M337 (Complex Analysis) 2004 SOLUTIONS Page 1

Question 1
(a) 2 marks
(a)(i) ,o, 2 2 8 2 2
2 2
= = + (Unit A1, Section 2, Para. 2)
(a)(ii) Arg o 3t/4. (Unit A1, Section 2, Para. 8)
(b) 6 marks
(b)(i) 4 / i 3 exp 2 2 t = o
4
1
i
4
1
4
3
sin i
4
3
cos
2 2
1 1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
| t
+ |
.
|

\
| t
=
o
(Unit A1, Section 2, Para. 12)
(b)(ii) The principal value oI o
1/3
is (Unit A1, Section 3, Para 4)

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
| t
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
| t
4
3
3
1
sin i
4
3
3
1
cos 2 2
3 / 1
i 1
4
sin i
4
cos 2 + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
| t
+ |
.
|

\
| t
=
(b)(iii) Log o i
4
3
2 log
2
3
) 4 / 3 ( i 2 2 log
e e
t
+ = t + (Unit A2, Section 5, Para. 1)
(b)(iv) Arg(o
3
) t
4
1
as t = t
4
1
4
9
.
ThereIore Log(o
3
) 3 Log o - 2 i
4
2 log
2
9
e
t
+ =
(Unit A2, Section 5, Paras. 1 & 2)
M337 (Complex Analysis) 2004 SOLUTIONS Page 2
Question 2
(a) 3 marks
A
B
C A - B
Note origin not included in B as Arg not deIined there. Also origin not in C.
(b) 4 marks
(b)(i) A and C.
(b)(ii) C.
(b)(iii) B.
(c) 1 mark
0, 1}.
M337 (Complex Analysis) 2004 SOLUTIONS Page 3
Question 3
(a) 3 marks
(a)(i) The standard parametrization Ior the circle I is (Unit A2, Section 2, Para. 3)

it
e 2 t sin i t cos 2 t = + = (t e |0, 2t|)
(a)(ii)
it
ie 2 t = '
Since is a smooth path then (Unit B1, Section 2, Para. 1)

} }
t
I
' =
2
0
dt t t dz z
}
t

=
2
0
it it
dt ie 2 e 2 i 8 dt i 4
2
0
t = =
}
t
(b) 5 marks
The length oI I is L 2t * 2 4t.
Using the Triangle Inequality (Unit A1, Section 5, Para. 3b) then, Ior z e I, we have
5 1 4 1 z 1 z 1 z
2
2 2
= + = + = + s
Using the Backwards Iorm oI the Triangle Inequality (Unit A1, Section 5, Para. 3c)
then, Ior z e I, we have
3 1 4 1 z 1 z
2 2
= = >
ThereIore
3
5
1 z
1 z
M
2
2
s

= Ior z e I.

1 z
1 z
z I
2
2

= is continuous on -1, 1} and hence on the circle I.

ThereIore by the Estimation Theorem (Unit B1, Section 4, Para. 3)
t = t = s
}
I
3
20
4 *
3
5
ML dz z I
M337 (Complex Analysis) 2004 SOLUTIONS Page 4
Question 4
(a) 3 marks
is a simply-connected region, C is a simple-closed contour in , and
I(z) exp (itz) is analytic on .
As -1 lies inside the circle C then by Cauchy`s Integral Iormula (Unit B2, Section 1,
Para. 4) then
i 2 e * i 2 1 I i 2 dz
1 z
e
i
C
z i
t = t = t =
+
t
t
}
(b) 2 marks
Let # z e C : ,z - i, 5
1/2
}. # is a simply-connected region and C is a simple-
closed contour in #. As
3 z
e
z i
+
t
is analytic on # then by Cauchy`s Theorem (Unit B2,
Section 1, Para. 4)
0 dz
3 z
e
C
z i
=
+
}
t
(c) 3 marks Unit B2
Let g(z) sin(z- t/2). g is a Iunction which is analytic on the simply-connected
region (Unit B2, Section 1, Para. 3).
The contour C is a simple-closed contour in . Since z
3
is zero inside the circle C then
using Cauchy`s n
th
Derivative Eormula (Unit B2, Section 3, Para. 1), with n 2 and
o 0 we have

0 g
! 2
i 2
dz
z
z g
dz
z
2 / z sin
) 2 (
C
3
C
3
t
= =
t
} }
2 / z cos z g t = ' .
2 / z sin z g t = ' ' .
So 1 2 / sin 0 g = t = ' ' .
Hence

i dz
z
2 / z sin
C
3
t =
t
}
.
M337 (Complex Analysis) 2004 SOLUTIONS Page 5
Question 5
(a) 3 marks
I is an analytic Iunction with simple poles at z 0, , and 2. Using the cover-up rule
(Unit C1, Section 1, Para. 3).


