last name first; middle names or middle initials follow the first name:

Burke, Kenneth
Levy, David M.
Wallace, David Foster

Do not list titles (Dr., Sir, Saint, etc.) or degrees (PhD, MA, DDS, etc.) with names. A book
listing an author named "John Bigbrain, PhD" appears simply as "Bigbrain, John"; do, however,
include suffixes like "Jr." or "II." Putting it all together, a work by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
would be cited as "King, Martin Luther, Jr.," with the suffix following the first or middle name
and a comma. For additional information on handling names, consult section 3.8 of The MLA
Handbook and sections 6.6.1 and 3.6 of the MLA Style Manual.

More than One Work by an Author

If you have cited more than one work by a particular author, order the entries alphabetically by
title, and use three hyphens in place of the author's name for every entry after the first:

Burke, Kenneth. A Grammar of Motives.

---. A Rhetoric of Motives.

When an author or collection editor appears both as the sole author of a text and as the first
author of a group, list solo-author entries first:

Heller, Steven, ed. The Education of an E-Designer.

Heller, Steven and Karen Pomeroy. Design Literacy: Understanding Graphic Design.

Work with No Known Author

Alphabetize works with no known author by their title; use a shortened version of the title in the
parenthetical citations in your paper. In this case, Boring Postcards USA has no known author:

Baudrillard, Jean. Simulacra and Simulations.

Boring Postcards USA.

Burke, Kenneth. A Rhetoric of Motives.

Works Cited Page: Books

The MLA Style Manual provides extensive examples of print source citations in chapter six; the
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers provides extensive examples covering a wide
variety of potential sources in chapter six. If your particular case is not covered here, use the
basic forms to determine the correct format, consult one of the MLA books, visit the links in our
additional resources section, talk to your instructor, or email the OWL tutors for help.

Books

First or single author's name is written last name, first name. The basic form for a book citation
is:

Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.

Book with One Author

Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. New York: Penguin Books, 1987.

Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. Denver: MacMurray, 1999.

Book with More Than One Author

First author name is written last name first; subsequent author names are written first name, last
name.
Gillespie, Paula, and Neal Lerner. The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer Tutoring. Boston: Allyn,
2000.

If there are more than three authors, you may list only the first author followed by the phrase et
al. (the abbreviation for the Latin phrase "and others"; no period after "et") in place of the other
authors' names, or you may list all the authors in the order in which their names appear on the
title page.

Wysocki, Anne Frances, et al. Writing New Media: Theory and Applications for Expanding the
Teaching of Composition. Logan, UT: Utah State UP, 2004.

or

Wysocki, Anne Frances, Johndan Johnson-Eilola, Cynthia L. Selfe, and Geoffrey Sirc. Writing
New Media: Theory and Applications for Expanding the Teaching of Composition. Logan, UT:
Utah State UP, 2004.

Two or More Books by the Same Author

After the first listing of the author's name, use three hyphens and a period instead of the author's
name. List books alphabetically by title.

Palmer, William J. Dickens and New Historicism. New York: St. Martin's, 1997.

---. The Films of the Eighties: A Social History. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1993.

Book by a Corporate Author

A corporate author may be a commission, a committee, or any group whose individual members
are not identified on the title page:

American Allergy Association. Allergies in Children. New York: Random, 1998.

Book with No Author

List and alphabetize by the title of the book.

Encyclopedia of Indiana. New York: Somerset, 1993.

For parenthetical citations of sources with no author named, use a shortened version of the title
instead of an author's name. Use quotation marks and underlining as appropriate. For example,
parenthetical citations of the source above would appear as follows: (Encyclopedia 235).
A Translated Book

Cite as you would any other book, and add "Trans." followed by the translator's/translators'
name(s):

Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Trans.
Richard Howard. New York: Vintage-Random House, 1988.

Republished Book

Books may be republished due to popularity without becoming a new edition, which is usually a
revision of the original. For these books, insert the original publication date before the
publication information.

Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble. 1990. New York: Routledge, 1999.

Erdrich, Louise. Love Medicine. 1984. New York: Perennial-Harper, 1993.

An Edition of a Book

There are two types of editions in book publishing: a book that has been published more than
once in different editions and a book that is prepared by someone other than the author (typically
an editor).

A Subsequent Edition

Cite the book as you normally would, but add the number of the edition after the title.

Crowley, Sharon and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. 3rd ed. New
York: Pearson/Longman, 2004.

A Work Prepared by an Editor

Cite the book as you normally would, but add the editor after the title.

Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Ed. Margaret Smith. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1998.

Anthology or Collection

List by editor or editors, followed by a comma and "ed." or, for multiple editors, "eds."

Hill, Charles A. and Marguerite Helmers, eds. Defining Visual Rhetorics. Mahwah, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004.

Peterson, Nancy J., ed. Toni Morrison: Critical and Theoretical Approaches. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins UP, 1997.
A Work in an Anthology, Reference, or Collection

Book parts include an essay in an edited collection or anthology, or a chapter of a book. The
basic form is:

Lastname, First name. "Title of Essay." Title of Collection. Ed. Editor's Name(s). Place of
Publication: Publisher, Year. Pages.

Some actual examples:

Harris, Muriel. "Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers." A Tutor's Guide: Helping Writers One
to One. Ed. Ben Rafoth. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2000. 24-34.

Swanson, Gunnar. "Graphic Design Education as a Liberal Art: Design and Knowledge in the
University and The 'Real World.'" The Education of a Graphic Designer. Ed. Steven Heller. New
York: Allworth Press, 1998. 13-24.

Cross-referencing: If you cite more than one essay from the same edited collection, the MLA
indicates that it is optional to cross-reference within your works cited list in order to avoid
writing out the publishing information for each separate essay. You should consider this option if
you have many references from one text. To do so, include a separate entry for the entire
collection listed by the editor's name. For individual essays from that collection, simply list the
author's name, the title of the essay, the editor's last name, and the page numbers. For example:

L'Eplattenier, Barbara. "Finding Ourselves in the Past: An Argument for Historical Work on
WPAs." Rose and Weiser 131-40.

Peeples, Tim. "'Seeing' the WPA With/Through Postmodern Mapping." Rose and Weiser 153-
167.

Rose, Shirley K, and Irwin Weiser, eds. The Writing Program Administrator as Researcher.
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1999.

Poem or Short Story Examples:

Burns, Robert. "Red, Red Rose." 100 Best-Loved Poems. Ed. Philip Smith. New York: Dover,
1995. 26.

Kincaid, Jamaica. "Girl." The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short Stories. Ed.
Tobias Wolff. New York: Vintage, 1994. 306-307.

If the specific literary work is part of the same author's collection, then there will be no editor to
reference:

Whitman, Walt. "I Sing the Body Electric." Selected Poems. New York: Dover, 1991. 12-19.
Carter, Angela. "The Tiger's Bride." Burning Your Boats: The Collected Stories. New York:
Penguin, 1995. 154-169.

