Map 74 Delta

Compiled by A. Bernand, 1994 Introduction

The Nile Deltaa triangle bounded by Alexandria, Pelusium and Memphisis undoubtedly the region of Egypt that has been most transformed since antiquity, with the exception of Lower Nubia, inundated by the waters of Lake Nasser since 1972 (Map 81). The transformation of the Delta is due for the most part to the construction of successive dams that have considerably modified irrigation patterns and the configuration and exploitation of the region. Especially significant in this regard have been the Nile Dam to the north of Cairo (ancient Babylon), conceived by Napoleon and undertaken by Mehemet Ali in 1835; the Old Aswan Dam, erected first between 1898 and 1902, with later phases of construction from 1907 to 1912, and again from 1929 to 1934; and the new High Aswan Dam (Saad el-Ali) begun in 1964. Such works of engineering, undertaken for the sake of agricultural growth, were already recognized by Herodotus at a time when the waters of the Delta had been transformed into an inland sea. Any map that seeks to return the modern landscape of the Delta back to its ancient appearance must recognize several forms of major change, the main ones being coastline change, the shifting of certain bends of the Nile, the successive and uneven drainage of the larger lakes, and the transformation of agricultural patterns. Notable changes to the river banks are the result mainly of subsidence of the Delta socle, which has tipped to the northwest and caused submersion of sites in the vicinity of ancient Canopus (modern Abukir). This also explains the disappearance of sites located to the east of Cape Zephyrion, such as Menouthis, Herakleion and Thonis. These are now at the bottom of Abukir Bay, a short distance from the modern shore. The two branches of the Nile that delimited the Delta in antiquity have long disappeared. The western, Kanobikos branch seems to have shrunk progressively and then disappeared in the fifth century A.D. The Pelousiakos branch to the east must have undergone a similar fate. For both, it is at least possible to reconstruct plausible courses following modern canals, alluvial deposits, and the location of settlements mentioned by Greek and Roman authors. The courses of the branches in outline need not be doubted, even if any attempt at precision must remain hypothetical. The landscape has been profoundly modified by the draining of the large lakes in the north. These have been gradually reduced in size. Modern cultivation of rice and especially cotton have been the cause of extensive drainage projects and the regulation of irrigation. Thus in ancient times the levels of Lakes Mareotis, Kanopike, Paralios and Tanitike were all notably higher than today. The extensive swamps on their shores have little by little been encroached upon by human intervention. The ancient lake just south of Canopus has even disappeared today, and Lake Mareotis has been reduced by agricultural development. The changes in Lakes Paralios and Tanitike have been less marked because of the aridity of the surrounding soil. There has been a multiplication of irrigation channels in modern times too. There were some already in antiquity, such as the Boutikos that traversed a number of towns to link Pelusium with the Kanobikos branch. A canal also reached Sais off the Bolbitinos branch. To the southeast, the canal comprising the Ptolemaios and Traianos Potamos traversed the depression of Wadi Tumilat to join the Nile to the Red Sea at the modern Bay of Suez. The High Dam has produced additional changes as a result of the reduction in the flow of fresh water, and particularly the disappearance of the annual flood with its sediment, now mainly deposited behind the dam. The results have included an increased salinity of the soil and a loss of fertility, especially near the coast. Unlike the Nile Valley, the Delta has not yielded papyri in large numbers. Only where papyri have been carbonized or preserved at valley sites have they survived. As a result, relatively few toponyms are known from the documents, and even fewer can be located on a map. Inscriptions are somewhat more numerous (those of the western Delta are collected in Bernand 1970), but they too contribute relatively little to the map. Most of the place

1118

MAP 74 DELTA

names are known from geographical and literary works. Inevitably, the result is a sparser map than the others covering the Nile valley.