. 1
2
1
0 , I Res
2
1
=

=


.
3
5
1
, I Res
2
3
2
1
4
1
2
1
=

+
=


.
3
5
2
1 4
2 , I Res
2
3
=
+
=
(b) 5 marks
I shall use the strategy given in Unit C1, Section 2, Para. 2.


} }
t
+
+
=

C
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
0
dz
iz
1
z z 4 5
z z
dt
t cos 4 5
t cos
, where C is the unit circle z : ,z, 1}.

}

+
=
C
2
2
dz
2 z 2 z 5 z
1 z
2
i

} }

+
=
+
+
=
C 2
1
2
C 2
5
2
2
dz
2 z z z
1 z
4
i
dz
1 z z z
1 z
4
i
I is analytic on the simply-connected region except Ior a Iinite number oI
singularities. C is a simple contour in not passing through any oI the singularities.
Since the singularities at z , and 0 are inside the circle C then by Cauchy`s
Residue Theorem (Unit C1, Section 2, Para. 1) we have
<
2
1
2
0
, I Res 0 , I Res i 2 *
4
i
dt
t cos 4 5
t cos
+ t =

}
t
3 3
5
1
2
t
=
)
`

t
=
M337 (Complex Analysis) 2004 SOLUTIONS Page 6
Question 6
(a) 7 marks
(a)(i) Let I(z) 2z
3
5z 1 and g
1
(z) 2z
3
.
Eor z e C
1
then, using the Triangle Inequality (Unit A1, Section 5, Para. 3),
, I(z) g
1
(z) , ,5z - 1, s ,5z, ,-1, 11 16 , g
1
(z) ,.
As I is a polynomial then it is analytic on the simply-connected region # . Since
C
1
is a simple-closed contour in # then by Rouch `s theorem (Unit C2, Section 2,
Para. 4) I has the same number oI zeros as g
1
inside the contour C
1
. ThereIore I has 3
zeros inside C
1
.
(a)(ii) Let g
2
(z) 5z.
On the contour C
2
we have, using the Triangle Inequality,
, I(z) g
2
(z) , ,2z
3
- 1, s ,2z
3
, ,-1, 3
5 , g
2
(z) ,.
As C
2
is a simple-closed contour in # then by Rouch`s theorem I has the same
number oI zeros as g
2
inside the contour C
2
. ThereIore I has 1 zero inside C
2
.
(b) 1 mark
I(z) 0 is a polynomial equation with real coeIIicients. ThereIore iI o is a solution
then so is the complex conjugate o . II o is the only solution inside C
2
then we must
have o o . Hence the solution is real.
Clearly o is non-zero. II o 0 then all the terms in 2o
3
5o 1 are negative so o 0
cannot be a solution. ThereIore the solution inside C
2
is real and positive.
M337 (Complex Analysis) 2004 SOLUTIONS Page 7
Question 7
(a) 1 mark
q is a steady continuous 2-dimensional velocity Iunction on the region and the
conjugate velocity Iunction iz ) z ( q = is analytic on . ThereIore q is a model Iluid
Ilow on (Unit D2, Section 1, Para. 14).
(b) 5 marks
The complex potential Iunction O is a primitive oI ) z ( q (Unit D2, Section 2, Para. 1).
ThereIore the complex potential Iunction 2 / iz z
2
= O and the stream Iunction
z Im y , x O = + (Unit D2, Section 2, Para. 4)