Article in Reference Book:

For entries in encyclopedias, dictionaries, and other reference works, cite the piece as you would
any other work in a collection but do not include the publisher information. Also, if the reference
book is organized alphabetically, as most are, don't list the volume or the page number of the
article or item.

"Ideology." The American Heritage Dictionary. 3rd ed. 1997.

A Multivolume Work

When citing only one volume of a multivolume work, include the volume number after the
work's title, or after the work's editor or translator.

Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Trans. H. E. Butler. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980.

When citing more than one volume of a multivolume work, cite the total number of volumes in
the work.

Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Trans. H. E. Butler. 4 vols. Cambridge: Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980.

When citing multivolume works in your text, always include the volume number followed by a
colon, then the page number(s):

...as Quintilian wrote in Institutio Oratoria (1:14-17).

If the volume you are using has its own title, cite the book without referring to the other volumes
as if it were an independent publication.

Churchill, Winston. S. The Age of Revolution. New York: Dodd, 1957.

Or, if you want to reference the larger multivolume as part of your citation, you may include
"Vol. number of" before listing the title of the entire work, the total number of volumes, and the
date.

Churchill, Winston. S. The Age of Revolution. New

An Introduction, a Preface, a Foreword, or an Afterword

When citing an introduction, a preface, a forward, or an afterword, write the name of the authors
and then give the name of the part being cited, which should not be italicized, underlined or
enclosed in quotation marks.
Farrell, Thomas B. Introduction. Norms of Rhetorical Culture. By Farrell. New Haven: Yale UP,
1993. 1-13.

If the writer of the piece is different from the author of the complete work, then write the full
name of the complete work's author after the word "By." For example:

Duncan, Hugh Dalziel. Introduction. Permanence and Change: An Anatomy of Purpose. By

Kenneth Burke. 1935. 3rd ed. Berkeley: U of California P, 1984. xiii-xliv.

Other Print/Book Sources

Certain book sources are handled in a special way by MLA style.

The Bible

Give the name of the specific edition, any editor(s) associated with it, followed by the
publication information:

The New Jerusalem Bible. Susan Jones, gen. ed. New York: Doubleday, 1985.

Your parenthetical citation will include the name of the specific edition of the Bible, followed by
an abbreviation of the book and chapter:verse(s), e.g., (The New Jerusalem Bible Gen. 1:2-6).

A Government Publication

Cite the author of the publication if the author is identified. Otherwise start with the name of the
government, followed by the agency and any subdivision that served as the corporate author. For
congressional documents, be sure to include the number of the congress and the session when the
hearing was held or resolution passed. (GPO is the abbr. for the Government Printing Office.)

United States. Cong. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Hearing on the
Geopolitics of Oil. 110th Cong., 1st sess. Washington: GPO, 2007.

United States. Government Accountability Office. Climate Change: EPA and DOE Should Do
More to Encourage Progress Under Two Voluntary Programs. Washington: GPO, 2006.

A Pamphlet

Cite the title and publication information for the pamphlet just as you would a book without an
author.

Women's Health: Problems of the Digestive System. Washington: American College of

Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2006.

Your Rights Under California Welfare Programs. Sacramento, CA: California Dept. of Social
Services, 2007.
Dissertations

Dissertations and master's theses may be used as sources whether published or not. Cite the work
as you would a book, but include the designation Diss. (or MA/MS thesis) followed by the
degree-granting school and the year the degree was awarded.

If the dissertation is published, treat the title as you would any book title and include the date it
was published at the end. You may also include the University Microfilms International (UMI)
order number if you want to:

Bishop, Karen Lynn. Documenting Institutional Identity: Strategic Writing in the IUPUI
Comprehensive Campaign. Diss. Purdue University, 2002. Ann Arbor: UMI, 2004. AAT
3104911.

Bile, Jeffrey. Ecology, Feminism, and a Revised Critical Rhetoric: Toward a Dialectical
Partnership. Diss. Ohio University, 2005. Ann Arbor: UMI, 2006. AAT 3191701.

If the work is not published, put the title in quotation marks and end with the date the degree was
awarded:

Graban, Tarez Samra. "Towards a Feminine Ironic: Understanding Irony in the Oppositional
Discourse of Women from the Early Modern and Modern Periods." Diss. Purdue University,
2006.

Stolley, Karl. "Toward a Conception of Religion as a Discursive Formation: Implications for

Postmodern Composition Theory." MA thesis. Purdue University, 2002.

Works Cited: Periodicals

MLA style is slightly different for popular periodicals, like magazines, newspapers, and scholarly
journals, as you'll learn below.

Article in a Magazine

Cite by listing the article's author, putting the title of the article in quotations marks, and
underlining or italicizing the periodical title. Follow with the date and remember to abbreviate
the month. Basic format:

Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Periodical Day Month Year: pages.

Poniewozik, James. "TV Makes a Too-Close Call." Time 20 Nov. 2000: 70-71.

Buchman, Dana. "A Special Education." Good Housekeeping Mar. 2006: 143-8.
Article in a Newspaper

Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article, but note the different pagination in a
newspaper. If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition
of a newspaper), identify the edition following the date (e.g., 17 May 1987, late ed.).

Brubaker, Bill. "New Health Center Targets County's Uninsured Patients." Washington Post 24
May 2007: LZ01.

Krugman, Andrew. "Fear of Eating." New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed.: A1.

If the newspaper is local, include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper.

Behre, Robert. "Presidential Hopefuls Get Final Crack at Core of S.C. Democrats." Post and
Courier [Charleston, SC] 29 Apr. 2007: A11.

Trembacki, Paul. "Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team." Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette,
IN] 5 Dec. 2000: 20.

A Review

To cite a review, include the abbreviation "Rev. of" plus information about the performance that
is being cited before giving the periodical information, as shown in following basic format:

Review Author. "Title of Review (if there is one)." Rev. of Performance Title, by
Author/Director/Artist. Title of Periodical day month year: page.

Seitz, Matt Zoller. "Life in the Sprawling Suburbs, If You Can Really Call It Living." Rev. of
Radiant City, dir. Gary Burns and Jim Brown. New York Times 30 May 2007 late ed.: E1.

Weiller, K. H. Rev. of Sport, Rhetoric, and Gender: Historical Perspectives and Media
Representations, ed. Linda K. Fuller. Choice Apr. 2007: 1377.

An Editorial & Letter to the Editor

Cite as you would any article in a periodical, but include the designators "Editorial" or "Letter"
to identify the type of work it is.

"Of Mines and Men." Editorial. Wall Street Journal east. ed. 24 Oct. 2003: A14.

Hamer, John. Letter. American Journalism Review Dec. 2006/Jan. 2007: 7.

Anonymous Articles

Cite the article title first, and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of
periodical.
"Business: Global warming's boom town; Tourism in Greenland." The Economist 26 May 2007:
82.