Directory
All place names are in Egypt Abbreviations
CoptEnc PSI P.Thmouis Timm TIR Iudaea A.S. Atiya (ed.), The Coptic Encyclopedia, New York, 1991 Pubblicazioni della Societ Italiana, Papiri Greci e Latini V (1917)

S. Kambitsis (ed.), Le Papyrus Thmouis 1, colonnes 68-160, Paris, 1985.

Names
Grid D1 C3 C2 B2 D3 C3 C2 G3 F3 C2 D3 E4 E3 F3 E4 C2 F4 C2 C2 D2 F3 E3 E3 E3 E4 D2 D2 F3 C2 D2 D2 H5 Name Aegyptium Mare Agathos Daimon fl. Agnou Keras Pr. Alexandria Andronpolis Andropolites Nomos Anthylla Apollonopolites Nomos Arabia Nomos Archandropolis Atarbechis Athribis Athribites Nomos Avaris/ Ramesses Babylon Berenikes Nomos Bilbeis Bolbitine Bolbitinon Stoma Bolbitinos fl. Boubastis Boubastites Nomos Bousiris Bousirites Nomos Bousiritikos? fl. Boutikos fl. Bouto Bouto Canopus Chaireon = Schedia Chemmis Chemmites? Nomos Clysma Arsinoe Period CHR HR HR HRL RL RL CHR RL HRL HR CHR ACHRL ACHRL HRL R R CHRL CHR CHR ACHRL CHRL CHR CHRL CHR CHR ACHRL CHR ACHRL ACHRL HRL Modern Name / Location Mamoudieh Canal Cape Rosetta Iskandariya Reference Burr 49-50 Bernand 1970, 82-99 C-D 1.1, 13 Bernand 1998 Bernand 1970, 551-73 C-D 1.2, 36-38 Ball 1942, 17, 168; C-D 1.2, 44 C-D 1.2, 157-58 C-D 1.2, 179-80 C-D 1.2, 224-25 Ball 1942, 17, 169 Montet 1957, 119-20 C-D 1.1, 33 Lexgypt 5, 128-46; Yoyotte 1983, 55; Bietak 1996 C-D 2, 17-18; C-D Suppl. 1, 75; Yoyotte 1997, 51, 133 C-D 2, 41; Bernand 1970, 444-45, 476 Timm 1, 401-406 Bernand 1970, 99-102 Strabo 17.1.18; Toussoun 1922, 27; Yoyotte 1997, 108-109 Bernand 1970, 99-102 Lexgypt 1, 873-74; Montet 1957, 173 C-D 2, 59 C-D Suppl. 1, 85 (no. 3) C-D 2, 67-68 Toussoun 1922, 47-50 C-D 2, 68; Yoyotte 1983; 1996 Ball 1942, 17 Ball 1942, 17; Lexgypt 1, 887-89; 3, 140-41 Bernand 1970, 153-327 Ball 1942, 17, 22; Montet 1957, 92 C-D 5, 117 Ptol. 5.4.8; TIR Iudaea 104; Mayerson 1996 Agatharchides 82

Tell Louquin? Prosopite Tell Atrib Qantir? Fostat, Cairo Phelbes Rosetta Rosetta Rosetta Tell Basta Abu Sir Bana

