Lightning Protection Calculation - Building 911

ANNUAL THREAT OF OCCURANCE, FROM NFPA 780 2011 APPENDIX L6.6.1 DIRECT STRIKES TO STRUCTURE (SECTION L.6.6.1.1) = USER INPUT REQUIRED

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Figure L.4.1(a) Calculation of the equivalent collective area for a rectangular structure.

Nd

0.0037

yearly average flash density in the region where structure is located lighting ground flash density in flashes/km2/year (See Figure L.2) environmental coefficient (see Table L.4.2) equivalent collection area of structure (m2) (choose from below)

Ng

1.0

C1

0.25

Figure L.4.1(b) Calculation of the equivalent collective area for a structure where a prominent part encompasses all portions of the lower part of the structure.

Ae

14702.42

STRUCTURE COLLECTIVE AREA CALCULATION (SECTION L.4) Length (L) Width (W) Height (H) Figure H.4.2(a) Results Figure H.4.2(b) Results 200 ft 100 ft 45 ft
2 5319.2 m 2 14702.4 m

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Lightning Protection Calculation - Building 911

STRIKES NEAR STRUCTURE (SECTION L.6.6.1.2)

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NM

0.0573

annual threat of occurrence due to strikes near structure (min of 0) collection area of flashes near structure (m2)

Am

243815.4

STRIKES TO AN ADJACENT BUILDING (SECTION L.6.6.1.4) ADJ. BLDG. COLLECTIVE AREA CALCULATION Nda = 0.0059 annual threat of occurrence due to strikes near structure lighting ground flash density in flashes/km2/year (See Figure L.2) environmental coefficient of adj. bldg. (see Table L.4.2) correction factor for presence of an HV/LV transformer located b/t strike point and structure (0.2 if one present, otherwise 1.0) equivalent collection area of adj. bldg. (m2) (choose from below) Length (L) Width (W) Height (H) 300 ft 200 ft 45 ft
2 5319.2 m 2 23435.3 m

Ng

1.0

Figure H.4.1.2(a) Results Figure H.4.1.2(b) Results

C1

0.25

Ct

1.0

Ae

23435.3

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Lightning Protection Calculation - Building 911

STRIKES TO AN INCOMING SERVICE (SECTION L.6.6.1.3)

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NL

0.02236

annual threat of occurrence due to strikes near structure lighting ground flash density in flashes/km2/year (See Figure L.2) environmental coefficient of incoming service (see Table L.4.2) correction factor for presence of an HV/LV transformer located b/t strike point and structure (0.2 if one present, otherwise 1.0)

Ng

1.0

C1

1.0

Ct

1.0

SERVICE COLLECTIVE AREA CALCULATION Hc lc Ha Hb r 0m 1000 m 0m 0m 500 Wm Aerial 0.0 m2 1000000.0 m2 Buried 22360.7 m2 559017.0 m2

Al

22360.7

collection area of flashes striking the service (m2) (see Table 6.7.1)

Al Ai

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Lightning Protection Calculation - Building 911

STRIKES NEAR AN INCOMING SERVICE (SECTION L.6.6.1.5)

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NI

0.2795

annual threat of occurrence due to flashes near a service lighting ground flash density in flashes/km2/year (See Figure L.2) environmental coefficient of incoming service (see Table L.6.7.2) correction factor for presence of an HV/LV transformer located b/t strike point and structure (0.2 if one present, otherwise 1.0) collection area of flashes striking near service (m2) (see Table 6.7.1)

Ng

1.0

Ce

0.5

Ct

1.0

Ai

559017.0

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Lightning Protection Calculation - Building 911

ANNUAL PROBABILITIES OF DAMAGE, FROM NFPA 780 2011 APPENDIX L6.6.2 PROBABILITY OF INJURY DUE TO DIRECT STRIKE (SECTION L.6.6.2.1) PA = 0.000001 probability of injury due to direct strike to a structure (see Table L.6.7.3)

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PROBABILITY OF PHYSICAL DAMAGE DUE TO DIRECT STRIKE (SECTION L.6.6.2.2) PB = 0.001 probability of physical damage due to direct strike to a structure (see Table L.6.7.4)

