LAB MANUAL

EX NO:-1

STUDY OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND EQUPMENTS AIM:To Study the Electronic Components (With Color Coding) and Equipments (AC Parameters used In CRO) THEORY:Electronic components are !roadly classi"ied into t#o types$ they are acti%e components and passi%e components ACTIVE COMPONENTS &iode Transistor PASSIVE COMPONENTS Resistor Capacitor Inductor

ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS:RESISTOR:A resistor is a component o" an electrical circuit that resists the "lo# o" electrical current A resistor has t#o terminals across #hich electricity must pass' and is designed to drop the %oltage o" the current as it "lo#s "rom one terminal to the ne(t It is represented !y R and its unit is ohm ()) Resistor are classi"ied into t#o types' they are TYPES OF RESISTOR *i(ed resistor +aria!le resistor Fixed resist r

V!ri!"#e resist r

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FINDIN$ THE VLAUES OF A RESISTOR %Y COLOR CODES:-

To calculate the %alue o" a resistor using the color coded stripes on the resistor' use the "ollo#ing procedure Ste& O'e, Turn the resistor so that the gold or sil%er stripe is at the right end o" the resistor Ste& T( , -oo. at the color o" the "irst t#o stripes on the le"t end These correspond to the "irst t#o digits o" the resistor %alue /se the ta!le gi%en !elo# to determine the "irst t#o digits Ste& T)ree, -oo. at the third stripe "rom the le"t This corresponds to a multiplication %alue *ind the %alue using the ta!le !elo# Ste& F *r, 0ultiply the t#o digit num!er "rom step t#o !y the num!er "rom step three This is the %alue o" the resistor n ohms The "ourth stripe indicates the accuracy o" the resistor A gold stripe means the %alue o" the resistor may %ary !y 12 "rom the %alue gi%en !y the stripes CAPACITOR:Capacitors are components that are used to store an electrical charge A capacitor is composed o" t#o conductors separated !y an insulating material called a &IE-ECTRIC It is represented !y C and its unit is "arad Capacitor are classi"ied into t#o types' they are' TYPES OF CAPACITOR *i(ed capacitor %aria!le capacitor Fixed C!&!+it r
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,!ri!"#e C!&!+it r

INDUCTOR:An inductor (or reactor or coil) is a passi%e t#o3terminal electrical component used to store energy in a "ield It is represented !y - and its unit is 4enry DIODE:The most common "unction o" a diode is to allo# an electric current to pass in one direction (called the diode5s forward direction)' #hile !loc.ing current in the opposite direction (the reverse direction) It allo#s the conduction only It has t#o terminals namely anode 6 cathode Anode re"ers to p type and cathode re"ers to n type TYPES OF DIOADE:P7 &IO&E 8E7ER &IO&E

PN DIODE:A p9n :unction is "ormed at the !oundary !et#een a P3type and 73type semiconductor

-ENER DIODE:A 8ener diode is a special .ind o" diode #hich allo#s current to "lo# in the "or#ard direction same as an ideal diode' !ut #ill also permit it to "lo# in the re%erse direction #hen the %oltage is a!o%e a certain %alue .no#n as the !rea.do#n %oltage' ;8ener .nee %oltage; or ;8ener %oltage ;

TRANSISTOR:A transistor is a semiconductor de%ice used to ampli"y and s#itch electronic signals It is used to strengthen the #ea. signal The types o" transistors are' <=T /=T *ET %.T-%IPOLAR .UNCTION TRANSISTOR:3

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It is a current controlled de%ice It has three terminals$ they are <ase' Emitter 6 Collector TYPES OF %.T:7P7 6 P7P

U.T-UNI.UNCTION TRANSISTOR:A uni:unction transistor (/=T) is an electronic semiconductor de%ice that has only one :unction The /=T has three terminals, an emitter (E) and t#o !ases (<> and <?)

FET-FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR:It is a %oltage controlled de%ice It has three terminals' they are @ate' &rain 6 Source TYPES OF FET:=*ET3T#o Types 0OS*ET 3T#o Types .FET3T#o Types 73channel =*ET P3channel =*ET MOSFET3T#o types &epletion 0OS*ET Enhancement 0OS*ET

73channel =*ET

P3channel =*ET

TRANSFORMER:Trans"ormer increase or decreases the AC %oltage #ithout changing the "requency o" its supply Trans"ormer #or.s in the range o" ?AB%C1B 4D It is classi"ied into three types' they are TYPES OF TRANSFORMER Step up trans"ormer Step do#n trans"ormer
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Auto trans"ormer Ste& *& tr!'s/ r0er

Ste& d (' tr!'s/ r0er

A*t tr!'s/ r0er

CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE:It is an electronic measuring instrument used "or the graphical representation o" %arious #a%e"orms in a circuit It consists o" the "ollo#ing parts li.e' Cathode ray tu!e Electron gun &e"ection system *luorescent screen 4oriDontal a(is represents the time (sec) and %ertical a(is represents the amplitude (%olt) AC PARAMETERS USED IN CRO:CYCLE:One complete set o" positi%e 6 negati%e %alues o" an ac is called a cycle FREQUENCY:The num!er o" cycles per second made !y an alternating current is called a "requency AMPLITUDE:The ma(imum %alue o" positi%e or negati%e hal" cycle o" an ac is called amplitude PEA1-PEA1 VALUE:The sum o" positi%e 6 negati%e pea. %alues is called pea. to pea. %alue