Kom el-Farain Tell Faraoun Abukir Shaba? Kum el-Qolzum / Suez

MAP 74 DELTA Grid G3 C4 B3 C4 C4 C4 B2 E3 F2 F2 D3 C3 E4 E4 G2 C2 G2 E3 C2 G3 F4 C2 E3 F3 E2 B2 D2 D2 G3 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C3 E4 H4 E3 E3 E4 E3 E4 E4 G3 B2 B2 E5 F3 Name Daphnai Deir Abou Makar Deir Abou Menas Deir Amba Baramos Deir Amba Bishoi Deir el-Sourian Didymai? Inss. Diokleous Kome Diospolis Kato Diospolites Nomos Gynaikonpolis Gynaikopolites Nomos Heliopolis Heliopolites Nomos Hephaistos Herakleion Herakleopolis Mikra/ Sethroe Hermopolis Hermopolis Mikra Heroonpolis Heroopolites Nomos Hierakonpolis Isieion Isieion Isidos Polis tou Sebennytou Iuliopolis/ Nikopolis Kabasa Kabasites Nomos Kalamine Kanope Ins. Kanobikon Stoma Kanobikos fl. Kanopike Limne Kanopikos Kolpos Kanobikos Kolpos Kellia Kerkasoros Koubri Kynopolis Leontopolis Leontopolis Leontopolites Nomos Letopolis Letopolites Nomos Magdolos Mareia Mareotis L. Mareotis Limne Memphites Nomos Mendes Period ACHRL L L L L L H?R R ACHRL RL HRL RL? ACHRL RL? RL CHR HRL RL ACHRL RL RL H ACHRL ACHRL L R HRL RL R CHR CHR CHR CHR CHR L ACHRL RL HR ACHRL HRL ACHRL HRL ACHRL CHRL HRL H?RL? ACHRL Matariya Sanhur Abukir Tell Ayid Baklia Damanhur Abu Suwayr, Tell el Maskhuta Modern Name / Location Kom Dafana Wadi Natrun Wadi Natrun Wadi Natrun Wadi Natrun Wadi Natrun SW Alexandria Tell el-Balamun Reference Montet 1957, 203 Evelyn-White 1932, 31-129 Evelyn-White 1932, 31-129 Evelyn-White 1932, 227-48 CoptEnc 3 (pp. 734-36) CoptEnc Dayr al-Suryn C-D 2, 101 C-D 2, 106 Montet 1957, 113-14 C-D 2, 119 Bernand 1970, 551-73 C-D 2, 87 Montet 1957, 155-62 C-D 2, 203 Ball 1942, 177; Gardiner 1947, 149-50 Bernand 1970, 290-94 Lexgypt 2, 1127-28; 5, 918 C-D 2, 165 Bernand 1970, 515-50 Ball 1942, 64, 68, 79, 81; C-D 2, 228-29 C-D 2, 228 C-D 3, 21 (no. 2) Montet 1957, 108; PSI 127-31, no. 543 PSI 127-31, no. 543 Lexgypt 1, 682-83; C-D 3, 34 Ball 1942, 65, 79, 83, 128; C-D 3, 29; Yoyotte 1997, 91, 93, 107 Ball 1942, 109, 122, 125, 164, 178 C-D 3, 45 C-D 3, 53 (no. 1) Bernand 1970, 162 Toussoun 1925 I, 161-70; Bernand 1970, 62-99 Bernand 1970, 62-99 C-D 3, 65; Bernand 1970, 106-107 C-D 3, 65; Bernand 1970, 117-28 Daumas 1969 Ball 1942, 14, 17, 25; Montet 1957, 54-55 See Map 76 Ball 1942, 63 Yoyotte 1988 Lexgypt 4, 354-55; 6, 351-52; Yoyotte 1997, 113 C-D 3, 187 Lexgypt 3, 1009-11; Fanfoni 1984 C-D 3, 196-97 TIR Iudaea 174 C-D 3, 233 Bernand 1970, 102-16 C-D 3, 262-63 Montet 1957, 143-49

1119

Behbeit el-Hagar Bulkeley? Ramley? Shabas el-Shuhada? le Nelson

Lake Idku Abu Qir Bay Kousour el-Robbeyat Rod el-Farag Abu Sir Bana Tell el-Yahoudiyeh Kom el-Muqdam Ausim Tell el-Heir? Kom el-Idris Lake Mariout Tell el-Ruba

1120 Grid G2 F2 F2 C2 C2 C2 C2 D3 D3 E3 D3 D3 F2 E4 D4 C3 C3 D4 D3 D2 E2 F2 D3 E4 D2 D2 E4 H2 H2 H2 C2 F3 F3 F3 B2 F1 E5 F2 D2 D3 G3 G4 B2 D4 C2 C3 E1 F2 D2 E4 C3 Name Mendesion Stoma Mendesios fl. Mendesios Nomos Menelais? = Schedia Menelaites Nomos Menouthis Metelis Metelites Nomos Momemphis Momemphites Nomos Natho Naucratis Naukratites Nomos Nesyt Nomos Nilus fl. Nekou Diorux Nikiou Nikopolis = Iuliopolis Nitriai Nitriai Onouphis Ano Onouphis Kato Onouphites? Nomos Pachnamounis Panephysis Papremis Papremite Nomos Paralios Limne Paua Pelousiakos fl. Pelousiakos Kolpos Pelousiakon Stoma Pelusium Perseos Skope Phakoussa Pharbaithites Nomos Pharbaithos Pharos Phatnitikon Stoma Phchet Phernouphis Phragonis Phthemphoutites Nomos Pikrai Limnai Pikrai Limnai Plinthine Prosopites Nomos Psenamosis Psenemphaia Pseudostoma Pseudostoma Ptheneotes Nomos Ptolemaios/ Traianos Potamos Ptolemaiou Nomos Period CHR CHR CHRL HRL ACHRL HRL HRL ACHRL RL CL? ACHRL CHRL RL CHRL RL HRL L RL RL CHR RL RL CHR HR RL HR CHR CHR CHR ACHRL CHR HRL CHRL? ACHRL HRL CHR HR RL HRL CHR CHR HRL RL? H HR CHR CHR HRL CHRL HRL