PROBABILITY OF INTERNAL SYSTEM FAILURE AS FUNCTION OF SPD PROTECTION (SECTION L.6.6.2.3) PC = 1 probability of failure of internal systems as function of SPD protection (see Table L.6.7.5) Sec. L.6.6.2.3

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Lightning Protection Calculation - Building 911

PROBABILITY OF INTERNAL SYSTEM FAILURE DUE TO STRIKES NEAR STRUCTURE (SECTION L.6.6.2.4) PM = 1 probably of failure of internal systems due to strikes near structure (see Table L6.7.6). Without coordinated surge protective devices -- PM = 1.0

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KS

0.0648

protective measures factor

For continuous metal shields with a thickness of 0.1 to 0.5 mm, K S1 and K S2 should be assigned the value of 10-4 to 10-5 (scaled linearly). Where not otherwise known, the value of K S1 and K S2 can be evaluated by the following relationship as long as the equipment is located a distance, w from the boundary shield:

w = distance measured in meters and given by a mesh grid spacing, the spacing between down conductors, or the spacing between structural steel columns. In those structures where it is ensured that steel reinforcing bars are interconnected and terminated by approved grounding electrodes, w is the spacing between the reinforcing bars. If the equipment is located closer to the applicable boundary than the distance, w , the values of K S 1 and K S 2 should be doubled. In those cases where multiple internal boundaries exist, the resulting value of K S2 is the product of each individual value of K S2 . KS1 KS2 = = 1.8 1.8 structural shielding efficiency factor internal shielding efficiency factor

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Lightning Protection Calculation - Building 911

KS3 = 0.02 internal wiring characteristic factor (see Table L.6.7.7)

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U W = lowest withstand voltage of the hardware in the system under consideration KS4 = 1 system voltage factor

PROBABILITY OF INJURY FROM STRIKE TO INCOMING SERVICE (SECTION L.6.6.2.5) PU = 0.8 probability as a function of the resistance of cable shield and impulse withstand voltage of equipment (see Table L6.7.8) 1.5 based on P U = 1

Therefore, Table L.6.7.8 gives value of

Where SPDs are provided for equipotential bonding, the value of P U to be used in the equation for the risk of injury to humans due to flashes to a service is the lower value between P C and P U . For unshielded services, a value of P U = 1 is used. Where physical restrictions, warning notices, etc., are used, the value of P U can be further reduced by multiplying it by P A .

PROBABILITY OF PHYSICAL DAMAGE FROM STRIKE TO INCOMING SERVICE (SECTION L.6.6.2.6) PV = 0.8 probability of physical damage from strike to incoming service

Where SPDs are not provided, the value of P V is equal to the value of P U . Where SPDs are provided, the value of P V to be used in the equation for the risk of physical damage due to a strike to a service is the lower value between P C and P U .

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PROBABILITY OF INTERNAL SYSTEM FAILURE DUE TO STRIKE TO INCOMING SERVICE (SECTION L.6.6.2.7) PW = 0.8 probability of physical damage from strike to incoming service

Where SPDs are installed, the value of P W is the lower value of P C or P U . Where SPDs are not installed, the value of P W to be used in the equation for the risk of failure of internal systems due to a strike to a service is equivalent to the value of P U .

PROBABILITY OF INTERNAL SYSTEM FAILURE DUE TO STRIKE NEAR AN INCOMING SERVICE (SECTION L.6.6.2.8) PZ = 0.1 probability of internal system failure due to strike near an incoming service

Where SPDs are not installed, the probability of failure of internal systems due to a flash near the connected service (P Z ) can be taken from Table L.6.7.9. Where SPDs are installed, the value of PZ can be taken to be the lower value of PC or PZ.

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LOSS FACTORS, FROM NFPA 780 2011 APPENDIX L6.6.3 LOSS OF LIFE TO HUMANS (SECTION L.6.6.3)

LA np nt tp

= = = =

0.1142 260 260 1000

estimated, mean, value number of possible endangered persons (victims) expected total number of persons (in the structure) time in hours per year for which the persons are present in a dangerous place, outside of the structure (Lt) or inside the structure (Lt, Lf, Lo)

Typical mean values of Lt, Lf , and Lo, for use when the determination of np, nt, and tp is uncertain or difficult, are given in Table L.6.7.10. INJURY TO HUMANS (SECTION L.6.6.3.1)