2
2
i
iy x Im + = , where z x iy

2 2
2
1
2 2
2
i
y x ixy 2 y x Im + = + =
A streamline through 1 i is given by 0 1 , 1 y x
2 2
2
1
= + = + .
Since the streamline goes through 1 i it must have the equation y x.
At 1 i the velocity Iunction q(1 i) i(1 - i) 1 i (north-east)
(c) 2 marks
Since I Iollows the streamline through 1 i then the Ilux oI q across I is 0 (Unit D2,
Section 2, Para. 5).
M337 (Complex Analysis) 2004 SOLUTIONS Page 8
Question 8
(a) 3 marks
Using the result in Unit D3, Section 2, Para. 1 then the iteration sequence
z
n1
z
n
2
6z
n
5 is conjugate to the iteration sequence
w
n1
w
n
2
(1*5 6 / 2 - 6
2
/ 4) w
n
2
- 1
and conjugating Iunction h(z) z 3.
ThereIore w
0
h(z
0
) z
0
3 -3 3 0. (Unit D3, Section 1, Para. 7).
(b) 3 marks
II o is a Iixed point oI P-
1
(Unit D3, Section 1, Para. 3) then
P
-1
(o) o
2
- 1 o.
The solutions oI o
2
- o - 1 0 are
2
5 1
2
4 1 1
=
+
.
P
-1
/
(z) 2z.
When z
2
5 1
then , P
-1
/
(z) , , 5 1 , ~ 1.
ThereIore
2
5 1
are repelling Iixed points (Unit D3 Section 1, Para. 5).
(c) 2 marks
Let . i c
2
1
=
. i 0 P
2
1
c
=
. i 2 i i 1 i i 0 P
4
1
2
1
4
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
c
= + = + =
As 2 0 P
2
c
> then c does not lie in the Mandelbrot set (Unit D3, Section 4, Para. 5).
M337 (Complex Analysis) 2004 SOLUTIONS Page 9
Question 9
(a) 8 marks
(a)(i)
y , x iv y , x u y x iy x z z z I
2 2
2
+ = + + = + = ,
where u(x,y) x x
2
y
2
, and v(x,y) -y.
(a)(ii)
x 2 1 y , x
x
u
+ =
c
c
, y 2 y , x
y
u
=
c
c
, 0 y , x
x
v
=
c
c
, 1 y , x
y
v
=
c
c
II I is diIIerentiable then the Cauchy-Riemann equations hold (Unit A4, Section 2,
Para. 1). II they hold at (a, b)
b , a
y
v
1 a 2 1 b , a
x
u
c
c
= = + =
c
c
, and
b , a
y
u
b 2 0 b , a
x
v
c
c
= = =
c
c
ThereIore the Cauchy-Riemann equations only hold at (-1, 0).
As I is deIined on the region , and the partial derivatives
y
v
,
x
v
,
y
u
,
x
u
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
1. exist on
2. are continuous at (-1, 0).
3. satisIy the Cauchy-Riemann equations at (-1, 0)
then, by the Cauchy-Riemann Converse Theorem (Unit A4, Section 2, Para. 3), I is
diIIerentiable at -1.
As the Cauchy-Riemann only hold at (-1, 0) then I is not diIIerentiable on any region
surrounding 0. ThereIore I is not analytic at -1. (Unit A4, Section 1, Para. 3)
(a)(iii)
I
/
(-1, 0) 1 0 , 1
x
v
i 0 , 1
x
u
=
c
c
+
c
c
(Unit A4, Section 2, Para. 3).
M337 (Complex Analysis) 2004 SOLUTIONS Page 10
(b) 10 marks
(i) The domain oI g is (Unit A4, Section 1, Para. 7) and its derivative g
/
(z)3iz
2
also has domain (Unit A4, Section 3, Para. 4) . ThereIore g is analytic on - 0}.
Since g
/
(z) = 0 on - 0}then g is conIormal on - 0} (Unit A4, Section 4, Para. 6).
(ii) As g is analytic on and g
/
(2) = 0 then a small disc centred at 2 is mapped
approximately (Unit A4, Section 1, Para. 11) to a small disc centred at
g(2) 8i. The disc is rotated by Arg (g
/
(2)) Arg 12i t/2, and scaled by a
Iactor , g
/
(2), 12.
(iii)
(iv)
The vertical line in the diagram below is g(I
1
). (Unit A4, Section 4, Para. 4)
(v) (g
o

1
)
/
(t) g
/
(
1
(t))
1
/
(t) 3i(2t)
2
2 24it
2
.
(g
o

2
)
/
(t) g
/
(
2
(t))
2
/
(t) 3i(1e
it
)
2
ie
it
.
Since
1
(0) 0 and
2
(t) 0 then the slopes oI g(I
1
) and g(I
2
) at g(0) are
both 0. As I
1
and I
2
are at right angles at 0 then g is not conIormal at 0.
M337 (Complex Analysis) 2004 SOLUTIONS Page 11
Question 10
(a) 10 marks
(a)(i) I has singularities at z 0 and z i. As i 2 z I 0 z
0 z
lim
=

and
i 2 z I i z
i z
lim
=

then these are simple poles.