MAP 74 DELTA Modern Name / Location Reference Strabo 17.1.20; Toussoun 1922, 21 Toussoun, 1922, 21 C-D 3, 265 Abukir area Bisintawai Kom el-Hisn Bernand 1970, 397-406 Bernand 1970, 290-94 Bernand 1970, 443-89 C-D 3, 276-77 Bernand 1970, 963-1040 C-D 3, 309 C-D 3, 315-16 Bernand 1970, 575-862; Yoyotte 1991 Bernand 1970, 615-36 C-D 3, 345 Lexgypt 4, 480-84; Bernand 1994, 63-87 See Canals Ball 1942, 109, 164, 173; C-D 3, 358 Bernand 1970, 933-61 CoptEnc Nitria Timm 4, 1575-85 Timm 4, 1573-75 Gauthier 1935, 18-23; Lloyd 1975 III, 193 Ball 1942, 109, 123-26, 164, 178; C-D 4, 77 Ball 1942, 110; C-D 4, 37 Lexgypt 4, 666-67 C-D 4, 50 C-D 4, 52 Wipszycka 1960; Timm 3, 961-64 Toussoun 1922, 13-17 C-D 4, 120 Toussoun 1922, 13-17 Jaritz 1996; Carrez-Maratray 1999 Yoyotte 1997, 108-109 Yoyotte 1983 Ball 1942, index Pharbaethite; Lloyd 1975, III, 189, 193; C-D 5, 62 Ball 1942, index Pharbaethus; Lexgypt 2, 1276 Yoyotte 1997, 76 (n. 67); Bernand 1998, 114-26 Toussoun 1922, 43-44; C-D 5, 63-64 See Map 75 C-D 5, 68 C-D 5, 97-98 C-D 5, 69-70 Yoyotte 1997, 106-107 Yoyotte 1997, 121 C-D 4, 159 C-D 4, 194-95 Bernand 1970, 443-63 Bernand 1970, 881-937 Toussoun 1922, 43-44; Yoyotte 1997, 108-109 Toussoun 1922, 43-44 C-D 5, 70 Ptol. 4.5.24; Ball 1942, 48-49, 82, 110, 130; Sijpesteijn 1963 C-D 4, 207-208

Kom Gaief Kom Gaief Nile Zawyet Razin Kom el-Barnugi Wadi Natrun Manuf al-Uliya (Mehallet Menuf)? Manuf as-Suffi? Kom el-Khanziri el-Manzala Tell el-Afrim? Lake Burullus Fuwwa? el-Tina Bay Tell el-Farama Bolbitinos Stoma Fakus Horbeit Iskandariya

Mendesio Tell el-Faragin? Great Bitter Lakes Lake Timsah Kom el-Nagous? Kom Taqala Kom Turuga