"Aging; Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare." Women's Health
Weekly. 10 May 2007: 18.

An Article in a Scholarly Journal

Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): pages.

Actual example:

Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's
Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 15.1 (1996): 41-50.

If the journal uses continuous pagination throughout a particular volume, only volume and year
are needed, e.g. Modern Fiction Studies 40 (1998): 251-81. If each issue of the journal begins on
page 1, however, you must also provide the issue number following the volume, e.g. Mosaic 19.3
(1986): 33-49.

Journal with Continuous Pagination

Allen, Emily. "Staging Identity: Frances Burney's Allegory of Genre." Eighteenth-Century

Studies 31 (1998): 433-51.

Journal with Non-Continuous Pagination

Duvall, John N. "The (Super)Marketplace of Images: Television as Unmediated Mediation in

DeLillo's White Noise." Arizona Quarterly 50.3 (1994): 127-53.

Works Cited: Electronic Sources

The MLA Style Manual provides some examples of electronic source citations in chapter six;
however, the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers covers a wider variety of electronic
sources in chapter six. If your particular source is not covered here, use the basic forms to
determine the correct format, consult the MLA Handbook, talk to your instructor, email the OWL
tutors, or call the Purdue Writing Lab (765-494-3723) for help.

Please Note: MLA documents should be double-spaced throughout. You may find some MLA
example text on the Purdue OWL that is not double-spaced. We are working to correct this
limitation in our computer code. Thanks for your patience.
Some Tips on Handling Electronic Sources

It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information, when possible. It
is good practice to print or save Web pages or, better, using a program like Adobe Acrobat, to
keep your own copies for future reference. Most Web browsers will include URL/electronic
address information when you print, which makes later reference easy. Also learn to use the
Bookmark function in your Web browser.

Special Warning for Researchers Writing/Publishing Electronically

MLA style requires electronic addresses to be listed between carets. This is a dangerous practice
for anyone writing or publishing electronically, as carets are also used to set off HTML,
XHTML, XML and other markup language tags (e.g., HTML's paragraph tag). When writing in
electronic formats, be sure to properly encode your carets.

Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources

Here are some common features you should try and find before citing electronic sources in MLA
style. Always include as much information as is available/applicable:

• Author and/or editor names

• Name of the database, or title of project, book, article
• Any version numbers available
• Date of version, revision, or posting
• Publisher information
• Date you accessed the material
• Electronic address, printed between carets ([<, >]).

Web Sources

Web sites (in MLA style, the "W" in Web is capitalized, and "Web site" or "Web sites" are
written as two words) and Web pages are arguably the most commonly cited form of electronic
resource today. Below are a variety of Web sites and pages you might need to cite.

An Entire Web Site

Basic format:

Name of Site. Date of Posting/Revision. Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site
(sometimes found in copyright statements). Date you accessed the site [electronic address].

It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated, and
information available on one date may no longer be available later. Be sure to include the
complete address for the site. Here are some examples:
The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. 26 Aug. 2005. The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University. 23 April 2006 <http://owl.english.purdue.edu>.

Felluga, Dino. Guide to Literary and Critical Theory. 28 Nov. 2003. Purdue University. 10 May
2006 <http://www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory>.

For course or department websites, include "Course home page" or "Dept. home page" after the
name of the professor or department and before the institution's name, followed by the date of
access and URL.

English. Dept. home page. Purdue University. 31 May 2007

<http://www.cla.purdue.edu/english/>.

Felluga, Dino. Survey of the Literature of England. Course home page. Aug. 2006-Dec. 2006.
Dept. of English, Purdue University. 31 May 2007
<http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~felluga/eng241/index.html>.

Long URLs

URLs that won't fit on one line of your Works Cited list should be broken at slashes, when
possible.

Some Web sites have unusually long URLs that would be virtually impossible to retype; others
use frames, so the URL appears the same for each page. To address this problem, either refer to a
site's search URL, or provide the path to the resource from an entry page with an easier URL.
Begin the path with the word Path followed by a colon, followed by the name of each link,
separated by a semicolon. For example, the Amazon.com URL for customer privacy and security
information is <http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/
tg/browse/-/551434/104-0801289-6225502>, so we'd need to simplify the citation:

Amazon.com. "Privacy and Security." 22 May 2006 <http://www.amazon.com/>. Path: Help;

Privacy & Security.

A Page on a Web Site

For an individual page on a Web site, list the author or alias if known, followed by the
information covered above for entire Web sites. Make sure the URL points to the exact page you
are referring to, or the entry or home page for a collection of pages you're referring to:

"Caret." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 28 April 2006. 10 May 2006

<http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caret&oldid=157510440>.

"How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow.com. 10 May 2006 <http://www.ehow.com/

how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html>.
Stolley, Karl. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The OWL at Purdue. 10 May 2006. Purdue
University Writing Lab. 12 May 2006 <http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/557/01/>.

Note: Individuals using Wikipedia should use the "cite this article" link located in the "toolbox"
area on the right side of the navigation. The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia
recommends using when citing.

An Image, Including a Painting, Sculpture, or Photograph

For works housed outside of an online home, include the artist's name, the year the work was
created, and the institution (e.g., a gallery or museum) that houses it (if applicable), followed by
the city where it is located. Include the complete information for the site where you found the
image, including the date of access. In this first example, the image was found on the Web site
belonging to the work's home museum:

Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV. 1800. Museo del Prado, Madrid. 22 May 2006
<http://museoprado.mcu.es/i64a.html.>.

In this next example, the owner of the online site for the image is different than the image's home
museum:

Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine. 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Artchive. "Klee:
Twittering Machine." 22 May 2006 <http://artchive.com/artchive/K/
klee/twittering_machine.jpg.html>.

For other images, cite as you would any other Web page, but make sure you're crediting the
original creator of the image. Here's an example from Webshots.com, an online photo-sharing
site ("brandychloe" is a username):

brandychloe. Great Horned Owl Family. 22 May 2006 <http://image46.webshots.com/

47/7/17/41/347171741bgVWdN_fs.jpg>.

The above example links directly to the image; but we could also provide the user's profile URL,
and give the path for reaching the image, e.g.

brandychloe. Great Horned Owl Family. 22 May 2006

<http://community.webshots.com/user/brandychloe>. Path: Albums; birds; great horned owl
family.

Doing so helps others verify information about the images creator, where as linking directly to an
image file, like a JPEG (.jpg) may make verification difficult or impossible.

An Article in a Web Magazine

Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Online Publication. Date of Publication. Date of Access
<electronic address>.
For example:

Bernstein, Mark. "10 Tips on Writing The Living Web." A List Apart: For People Who Make
Websites. No. 149 (16 Aug. 2002). 4 May 2006 <http://alistapart.com/articles/writeliving>.