LA LU ra

= = =

1.00E-07 1.00E-07 0.01

value for loss of human life value of loss of living being reduction factor for type of surface soil or floor (see Table L.6.7.11) mean value of loss of life (see Table L.6.7.10) 9 of 14

Lt

0.00001

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Lightning Protection Calculation - Building 911

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PHYSICAL DAMAGE (SECTION L.6.6.3.2)

LB LV rp

= = =

0.00004 0.00004 0.2

value of loss due to direct strike to the structure value of loss due to strike to incoming service reduction factor for provisions take to reduce consequences of fire (see Table L.6.7.12) reduction factor for risk of fire to structure (see Table L.6.7.13) factor for the kinds of hazard in the structure (see Table L.6.7.14) mean value of physical damage loss (see Table L.6.7.10) Calculated value based on number of people at risk. value of loss due to direct strike to the structure, based on number of people at risk value of loss due to strike to incoming service, based on number of people at risk

rf

0.01

hZ

Lf Lf, calculated LB, calculated LV, calculated

= = = =

0.01 0.1142 0.00046 0.00046

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Lightning Protection Calculation - Building 911

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FAILURE OF INTERNAL SYSTEMS (SECTION L.6.6.3.3)

LC LM LW

= = =

0.001 0.001 0.001

value of loss due to direct strike to the structure value of loss due to a strike near the structure value of loss due to a strike to a service connected to the structure value of loss due to a strike near a service connected to the structure mean value of loss of internal system (see Table L.6.7.10)

LZ

0.001

LO

0.001

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RISK COMPONENTS (SECTION L.6.4) SUMMARY OF NUMBER OF STRIKES (SECTION L.6.6.1) Nd NM Nda NL NI = = = = = 0.0037 0.0573 0.0059 0.0224 0.2795

SUMMARY OF PROBABILITY OF DAMAGE (SECTION L.6.6.2) PA PB PC PM PU PV PW PZ = = = = = = = = 0.000001 0.001 1 1 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.1

SUMMARY OF LOSS FACTORS (SECTION L.6.6.3) Alternate, based on number of people at risk 0.0000 0.00046 0.001 0.001 0.0000 0.00046 0.001 0.001 Difference 0% 91% 0% 0% 0% 91% 0% 0% 12 of 14

LA LB LC LM LU LV LW LZ

= = = = = = = =

0.0000 0.00004 0.001 0.001 0.0000 0.00004 0.001 0.001

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Lightning Protection Calculation - Building 911

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SUMMARY OF RISK COMPONENTS (SEE TABLE L.6.6) RA RB RC RM RU RV RW RZ = = = = = = = = 3.68E-16 1.47E-10 3.68E-06 5.73E-05 2.26E-09 9.03E-07 2.26E-05 2.57E-05 3.68E-16 1.68E-09 3.68E-06 5.73E-05 2.26E-09 1.03E-05 2.26E-05 2.57E-05 Difference 0% 91% 0% 0% 0% 91% 0% 0%

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TOTAL RISK COMPONENTS (SECTION L.6.5) R1 = RA + RB + R R1 R1 * = =

C*

+ RM*, + RU + RV + RW* + RZ* Alternate 1.03124E-05 0.000119557 * applicable only for structures with risk of explosion, for structures with life-critical electrical equipment (such as hospitals), or other structures where the failure of internal systems immediately endangers human life.

9.05429E-07 0.00011015

R2 = RB + RC + RM + RV + RW + RZ R2 = 0.000110147 0.000119554

R3 = RB + RV R3 = 9.03171E-07 1.03102E-05

R 4 = R A ** + R B + R C + R M + R U ** + R V + RW + R Z R4 R4** = = 0.000110147 0.00011015 0.000119554 0.000119557 ** applicable only for structures where animals might be injured.

TOTAL OVERALL RISK (SECTION L.6.2 & L.6.5) R = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 R R* R** = = = 0.000222103 0.000331348 0.000222106 0.000259731 0.000368976 0.000259734 RT - Loss of Life or Injury R R R Lightning Protection IS required for Loss of Life IS NOT required for Loss of Service IS NOT required for Loss of Historical Significance Detailed Risk Assessment 14 of 14 0.000001 RT - Loss of Service NR NR NR 0.001 RT - Loss of Historical Significance NR NR NR 0.001