Wadi Tumilat

MAP 74 DELTA Grid Name Ramesses = Avaris D3 D3 F3 C2 E2 E2 E1 E3 E2 E3 G4 Sais Saites Nomos Saitikon Stoma = Tanitikon Stoma Saphthis Schedia/ Chaireon/ Menelais? Sebennytes Ano Nomos Sebennytes Kato Nomos Sebennytikon Stoma Sebennytikos fl. Tou Sebennytikou Nomos Sebennytos Serapieion Serapeum Sethroe = Herakleopolis Mikra Sethroites Nomos Sile Sketis Tainia Tamiathis Tanis Tanites Nomos Tanitike Limne Tanitikon/ Saitikon Stoma Tanitikos fl. Taposiris Megale Taposiris Mikra Taya Terenouthis Thambol Thebyrchyth Thenessos Thermoutiakos fl. Thmouis Thonis Traianos Potamos = Ptolemaios Potamos Troia Troikon Oros Troikon Oros Xois Xoites Nomos Zephyrion Pr. ACHRL CHRL H?R?L? HRL HRL HRL CHR CHR CHRL ACHRL HRL Mendesio Kom el-Gizah? Sa el-Hagar Bernand 1970, 499-500; Lexgypt 5, 355-57 C-D 4, 235-36 C-D 4, 250 Bernand 1970, 381-406, 431-42 Gauthier 1935, 75-76, 162-72; C-D 4, 251-52 C-D 4, 251-52 Toussoun 1922, 25 Toussoun 1922, 25 C-D 4, 152-52 Montet 1957, 103-104 Ball 1942, 139, 142, 147, 150 Period Modern Name / Location Reference

1121

Sammanud Ezba Mahattet?

G3 G3 C3 D1/E1 F2 F2 F3 F2 G2 F3 B3 C2 E3 D4 E3 C2 G2 D3 F3 C2 E4 E5 F5 D2 D2 C2

H?RL ACHRL L HR L ACHRL CH?RL? CHR CHR CHR RL H?RL? RL ACHRL RL H?R?L? RL CHR ACHRL HR HR HRL RL RL CHR

Tell el-Ahmar Wadi Natroun Damiette San el-Hagar Lake Menzala

C-D 4, 253 Montet 1957, 190 CoptEnc Scetis DiodSic 1.31.3; Bernand 1970, 103-28 Salmon 1902 Montet 1957, 187-200 C-D 4, 354 Yoyotte 1997, 114 (n. 234) Ball 1942, index Tanitic mouth; Lloyd 1975 II, 86; Yoyotte 1997, 114-15 Toussoun 1922, 19 C-D 4, 359-60 (no. 1) C-D 4, 359-60 (no. 2) Ball 1942, 109, 123-25 Montet 1957, 61-62 P.Thmouis 1, 150, 16 C-D 2, 249; PSI 127-31, no. 543 C-D 2, 259 Toussoun 1922, 43-44 Montet 1957, 144-47 Bernand 1970, 300-303 StByz; C-D 5, 33 C-D 5, 33-34 See Map 75 Ball 1942, 66, 109, 176; Montet 1957, 89-90 Gauthier 1935, 151-54; Lexgypt 6, 1302-1305 Yoyotte 1997, 107

Abu Sir near Alexandria Ezbet Tuwa, near Tanta Kom Abou-Billou Tell Tambu Tinnis Tell Timai el-Amdid Abukir Tura Gebel Tura Sakha

1122

MAP 74 DELTA

Canals
Grid G3 B2 D3 Name / Location Nekou Diorux (Wadi Tumilat) from Schedia to Alexandria from Sais to Naucratis Period CHR HR CHR Reference Lloyd 1975 III, 153; Yoyotte 1997, 120, 281 Bernand 1970, 329-80 Bernand 1970, 623-25