An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal

Online scholarly journals are treated different from online magazines. First, you must include
volume and issue information, when available. Also, some electronic journals and magazines
provide paragraph or page numbers; again, include them if available.

Wheelis, Mark. "Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention." Emerging Infectious Diseases 6.6 (2000): 33 pars. 8 May 2006
<http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol6no6/wheelis.htm>.

An Article from an Electronic Subscription Service

When citing material accessed via an electronic subscription service (e.g., a database or online
collection your library subscribes to), cite the relevant publication information as you would for
a periodical (author, article title, periodical title, and volume, date, and page number information)
followed by the name of the database or subscription collection, the name of the library through
which you accessed the content, including the library's city and state, plus date of access. If a
URL is available for the home page of the service, include it. Do not include a URL to the article
itself, because it is not openly accessible. For example:

Grabe, Mark. "Voluntary Use of Online Lecture Notes: Correlates of Note Use and Note Use as
an Alternative to Class Attendance." Computers and Education 44 (2005): 409-21.
ScienceDirect. Purdue U Lib., West Lafayette, IN. 28 May 2006
<http://www.sciencedirect.com/>.

E-mail or Other Personal Communication

Author. "Title of the message (if any)." E-mail to person's name. Date of the message.

This same format may be used for personal interviews or personal letters. These do not have
titles, and the description should be appropriate. Instead of "Email to John Smith," you would
have "Personal interview."

E-mail to You

Kunka, Andrew. "Re: Modernist Literature." E-mail to the author. 15 Nov. 2000.

MLA style capitalizes the E in E-mail, and separates E and mail with a hyphen.
E-mail Communication Between Two Parties, Not Including the Author

Neyhart, David. "Re: Online Tutoring." E-mail to Joe Barbato. 1 Dec. 2000.

A Listserv or E-mail Discussion List Posting

Author. "Title of Posting." Online posting. Date when material was posted (for example: 18 Mar.
1998). Name of listserv. Date of access <electronic address for retrieval>.

If the listserv does not have an open archive, or an archive that is open to subscribers only (e.g., a
password-protected list archive), give the URL for the membership or subscription page of the
listserv.

<http://www.interversity.org/lists/techrhet/subscribe.html>

Discussion Board/Forum Posting

If an author name is not available, use the username for the post.

cleaner416. "Add [<b>[</b> Tags to Selected Text in a Textarea" Online posting. 8 Dec. 2004.
Javascript Development. 3 Mar. 2006 <http://forums.devshed.com/javascript-development-115/
add-b-b-tags-to-selected-text-in-a-textarea-209193.html>.

Weblog Postings

MLA does not yet have any official rules for citing blog entries or comments. But as the
technology becomes more widely used for academic discussions, you may find yourself
referencing blogs more often. If you are drawing on a blog as a source, make sure you consider
the credibility of the weblog site and/or the author of the posting or comment. Also, check with
your instructor or editor to see what their stance is on incorporating evidence from blog entries.

If you decide to use blogs, we suggest the following for how you would cite blog entries and
comments depending on the author or sponsor of the weblog.

Citing Personal Weblog Entries

List the author of the blog (even if there is only a screen name available), provide the name of
the particular entry you are referring to, identify that it is a weblog entry and then follow the
basic formatting for a website as listed above.

Last Name, First. "Title of Entry." Weblog Entry. Title of Weblog. Date Posted. Date Accessed
(URL).

NOTE: Give the exact date of the posted entry so your readers can look it up by date in the
archive. If possible, include the archive address for the posted entry as the URL in your citation
as you would for an online forum. If the site doesn't have a public archive, follow the suggestion
under "Listserv" citation above.

Hawhee, Debra. "Hail, Speech!" Weblog entry. Blogos. 30 April 2007. 23 May 2007
<http://dhawhee.blogs.com/d_hawhee/2007/04/index.html>.

Citing Entries on Organizational or Corporate Weblogs/Blogs

List as you would for a personal blog, but include the corporation or organization that sponsors
the weblog.

Bosworth, Adam. "Putting Health into the Patient's Hands." Weblog entry. The Official Google
Blog. 23 May 2007. Google, Inc. 27 May 2007
<http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2007_05_01_googleblog_archive.html>.

Citing Comments Posted to a Weblog

Follow the same basic format for blog entries, but identify that the posting is a comment and not
an original blog entry by the organization or weblog author. Also refer to the screen name that
appears as the author of the comment, even if that author is anonymous.

Screen Name. "Comment Title." Weblog comment. Date Comment Posted. "Title of Blog Entry."
Author of Blog Entry. Title of Weblog. Date Accessed (URL).

Anonymous. "The American Jew and the Diversity Debate." Weblog comment. 21 May 2007.
"Imagining Jewishness." Monica Osborne. Jewcy. 23 May 2007
<http://www.jewcy.com/daily_shvitz/imagining_jewishness#comment>.

NOTE: Some weblog sites don't require titles for comments, so you should just list the first few
words of the comment itself to provide enough identifying information for the comment.

E!. "Perhaps ironically ..." Weblog comment. 30 April 2007. "Hail, Speech!" Debra Hawhee.
Blogos. 30 April 2007
<http://dhawhee.blogs.com/d_hawhee/2007/04/hail_speech.html#comments>.

An Article or Publication in Print and Electronic Form

If you're citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you
retrieved from an online database that your library subscribes to, you should provide enough
information so that the reader can locate the article either in its original print form or retrieve it
from the online database (if they have access).

Provide the following information in your citation:

• Author's name (if not available, use the article title as the first part of the citation)
• Article Title
 • Periodical Name
• Publication Date
• Page Number/Range
• Database Name
• Service Name
• Name of the library where or through which the service was accessed
• Name of the town/city where service was accessed
• Date of Access
• URL of the service (but not the whole URL for the article, since those are usually very
long and won't be easily re-used by someone trying to retrieve the information)

The generic citation form would look like this:

Author. "Title of Article." Periodical Name Volume Number (if necessary) Publication Date:
page number-page number. Database name. Service name. Library Name, City, State. Date of
access <electronic address of the database>.

Here's an example:

Smith, Martin. "World Domination for Dummies." Journal of Despotry Feb. 2000: 66-72.
Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale Group Databases. Purdue University Libraries, West Lafayette,
IN. 19 Feb. 2003 <http://www.infotrac.galegroup.com>.

Article in a Database on CD-ROM

"World War II." Encarta. CD-ROM. Seattle: Microsoft, 1999.

Article From a Periodically Published CD-ROM

Reed, William. "Whites and the Entertainment Industry." Tennessee Tribune 25 Dec. 1996: 28.
Ethnic NewsWatch. CD-ROM. Data Technologies, Feb. 1997.

For more help with citing electronic sources, please use the Documenting Electronic Sources
page from the OWL.

Works Cited: Other Non-Print Sources

Below you will find MLA style guidance for other non-print sources.