(a)(ii)
iz 1 z
i 2
i z z
2
z I
+
=

=

)
`

=0 n
n
iz
z
i 2
since ,iz , 1 on z : 0 ,z, 1} (Unit B3, Section 3, Para. 5)
Hence the required Laurent series about 0 is
... iz 2 ... z 2 iz 2 2
z
i 2
iz 2
1 n 2
0 n
1 n
+ + + + =

.
(a)(iii)
<

i z
i
2
1
1
i z
2
i z
2
i i z
1
i z z
2
z I

=
+
=

=

)

|
.
|

\
|

=0 n
n
2
i z
i
i z
2
since ,i / (z-i), 1 on z : ,z - i, ~ 1} (Unit B3, Section 3, Para. 5)
ThereIore the required Laurent series about i is

...
i z
i
2 ...
i z
2
i z
i 2
i z
2
i z
i
2
2 n
4 3 2
0 n
2 n
|
.
|

\
|

= |
.
|

\
|

=
+

.
M337 (Complex Analysis) 2004 SOLUTIONS Page 12
(b) 8 marks
(b)(i) The Laurent series Ior g(z) z
2
sin (1/z) about 0 is




1 n 2
0 n
n 1 n 2
0 n
n
2
z
1
! 1 n 2
1
z
1
! 1 n 2
1
z

=
+

=
|
.
|

\
|
+

= |
.
|

\
|
+

ThereIore the required series Ior g is ...
z 120
1
z 6
1
z
3
+ z e 0}
(b)(ii) g has an essential singularity at 0 since there are an inIinite number oI terms
with negative powers oI z. (Unit B4, Section 2, Para. 8)
(b)(iii) z
2
sin(1/z) is analytic on the punctured disc - 0}.
As C is a circle with centre 0 then (Unit B4, Section 4, Para. 2)
3
i
6
1
i 2 a i 2 dz
z
1
sin z
1
C
2
t
= |
.
|

\
|
t = t = |
.
|

\
|

}
where a
1
is the coeIIicient oI z
1
in the Laurent series Ior g about 0.
(b)(iv)
z
2n
sin(1/z) (n 1, 2, 3, ..) is analytic on the punctured disc - 0}.
The Laurent series about 0 Ior z
2n
sin (1/z) on this disc is

=
+

=
= |
.
|

\
|
+

= |
.
|

\
|
+

s
s
s
1 n m 2
0 m
m 1 m 2
0 m
m
n 2
z a
z
1
! 1 m 2
1
z
1
! 1 m 2
1
z
As C is a circle with centre 0 then (Unit B4, Section 4, Para. 2)


|
|
.
|

\
|
+

t = t = |
.
|

\
|

}
! 1 n 2
1
i 2 a i 2 dz
z
1
sin z
n
1
C
n 2
, Ior n 1, 2, 3, .
M337 (Complex Analysis) 2004 SOLUTIONS Page 13
Question 11
(a) 6 marks
Since

3
i 2
3
i 2
z z 9
z cot
z I
+
t t
= then I has simple poles at z 2i/3.
By the cover-up rule (Unit C1, Section 1, Para. 3)




i 12
3 i 2 cot
9
3 i 2 cot
, I Res
3
i 2
3
i 2
3
i 2
t t
=
+
t t
= , and




i 12
3 i 2 cot
9
3 i 2 cot
, I Res
3
i 2
3
i 2
3
i 2

t t
=

t t
=

.
Since sin(iz) i sinh z and cos(iz) cosh z then cot(iz) - i coth(z).
ThereIore

12
3 2 coth
, I Res
3
i 2
t t
= and


12
3 2 coth
12
3 2 coth
, I Res
3
i 2
t t
=
t t
=

. (Unit A2, Section 4, Para. 6)

I(z) g(z) / h(z) where
4 z 9
z cos
z g
2
+
t t
= and h(z) sin tz.
g and h are analytic at 0, h(0) 0, and h
/
(0) t cos(0) t = 0.
ThereIore by the g/h rule (Unit C1, Section 1, Para. 2)