Road
Itinerary Canopus Pelusium Period RL Reference PSI 128-31, no. 543

Unlocated Toponyms
Name Akanthopolis Anysis Aphnaion Aphrodites Aphroditopolis Aphthis Apis Arsinoe he Dionos? Arsinois he kai Eurylochou? Berenikes Hormos Boutike limne Chabriou kome Chersonesos Mikra Chi(mo) Chiastites Delta Diolkos pseudostoma Diospolis Elbo Ins. Elearchia Eleusis Erythrabolos Helearchia Ionon kai Karon stratopeda Kleopatris Kolchonouphites Period HR CHR CHRL CHR HR CHR CHR HRL HRL H HR HR CHR RL R RL HR HRL CH L HR CHR L CHR R H Gulf of Suez village in NW Delta Marabit near Alexandria el-Bordan el-Bordan el Warraq in S Delta? Ezbet Asktum Gamasu? el Balamun? island in R. Nile between Sebennytic and Pineptimi mouths of R. Nile near el-Nuzha near el Gebel el Ahmer, E Cairo between Gauhe Sebemytie and Pinestimi Probable Location Tell Bileim, 11 miles NW Ywantasa? N Delta near Athribis? Athnaion? E of Delta Delta Delta Reference C-D 1.1, 40 Hdt. 2.137; C-D 1.2, 126 Ball 1942, 165, 177; C-D 1.2, 284 Pliny, NH 5.64 StByz C-D 1.2, 282-83 C-D 1.2, 143-45 C-D Suppl. 1, 61 C-D Suppl. 1, 62 C-D 2, 41 C-D 2, 68 C-D 5, 105 C-D 5, 121; Yoyotte 1997, 104-105 (n. 178) Ball 1942, 104, 131, 136; C-D 5, 123 C-D 5, 123 Ball 1942, 63, 152, 171; C-D 2, 95; Yoyotte 1997, 70 (n. 35) Ball 1942, 105, 124, 127-28; C-D 2, 107; Yoyotte 1996, 10-11 Ball 1942, 63, 171, 179; C-D 2, 116; Yoyotte 1997, 112 (n. 224), 113 C-D 2, 136; Lloyd 1975 III, 99 Ball 1942, 164, 178 Ball 1942, 64; C-D 2, 138; Yoyotte 1997, 107 Ball 1942, 17, 171; C-D 2, 178-79; Lloyd 1975 III, 40-41 C-D 2, 136 Lloyd 1975 III, 137-38 Yoyotte 1997, 121, 123 C-D 3, 136

MAP 74 DELTA Name Lochias Pr. Lykopolis Milesion Teichos Myekphoris Ins. Neilopolis Neilopolites Neomare Neompsono(...) Nikochis Noites Onouphis Papremis Peukestis Phagroriopolis Phanetou Pheop(ites?) Phernouphis Phernouphites Philagrianos fl. Philon kome Pineptimi stoma Pineptimi pseudostoma Plinthinos kolpos Psanites Psaramounis Pseptaoi Psochemmis Ptempathio Ptenchat Scenae Veteranorum Sebastos fl. Siouph Syron Syron Tantathoites Thaubasio Thou Tyrion stratopeda Period HRL HRL HR CH HRL R R R R RL CHR RL RL R R HR RL R R RL R RL R R H H R R RL R CH HRL HRL H R RL C road station S Sile Tell el-Shuqafiya Memphis Probable Location Alexandria in the Delta E Bolbitinos fl. opposite Boubastis? el-Dallas? toparchy in Mendesian nome toparchy in Mendesian nome toparchy in Mendesian nome in the central Delta on Tell el Farama? on Wadi Tumilat? toparchy in Mendesian nome toparchy in Mendesian nome city in the Mendesian nome toparchy in Mendesian nome village N coast W Mariout toparchy in Mendesian nome toparchy in Mendesian nome toparchy in Mendesian nome Shibin el-Qanatir Es-Seffeh Reference C-D 3, 207; Yoyotte 1997, 77, 89 Ball 1942, 64, 172; C-D 3, 212; Yoyotte 1997, 112-13 (n. 221) Lloyd 1975 I, 24; Yoyotte 1997, 111 Ball 1942, 18; Lloyd 1975 III, 195; C-D 3, 303 Ball 1942, 51, 111, 172, 178 C-D 3, 326 C-D 3, 333 C-D 3, 334 C-D Suppl. 1, 209 C-D 3, 373 C-D 3, 390 Hdt. 2.59, 63, 71, 165; C-D 4, 49-50 C-D 4, 117 Ball 1942, index; C-D 5, 52; Yoyotte 1997, 122 (n. 272) C-D 5, 59 C-D 5, 67 C-D 5, 68 C-D 5, 68 C-D 5, 73 C-D 5, 88 Ball 1942, index Ptol. 31.5, 31.10; C-D 4, 142 Lloyd 1975 II, 42; C-D 4, 160 C-D 5, 138 C-D 5, 140 C-D 5, 158 C-D 5, 178 C-D 4, 201 C-D Suppl. 1, 230 Ball 1942, index; C-D 4, 290-91 C-D 4, 251 Ball 1942, 18; Lloyd 1975 III, 211-12; C-D 4, 286 C-D 4, 322 C-D 4, 322-23 C-D 4, 355 ItAnt 171.2; ItMiller 857 C-D 2, 293 Lloyd 1975 III, 44-45

1123

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Ball 1942 J. Ball, Egypt in the classical geographers, Cairo, 1942. Bernand 1970 A. Bernand, Le delta gyptien daprs les textes grecs. I: Les confins libyques, IFAO 91, Cairo, 1970. Bernand 1994 A. Bernand, Leon de Civilisation, Paris, 1994. Bernand 1998 A. Bernand, Alexandrie la Grande, Paris, 1998.