A Personal Interview

Listed by the name of the person you have interviewed.

Purdue, Pete. Personal interview. 1 Dec. 2000.

A Lecture or Speech

Include speaker name, title of the speech (if any) in quotes, details about the meeting or event
where the speech was given, including its location and date of delivery. In lieu of a title, label the
speech according to its type, e.g., Guest Lecture, Keynote Address, State of the Union Address.

Stein, Bob. Keynote Address. Computers and Writing Conference. Union Club Hotel, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN. 23 May 2003.

A Painting, Sculpture, or Photograph

Include the artist's name, the year the work was created, and the institution (e.g., a gallery or
museum) that houses it, followed by the city where it is located.

Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV. 1800. Museo del Prado, Madrid.

If you're referring to a photographic reproduction, include the information as above, but also
include the bibliographic information for the source in which the photograph appears, including a
page or other reference number (plate, figure, etc.). For example:

Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV. 1800. Museo del Prado, Madrid. Gardener's Art
Through the Ages. 10th ed. By Richard G. Tansey and Fred S. Kleiner. Fort Worth: Harcourt
Brace. 939.

See our page on citing electronic resources for citing artworks found online.

Broadcast Television or Radio Program

Put the name of the episode in quotation marks, and the name of the series or single program
underlined or in italics. Include the network, followed by the station, city, and date of broadcast.

"The Blessing Way." The X-Files. Fox. WXIA, Atlanta. 19 Jul. 1998.

Recorded Television Shows

Include information about original broadcast, plus medium of recording. When the title of the
collection of recordings is different than the original series (e.g., the show Friends is in DVD
release under the title Friends: The Complete Sixth Season), list the title that would be help
researchers located the recording.

"The One Where Chandler Can't Cry." Friends: The Complete Sixth Season. Writ. Andrew Reich
and Ted Cohen. Dir. Kevin Bright. NBC. 10 Feb. 2000. DVD. Warner Brothers, 2004.
Sound Recordings

Sound recordings list album title, label and year of release (for re-releases, it's good to offer
either the original recording date, or original release date, when known). You only need to
indicate the medium if you are not referring to a compact disc (CD), e.g., Audiocasette or LP (for
long-playing record). See section about online music below.

Entire Albums

List by name of group or artist (individual artists are listed last name first). Album title
underlined or in italics, followed by label and year.

Foo Fighters. In Your Honor. RCA, 2005.

Waits, Tom. Blue Valentine. 1978. Elektra/Wea, 1990.

Individual Songs

Place the names of individual songs in quotation marks.

Nirvana. "Smells Like Teen Spirit." Nevermind. Geffen, 1991.

Spoken Word Albums

Treat spoken-word albums the same as musical albums.

Hedberg, Mitch. Strategic Grill Locations. Comedy Central, 2003.

Films and Movies

List films by their title, and include the name of the director, the film studio or distributor and its
release year. If other information, like names of performers, is relevant to how the film is
referred to in your paper, include that as well.

Movies in Theaters

The Usual Suspects. Dir. Bryan Singer. Perf. Kevin Spacey, Gabriel Byrne, Chazz Palminteri,
Stephen Baldwin, and Benecio del Toro. Polygram, 1995.

If you refer to the film in terms of the role or contribution of a director, writer, or performer,
begin the entry with that person's name, last name first, follwed by role.

Lucas, George, dir. Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope. 1977. Twentieth Century Fox, 1997.
Recorded Movies

Include format names; "Videocassette" for VHS or Betamax, DVD for Digital Video Disc. Also
list original release year after director, performers, etc.

Ed Wood. Dir. Tim Burton. Perf. Johnny Depp, Martin Landau, Sarah Jessica Parker, Patricia
Arquette. 1994. DVD. Touchstone, 2004.

Additional Resources

It's always best to consult the current MLA Style Manual or MLA Handbook for Writers of
Research Papers for any MLA question. If you are using MLA style for a class assignment, it's
also a good idea to consult your professor, advisor, TA, or other campus resources for help—
they're the ones who can tell you how the style should apply in your particular case. For
extraordinary questions that aren't covered clearly in the style manual or haven't been answered
by your teacher or advisor, contact the Writing Lab for help at (765) 494-3723 or email us at this
form. Below are some other resources for using MLA style and writing research papers that
might also help answer your questions.

Print Resources the Modern Language Association

• MLA Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing, 2nd Edition (ISBN: 0-87352-699-6)
• MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th Edition (ISBN: 0-87352-986-3)

Online Resources

From the MLA:

• Frequently Asked Questions about MLA Style

Formatting Your Paper and Writing in MLA Style

• MLA Format for Annotated Bibliographies (Lesley University)

MLA Style Templates and Sample Papers

• MLA Research Paper Templates in Microsoft Word and Rich Text formats (from Wright
University)
• Sample Paper: MLA Style (from Hacker Handbook Resources)

Documenting and Referencing Sources

• MLA Citation Style (from the Long Island University Library)

• MLA Documentation: Citations in Text (from the University of Wisconsin-Madison
Writing Center)
 • MLA parenthetical Documentation (from LEO at St. Cloud University)
• Parenthetical References in MLA Style (from A Research Guide for Students)
• Sample parenthetical References Page (from A Research Guide for Students)
• MLA Documentation: Works Cited Page (from the University of Wisconsin-Madison
Writing Center)
• Works Cited in MLA Style (from A Research Guide for Students)
• Sample Works Cited Page (from A Research Guide for Students)
• MLA Documentation: Citing Electronic Sources (from the University of Wisconsin-
Madison Writing Center)
• Using MLA Style to Cite and Document Internet Sources (from Bedford St. Martin's
Online!)

Do you have another source you'd like to see us link to here? Let us know!

Abbreviations in MLA

There are a few common trends in abbreviating that you should follow when using MLA, though
there are always exceptions to these rules. For a complete list of common abbreviations used in
academic writing, see Chapter 7 of the MLA Handbooks for Writers of Research Papers.

Do not use periods or spaces in abbreviations of all capital letters, unless it is a proper name:

US, MA, CD, HTML

P. D. James, J. R. R. Tolkein, E. B. White

NOTE: This also applies to PhD and EdD even though there is a lower case letter in the middle.

Use a period if the abbreviation ends in a lower case letter, unless referring to an internet suffix,
where the period should come before the abbreviation:

assn., conf., Eng., esp.

.com, .edu, .gov (URL suffixes)

Use periods between letters without spacing if each letter represents a word in common lower
case abbreviations:

a.m., e.g., i.e.

Exceptions: mph, os, rpm, ns (among many others)

Categories of Typical Abbreviations:

• Time designations: Jan., Thurs., yr., sec.

• Geographic names: AK, Ger., No. Amer., USA
 • Scholarly abbreviations: abbr., anon., ex., i.e.
• Publishers names: Cambridge UP, Harper, McGraw, SIRS

Abbreviations in Citations

Citations should be as condensed as possible, so you should know the basic rules of abbreviation
endorsed by the MLA to concisely provide your readers with reference information.