4
1 1
*
4
1 *
0 h
0 g
I,0 Res =
t
t
=
'
= .
|You could also use Unit C1, Section 4, Para 1 last line|
M337 (Complex Analysis) 2004 SOLUTIONS Page 14
(b) 8 marks
The method given in Unit C1, Section 4, Para. 1 will be used.
I(z) t cot tz * |(z) where |(z) 1/(9z
2
4).
| is an even Iunction which is analytic on except Ior simple poles at the non-
integral points z 2i/3.
Let S
N
be the square contour with vertices at (N )(1 i).
On S
N
we have ,z, > N so, using the backwards Iorm oI the Triangle Inequality
(Unit A1, Section 5, Para. 2),
,9z
2
4, > , ,9z
2
, - 4 , > 9(N )
2
4 > 9N
2
.
On S
N
we also have cot tz s 2 (Unit C1, Section 4, Para. 2) so on C
N


2
N 9
2
z I
t
s .
The length oI the contour S
N
is 4(2N 1).
As I is continuous on the contour S
N
then by the Estimation Theorem (Unit B1,
Section 4, Para. 3) we have

N
1
2
S
2
N 9
8
1 N 2 4
N 9
2
dz z I
N
+
t
= +
t
s
}
.
Hence 0 dz z I
N
lim
N
S
=

}
.
ThereIore the conditions speciIied in Unit C1, Section 4, Para. 1 hold so

=
+ + =
+
1 n
2
3 / i 2 , I Res 3 / i 2 , I Res 0 , I Res
2
1
4 n 9
1
3
2
coth
12 8
1 t t
+ = .
(c) 4 marks

=
+
+ +
+
=
+
1 n
2
1
n
2
n
2
4 n 9
1
4
1
4 n 9
1
4 n 9
1
3
2
coth
6 4 n 9
1
2
4
1
1 n
2
t t
=
+
+ =

=
.
M337 (Complex Analysis) 2004 SOLUTIONS Page 15
Question 12
(a) 8 marks
(a)(i) The circle C has centre 0, and radius r 2. I shall take o 1 i as an
inverse point with respect to the circle C and show that the corresponding inverse
point | 2(1 i).
Since C is not an extended line then k = 1. ThereIore the equation
2
r = | o
given in Unit D1, Section 3, Para. 7 holds.
Hence 4 i 1 = | + . Taking the conjugate oI both sides gives (1-i) | 4 or
| 2(1 i)..
Hence the given o and | are inverse point with respect to C.
(a)(ii)


=
+ +
= o
i 1 i 1
2
g , and

i 1
i 1 i 1 2
2
g =
+ +
= |
As o and | are inverse points with respect to the generalised circle C then
| o g` and g` are inverse points with respect to C g` . (Unit D1, Section 3, Para. 6)
ThereIore the centre oI the circle C g` is at 1 i (Unit D1, Section 3, Para. 5). Since a
point on C is mapped to a point on C g` then

i 1
i 1
2
i 1 2
2
2 g + =

=
+
= is on
C g` . ThereIore the radius oI C g` is ,(1 i) (1 i), 2.
The image oI C under G is the boundary oI the white circle in the diagram below.
(a)(iii)
As g(1 i) then a point inside the circle C is mapped to a point outside C g` .
ThereIore D is the open shaded region with boundary C g` .
M337 (Complex Analysis) 2004 SOLUTIONS Page 16
(b) 10 marks
(b)(i)
R
R
1
S
(b)(ii)
Using the Iormula Ior a transIormation mapping points to the standard triple (Unit D1,
Section 2, Para. 11) then the Mbius transIormation
1
I
`
which maps 0, 1, and 2 to 0, 1,
and respectively is




2 z
z
0 1
2 1
2 z
0 z
z I
1

=
ThereIore the boundaries oI R are mapped to extended lines in R
1
. Since Mbius
transIormations are conIormal these lines in R
1
meet at the origin at right-angles.
The line along the origin in R is mapped to the positive real-axis in R
1
since I(1) 1.
As we move Irom 0 to 1 in R the region to be mapped is on the leIt-hand side. As the
transIormation is conIormal this must also be the case in R
1
. ThereIore is mapped to
R
1
by I
1
.
(b)(iii) w z
1
2
is a conIormal mapping Irom R
1
to S.
ThereIore a conIormal mapping Irom R to S is

2
2 z
z
z I
|
.
|

\
|

= .
(b)(iv) The point 0 belongs to the closure oI R. Since at this point I
/
(z) 0 then I is
not conIormal (Unit A4, Section 4, Para. 6).