1124

MAP 74 DELTA

Bietak 1996 M. Bietak, Avaris, Tell el-Daba'a, in J. Yoyotte (ed.), LEgypte du Delta, les capitales du Nord, DHA 213, pp. 16-23, Dijon, 1996. Carrez-Maratray 1999 J.-Y. Carrez-Maratray, Pluse et langle oriental du delta Egyptien aux poques grecque, romaine et byzantine, Cairo, 1999. Daumas 1969 F. Daumas, Kellia I Kom 219. Fouilles excutes en 1964 et 1965, 2 vols., Cairo, 1969. Daumas 1969 F. Daumas, Kellia I Kom 219. Fouilles excutes en 1964 et 1965, 2 vols., Cairo, 1969. Evelyn-White 1932 H.G. Evelyn-White, The monasteries of the Wdi' N Natrn. Part 2: the history of the monasteries of Nitria and Scetis, W. Hauser (ed.), New York, 1932. Fanfoni 1984 L.Bongrani Fanfoni, Letopoli, Papremi, Kerkasoro, SCO 34 (1984) 312-18. Gardiner 1947 A.H. Gardiner, Ancient Egyptian Onomastica, vol. 2, Oxford, 1947. Gauthier 1935 H. Gauthier, Les nomes dEgypte depuis Hrodote jusqu la conqute arabe, Mmoires prsents lInstitut dEgypte 25, Cairo, 1935. Jaritz 1996 H. Jaritz et al., Pelusium. Prospection archologique et topographique de la rgion de Tell el-Kana'is, Stuttgart, 1996. Lloyd 1975 A.B. Lloyd, Commentary on Herodotus, 3 vols., Leiden, 1975-88. Mayerson 1996 P. Mayerson, Egeria and Peter the Deacon on the site of Clysma (Suez), JARCE 33 (1996) 61-64.

Montet 1957 P. Montet, Gographie de lEgypte ancienne. I: La Basse-gypte, Paris, 1957. Salmon 1902 G. Salmon, Rapport sur une mission Damiette, BIFAO 2 (1902) 71-89. Sijpesteijn 1963 P.J. Sijpesteijn, Der , Aegyptus 43 (1963) 70-83. Toussoun 1922 O. Toussoun, Mmoire sur les anciennes branches du Nil, epoque ancienne et arabe, Mmoires de lInstitut dEgypte 4, Cairo, 1922-23. Toussoun 1925 O. Toussoun, Mmoire sur lhistoire du Nil, 3 vols., Mmoires prsents lInstitut dEgypte 8-10, Cairo, 1925. Wipszycka 1960 E. Wipszycka, Compte de dpenses dun village (P.Sorbonne inv. 113), Chronique dEgypte 35 (1960) 206-21. Yoyotte 1983 J. Yoyotte, Le Delta du Nil au temps des pharaons, LHistoire 54 (1983) 52-62. Yoyotte 1988 J. Yoyotte, Sites et cultes de Basse-Egypte: les deux Lontopolis, Annuaire - Ecole pratique des hautes tudes. Section des sciences religieuses 97 (1988-89) 669-83. Yoyotte 1991 J. Yoyotte, Les contacts entre Egyptiens et Grecs: Naucratis, ville gyptienne, Annuaire du collge de France 92 (1991-92) 634-44; 94 (1993-94) 679-94; 95 (1994-95) 669-83. Yoyotte 1996 J. Yoyotte et al., LEgypte du Delta, les capitales du Nord, Dossiers dArchologie 213, Dijon, 1996. Yoyotte 1997 J. Yoyotte and P. Charvet, Strabon, le voyage en Egypte, un regard romain, Paris, 1997.