Remember to follow common trends in abbreviating time and location within citations:

• Month names longer than four letters used in journal and magazine citations: Jan., Sept.,
Nov.
• Geographic names of states and countries in book citations when the publisher's city is
not well known or could be confused with another city: Logan, UT; Manchester, Eng.;
Sherbrooke, QC

Shorten publisher's names as much as possible in book citations. You only need to provide your
readers with enough information for them to identify the publisher. Many publishers can be
identified by only acronyms or a shortened version of their names.

MLA suggests a few rules for you to follow when abbreviating publishers:

• Omit articles, business abbreviations (like Corp. or Inc.), and descriptive words (e.g.
Press, Publishers, House)
• Cite only the last name of a publisher with the name of one person (e.g. Norton for W. W.
Norton) and only the last name of the first listed for a publisher with multiple names (e.g.
McGraw for McGraw-Hill)
• Use standard abbreviations when possible (e.g. Assn. or Soc.)
• Use the acronym of the publisher if the company is commonly know by that abbreviation
(e.g. MLA, ERIC, GPO)
• Use only U and P when referring to university presses (e.g. Cambridge UP or U of
Chicago P)

Here is a short list of publisher abbreviations that you might use. Consult Chapter 7 of the MLA
Handbook for a more complete list.

• Acad. for Educ. Dev. (Academy for Educational Development, Inc.)

• Gale (Gale Research, Inc.)
• Harper (Harper and Row, Publishers, Inc. & HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.)
• Little (Little, Brown and Company, Inc.)
• MIT P (The MIT Press)
• NCTE (The National Council of Teachers of English)
• SIRS (Social Issues Resources Series)
• UMI (University Microfilms International)
Works Cited Page: Other Print Sources

This section includes MLA works cited information on sources other than books, periodicals, and
electronic sources.

Advertisement

List the company, business, or organization; the publication, broadcast network, or Web address
where the advertisement appeared:

Lufthansa. Advertisement. Time 20 Nov. 2000: 151.

Staples. Advertisement. CBS. 3 Dec. 2000.

A Legal Document

To cite a legal act, make sure you can identify the name of the act, its Public Law number, date it
was enacted, and its Statutes at Large cataloging number. Abbreviate Pub. L. and Stat. before the
two numbers. Do not use any quotation marks or italics in these citations.

Aviation and Transportation Security Act. Pub. L. 107-71. 19 Nov. 2001. Stat. 115.597.

To cite a court case, you need to identify the primary parties involved, the case number, name of
the court where the ruling took place, and the date of the ruling.

New York Times Co. v. Tasini. No. 00-201. Supreme Ct.of the US. 25 June 2005.

Refer to The Blue Book: A Uniform System of Citation if you are going to work with several
different kinds of legal documents in your research, such as patents.

NOTE: If you are referring to a well-known historical document like the US Constitution or the
United States Code (USC), you don't need to include it in the works cited and can simply use an
in-text citation like (US Const., art. 1, sec. 1) or (17 USC 304, 1976).

A Map or Chart

Cite a map or chart as you would an anonymous book or pamphlet. Include the appropriate
designator after the title.

Wisconsin. Map. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Dept. of Transportation, 1997/98.

US Markets - Long-Term Performance. Chart. Austin, TX: Martin Capital Advisors, 2007.
A Cartoon or Comic Strip

Cite the artist, the title of the cartoon in quotations, and the appropriate designator identifying the
type of document it is.

Sipress, David. Cartoon. New Yorker 18 Oct. 2004: 16.

Trudeau, Garry. "Doonesbury." Comic Strip. Star-Ledger [Newark] 4 May 2002: 26.

A Letter or Memo

Only cite those letters that are published letters, unpublished letters from archived collections, or
those you received as the author/researcher.

Published letters are cited like works in a collection:

Author. "Title" (if one)." Date of Letter. Letter xyz of Title of Collection. Editor. Publication
information.

Unpublished letters are cited like manuscripts:

Author. Letter to Recipient. Date. Collection title. Archive location.

Letters to researcher are cited as "Letter to the author" as follows:

Author. Letter to the author. Date received.

A Manuscript or Typescript

Cite the work by its title or by a descriptive term like "Notebook," the type of material it is, any
number assigned to it, and the library or archive location where it is housed.

Twain, Mark. Notebook 32, ts. Mark Twain Papers. U of California, Berkeley.

Class/Lecture Notes Taken By Student

MLA does not have any official rule for citing class or lecture notes taken by a student during a
class. Our suggestion is that you track down a source on the topic you would like to reference in
your notes. Or, if the item is something that a professor or classmate said that is uniquely their
own observation, you should quote them in text without a parenthetical citation at the end of the
sentence. Thus you would not include this as a source on your Works Cited page. Just provide as
much identifying information in the text itself. For example:

In a lecture on 5 October 2004, in a graduate course on composition theory, Dr. Irwin Weiser
stated, "...
Class/Lecture Notes Distributed by Professor

MLA also does not have any official rule on class/lecture notes that are provided to a class by the
professor, either through handouts or PowerPoint slideshows. Because such notes are
documented by a party other than the student, however, we would suggest that you include these
in your Works Cited unlike other class notes. Simply consider these documents as you would
other unpublished papers or presentations, but use the designator "Course notes" or "Course
handout" to identify the type of document it is.

For notes that are purchased or handed out in class:

Instructor's Name. "Title of Handout/Notes/Slideshow." Course notes. Name of Course. Dept.,

Institution. Date notes were received.

Seas, Kristen. "Conference Guidelines." Course handout. Introductory Composition. Dept. of

English, Purdue University. 25 Aug. 2006.

For notes available online as PDFs & PowerPoint slides on course site:

Instructor's Name. "Title of Document." Course notes. Date distributed (or created, if known).
Course title. Course home page. Dept., Institution. Date accessed from site. <URL>.

Meunier, Pascal. "CS 380S Week 4: Format String Vulnerabilities and Integer Overflows."
Course notes. 31 Jan. 2007. Secure Programming. Course home page. Dept. of Computer
Science, Purdue University. 5 Mar. 2007. <http://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/cs390s/refs.html>

MLA Works Cited Example Page

Works Cited

This handout provides an example of a Works Cited page in MLA format.

Works Cited

"Business Coalition for Climate Action Doubles." Environmental Defense. 8 May 2007.
Environmental Defense Organization. 24 May 2007
<http://www.environmentaldefense.org/article.cfm?ContentID=5828>.

Clinton, Bill. Interview. New York Times on the Web. May 2007. 25 May 2007
<http://video.on.nytimes.com/>. Keyword: Climate.

Dean, Cornelia. "Executive on a Mission: Saving the Planet." New York Times on the Web 22
May 2007. 25 May 2007 <http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/science/earth/22ander.html>.

Ebert, Roger. "An Inconvenient Truth." Rev. of An Inconvenient Truth, dir. Davis Guggenheim.
rogerebert.com. 2 June 2006. 24 May 2007 <http://rogerebert.suntimes.com>.
Global Warming. 2007. Cooler Heads Coalition. 24 May 2007
<http://www.globalwarming.org/>.

Gowdy, John. "Avoiding Self-organized Extinction: Toward a Co-evolutionary Economics of

Sustainability." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 14.1
(2007): 27-36.

An Inconvenient Truth. Dir. Davis Guggenheim. Perf. Al Gore. Lawrence Bender, 2006.

Leroux, Marcel. Global Warming: Myth Or Reality?: The Erring Ways of Climatology. New
York: Springer, 2005.

Milken, Michael, Gary Becker, Myron Scholes, and Daniel Kahneman. "On Global Warming and
Financial Imbalances." New Perspectives Quarterly 23.4 (2006): 63.

Nordhaus, William D. "After Kyoto: Alternative Mechanisms to Control Global Warming."

American Economic Review 96.2 (2006): 31-34.

---. "Global Warming Economics." Science 9 Nov. 2001: 1283-84. 24 May 2007.

Shulte, Bret. "Putting a Price on Pollution; Climate change laws seem inevitable, but their
economic impact is unknown." US News & World Report 14 May 2007. 24 May 2007.

Uzawa, Hirofumi. Economic Theory and Global Warming. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003.

MLA Update 2009

In Summer 2008, the Modern Language Association released its third edition of the MLA Style
Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing, which publicly unveiled modifications to MLA Style
for the upcoming year.

These changes go into effect January 2009 with the release of MLA Handbook for Writers of
Research Papers (7th edition). General paper formatting (margins, headings, etc.) and in-text
citations will remain the same, but all Works Cited style entries will be different from the 6th
edition guidelines.

The Purdue OWL will begin listing these changes in full at the beginning of January 2009. Until
then, here are some of the more noteworthy changes to look forward to:

• No More Underlining! Underlining is no more. MLA now recommends italicizing

titles of independently published works (books, periodicals, films, etc).
• No More URLs! While website entries will still include authors, article names, and
website names, when available, MLA no longer requires URLs. Writers are, however,
encouraged to provide a URL if the citation information does not lead readers to easily
find the source.
 • Continuous Pagination? Who Cares? You no longer have to worry about whether
scholarly publications employ continuous pagination or not. For all such entries, both
volume and issue numbers are required, regardless of pagination.
• Publication Medium. Every entry receives a medium of publication marker. Most
entries will be listed as Print or Web, but other possibilities include Performance, DVD,
or TV. Most of these markers will appear at the end of entries; however, markers for Web
sources are followed by the date of access.
• New Abbreviations. Many web source entries now require a publisher name, a date of
publication, and/or page numbers. When no publisher name appears on the website, write
N.p. for no publisher given. When sites omit a date of publication, write n.d. for no date.
For online journals that appear only online (no print version) or on databases that do not
provide pagination, write n. pag. for no pagination.

MLA 2009 Sample Entries

Before the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition) arrives, refer to the
following preview. Each entry highlights changes in the new edition.

Book

Book citations remain largely the same except for the addition of the medium of publication,
Print, at the end of the entry.

Carré, John le. The Tailor of Panama. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996. Print.

Scholarly Publication (Journal)

Regardless of pagination, all scholarly publication citations include both volume and issue
numbers. End citations with the medium of publication, Print.

Aldrich, Frederick A. and Margueritte L. Marks. “Wyman Reed Green, American Biologist.”
Bios 23.1 (1952): 26-35. Print.

Online Periodical

Online periodicals include both the name of the website in italics and the website publisher. Note
that some sites will have different names than their print formats, such as ones that include a
domain name like .com or .org. If no publisher is listed, use N.p. to denote no publisher name
given. Follow with date of publication, Web as medium of publication, and date of access.

Lubell, Sam. “Of the Sea and Air and Sky.” New York Times. New York Times, 26 Nov. 2008.
Web. 1 Dec. 2008.

Cohen, Elizabeth. “Five ways to avoid germs while traveling.” CNN.com. CNN, 27 Nov. 2008.
Web. 28 Nov. 2008.
Online Database Scholarly Journal Article

Cite online journal articles from an online database as you would a print one. Provide the
database name in italics. Library information is no longer required. List the medium of
publication as Web and end with the date of access.

Berger, James D. and Helmut J. Schmidt. “Regulation of Macronuclear DNA Content in

Paramecium tetraurelia.” The Journal of Cell Biology 76.1 (1978): 116-126. JSTOR. Web. 20
Nov. 2008.

Online-only Publication

For articles that appear in an online-only format or in databases that do not provide a page
number, use the abbreviation n. pag. for no pagination. End the citation with the medium of
publication, Web, and the date of access.

Kessl, Fabian and Nadia Kutsche. “Rationalities, Practices, and Resistance in Post-Welfarism. A
Comment on Kevin Stenson.” Social Work & Society 6.1 (2008): n. pag. Web. 10 Oct. 2008.

Online Scholarly Project

Online scholarly projects appear italicized. Difficult-to-find projects may be listed in quotation
marks with the website name and domain in italics. Publication location and date follows. Web
medium of publication and date of access end the entry.

Kline, Daniel T., ed. Geoffrey Chaucer Online: The Electronic Canterbury Tales. U of Alaska
Anchorage, 30 Jul. 2007. Web. 2 Dec. 2008.

MLA Tables, Figures, and Examples

The purpose of visual materials or other illustrations is to enhance the audience's understanding
of information in the document and/or awareness of a topic. Writers can embed several types of
visuals using the most basic word processing software: diagrams, musical scores, photographs,
or, for documents that will be read electronically, audio/video applications.

General Guidelines

• Collect sources. Gather the source information required for MLA Documentation for the
source medium of the illustration (e.g. print, web, podcast).
• Determine what types of illustrations best suit your purpose. Consider the purpose of
each illustration, how it contributes to the purpose of the document and the reader's
understanding, and whether or not the audience will be able to view and/or understand
the illustration easily.
• Use illustrations of the best quality. Avoid blurry, pixilated, or distorted images for both
print and electronic documents. Often pixilation and distortion occurs when writers
manipulate image sizes. Keep images in their original sizes or use photo editing software
 to modify them. Reproduce distorted graphs, tables, or diagrams with spreadsheet or
publishing software, but be sure to include all source information. Always represent the
original source information faithfully and avoid unethical practices of false representation
or manipulation.
• Use illustrations sparingly. Decide what items can best improve the document's ability
to augment readers' understanding of the information, appreciation for the subject, and/or
illustration of the main points. Do not provide illustrations for illustrations' sake.
Scrutinize illustrations for how potentially informative or persuasive they can be.
• Do not use illustrations to boost page length. In the case of student papers, instructors
often do not count the space taken up by visual aids toward the required page length of
the document. Remember that texts explain, while illustrations enhance. Illustrations
cannot carry the entire weight of the document.

Labels, Captions, and Source Information

Illustrations appear directly embedded in the document, except in the case of manuscripts that
being prepared for publication. (For preparing manuscripts with visual materials for publication,
see Note on Manuscripts below.) Each illustration must include, a label, a number, a caption
and/or source information.

• The illustration label and number should always appear in two places: the document
main text (e.g. see fig. 1) and near the illustration itself (Fig. 1).
• Captions provide titles or explanatory notes.
• Source information documentation will always depend upon the medium of the source
illustration. If you provide source information with all of your illustrations, you do not
need to provide this information on the Works Cited page.

Source Information and Note Form

For source information, MLA lists sources in note form. These entries appear much like standard
MLA bibliographic entries with a few exceptions:

• Author names are in First_Name Last_Name format.

• Commas are substituted for periods (except in the case of the period that ends the entry).
• Publication information for books (location: publisher, year) appears in parentheses.
• Relevant page numbers follow the publication information.

Note: Use semicolons to denote entry sections when long series of commas make these sections
difficult to ascertain as being like or separate. (See examples below.)

Examples - Documenting Source Information in "Note Form"

Book

Tom Shachtman, Absolute Zero and the Conquest of Cold (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999) 35.
Website (using semicolons to group like information together)

United States; Dept. of Commerce; Census Bureau; Manufacturing, Mining, and Construction
Statistics; Housing Units Authorized by Building Permits; US Dept. of Commerce, 5 Feb. 2008;
Web; 23 Dec. 2008; table 1a.

In this example, the commas in Manufacturing, Mining, and Construction Statistics prompt the
need for semicolons in order for the series information to be read easily. Even if Manufacturing,
Mining, and Construction Statistics had not appeared in the entry, the multiple "author names" of
United States, Dept. of Commerce, and Census Bureau would have necessitated the use of a
semicolon before and after the title and between ensuing sections to the end of the entry.

Furthermore, the publisher and date in a standard entry are separated by a comma and belong
together; thus, their inclusion here (US Dept. of Commerce, 5 Feb. 2008) also necessitates the
semicolons.

For more information and examples for MLA note form, see "Appendix B.1 Endnotes and
Footnotes," MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th ed., pp. 298-312.

MLA Documentation for Tables, Figures, and Examples

MLA provides three designations for document illustrations: tables, figures, and examples (see
specific sections below).

Tables

• Refer to the table and its corresponding numeral in-text. Do not capitalize the word table.
This is typically done in parentheses (e.g. "(see table 2)").
• Situate the table near the text to which it relates.
• Align the table flush-left to the margin.
• Label the table Table and provide its corresponding Arabic numeral. No punctuation is
necessary after the label and number (see example below).
• On the next line, provide a caption for the table, most often the table title. Use standard
capitalization rules.
• Place the table below the caption, flush-left, making sure to maintain basic MLA style
formatting (e.g. one-inch margins).
• Below the title, signal the source information with the descriptor Source, followed by a
colon, then provide the correct MLA bibliographic information for the source in note
form (see instructions and examples above). Use a hanging indent for lines after the first.
If you provide source information with your illustrations, you do not need to provide this
information on the Works Cited page.
• If additional caption information or explanatory notes is necessary, use lowercase letters
formatted in superscript in the caption information or table. Below the source
information, indent, provide a corresponding lowercase letter (not in superscript), a
space, and the note.
• Labels, captions, and notes are double-spaced.
Table Example

In-text reference:

In 1985, women aged 65 and older were 59% more likely than men of the same of age to reside
in a nursing home, and though 11,700 less women of that age group were enrolled in 1999, men
over the same time period ranged from 30,000 to 39,000 persons while women accounted for
49,00 to 61,500 (see table 1).

Table reference:

Table 1 Rate of Nursing Home Residence Among People Age 65 or Older, By Sex and Age
Group, 1985, 1995, 1997, 1999a

Image Caption: Example Table

Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics, Older Americans 2008: Key
Indicators of Well-Being, Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics, Mar. 2008,
Web, table 35A.

a. Note: Rates for 65 and over category are age-adjusted using the 2000 standard population.
Beginning in 1997, population figures are adjusted for net underenumeration using the 1990
National Population Adjustment Matrix from the U.S. Census Bureau. People residing in
personal care or domiciliary care homes are excluded from the numerator.

Figures

• All visuals/illustrations that are not tables or musical score examples (e.g. maps,
diagrams, charts, videos, podcasts, etc.) are labeled Figure or Fig.
• Refer to the figure in-text and provide an Arabic numeral that corresponds to the figure.
Do not capitalize figure or fig.
• MLA does not specify alignment requirements for figures; thus, these images may be
embedded as the reader sees fit. However, continue to follow basic MLA Style formatting
(e.g. one-inch margins).
• Below the figure, provide a label name and its corresponding arabic numeral (no bold or
italics), followed by a period (e.g. Fig. 1.). Here, Figure and Fig. are capitalized.
• Beginning with the same line as the label and number, provide a title and/or caption as
well as relevant source information in note form (see instructions and examples above). If
you provide source information with your illustrations, you do not need to provide this
information on the Works Cited page.

Figures Example

In-text reference:

Some readers found Harry’s final battle with Voldemort a disappointment, and recently, the
podcast, MuggleCast debated the subject (see fig. 2).

Figure caption (below an embedded podcast file for a document to be viewed electronically):

Fig. 2. Harry Potter and Voldemort final battle debate from Andrew Sims et al.; “Show 166”;
MuggleCast; MuggleNet.com, 19 Dec. 2008; Web; 27 Dec. 2008.

Examples

• The descriptor Example only refers to musical illustrations (e.g. portions of a musical
score). Example is often abbreviated Ex.
• Refer to the example in-text and provide an Arabic numeral that corresponds to the
example. Do not capitalize example or ex.
• Supply the illustration, making sure to maintain basic MLA Style formatting (e.g. one-
inch margins).
 • Below the example, provide the label (capitalized Example or Ex.) and number and a
caption or title. The caption or title will often take the form of source information along
with an explanation, for example, of what part of the score is being illustrated. If you
provide source information with your illustrations, you do not need to provide this
information on the Works Cited page.

Note on Manuscripts

Do not embed illustrations (tables, figures, or examples) in manuscripts for publication. Put
placeholders in the text to show where the illustrations will go. Type these placeholders on their
own line, flush left, and bracketed (e.g. [table 1]. At the end of the document, provide label,
number, caption, and source information in an organized list. Send files for illustrations in the
appropriate format to your editor separately. If you provide source information with your
illustrations, you do not need to provide this information on the Works Cited page.