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ROOT MEAN SQUARE:It is de"ine as a dc current #hich #hile "lo#ing through a gi%en circuit produces the same heat as produced !y an ac #hen "lo#ing through the same circuit "or the same time MULTIMETER:It is a com!inational instrument used "or measuring current (ammeter)' %oltage (%oltmeter) and resistor in a single circuit FILTERS:It is used to con%ert AC into &C #ithout any harmonics in a circuit

RESULT:Thus the %arious electronic components and equipments ha%e !een studied

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EX NO:-2 STUDY OF LO$IC $ATES AIM:To %eri"y the "ollo#ing logic gates using truth ta!le A7&' OR' 7OT' EE3OR APPARATUS REQUIRED:S3NO COMPONENTS TYPE4RAN$E > A7&' OR' 7OT'EE3OR ICFGBH'ICFGA?'ICFGBG'ICFGHI ? -O@IC TRAI7ER JIT 3 A CO77ECTI7@ WIRES 3

QUANTITY Each I > Required

THEORY:-ogic gates per"orm !asic logical "unctions and are "undamental !uilding !loc.s o" digital integrated circuits 0ost logic gates ta.e an input o" t#o !inary %alues' and output a single %alue o" a > or B AND 5!te:The A7& gate is so named !ecause' i" B is called ;"alse; and > is called ;true'; the gate acts in the same #ay as the logical ;and; operator The "ollo#ing illustration and ta!le sho# the circuit sym!ol and logic com!inations "or an A7& gate (In the sym!ol' the input terminals are at le"t and the output terminal is at right ) The output is ;true; #hen !oth inputs are ;true ; Other#ise' the output is ;"alse ; The e(pression "or A7& @ate is Y 6 A3% SYM%OL:-

AND 5!te

TRUTH TA%LE:I'&*t 1 I'&*t 2 O*t&*t B B > > B > B > B B B >

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PIN DIA$RAM

OR 5!te:The OR gate gets its name "rom the "act that it !eha%es a"ter the "ashion o" the logical inclusi%e ;or ; The output is ;true; i" either or !oth o" the inputs are ;true ; I" !oth inputs are ;"alse'; then the output is ;"alse ; The e(pression "or OR @ate is Y 6 A7% SYM%OL:-

TRUTH TA%LE:I'&*t 1 I'&*t 2 O*t&*t B B > > B > B > B > > >

OR 5!te PIN DIA$RAM

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XOR 5!te:The EOR ( e(clusi%e3OR ) gate acts in the same #ay as the logical ;eitherCor ; The output is ;true; i" either' !ut not !oth' o" the inputs are ;true ; The output is ;"alse; i" !oth inputs are ;"alse; or i" !oth inputs are ;true ; Another #ay o" loo.ing at this circuit is to o!ser%e that the output is > i" the inputs are di""erent' !ut B i" the inputs are the same The e(pression "or EOR @ate is Y 6 A 7 % SYM%OL:-

XOR 5!te TRUTH TA%LE:Input I'&*t O*t&*t > 2 B B > > B > B > B > > B PIN DIA$RAM

NOT 5!te:A logical in%erter' sometimes called a NOT gate to di""erentiate it "rom other types o" electronic in%erter de%ices' has only one input It re%erses the logic state The e(pression "or 7OT @ate is Y 6 A SYM%OL:-

TRUTH TA%LE:-

PIN DIA$RAM

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I'&*t O*t&*t > B B >

PROCEDURE:13 Connections are gi%en as per the pin representation 23 The supply is s#itched on 83 Inputs are gi%en and the corresponding outputs are %eri"ied using the truth ta!le3

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RESULT:Thus the "ollo#ing logic gates are %eri"ied using truth ta!le A7&' OR' 7OT' EE3OR

CIRCUIT DIA$RAM:-

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EX NO:- 8 $ENERATION OF CLOC1 SI$NAL AIM:To generate the cloc. signal in asta!le multi%i!rator using IC111 timer IC APPARATUS REQIURED:S3NO > RPS ? A G 1 Resistor capacitor CRO (B3AB) I H .)'A A.) B B>K"'B >K" AB 04D
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COMPONENTS Time

RAN$E IC111

QUATITY > > > > >

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I F <read !oard Connecting #ires 3 3 > required

THEORY:Timing resistor is split into Ra 6 R! Pin F is connected to the :unction o" Ra 6 R! along #ith the po#er supply +cc E(ternal timing capacitor c charges to#ards %ee #ith constant (RaLR!)C &uring this time' the output at the pinA is high When the capacitor %oltage equals to ?CA +cc the upper comparator trigger the control "lip "lop' so that MN>' there"ore M> is O7 6 c starts discharging to#ards ground through R! and transistor M> With the time constant PROCEDURE:> Connections are gi%en as per the circuit diagram ? A G @i%e the supply %oltage to L1% Calculate the t high 6 t lo# "rom the gi%en "ormula The graph is plotted along amplitude in O a(is and time period in E a(is

PIN DIA$RAM:-

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TA%ULATION:Amplitude Wa%e"orm (%olts) &esign %alue t4 (ms) t(ms) T (ms) " (4D) t4 (ms) O!ser%ed %alue t(ms) T (ms) " (4D)

DESI$N PROCEDURE:RaNI H .) R!NA A .) CNB >K" T )i5)6 93:; <R!7R"= C T # ( 6 93:; R" x C T 6 T )i5) 7 T # ( T6 FREQUENCY:F614t

MODEL $RAPH:-

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RESULT:Thus the cloc. signal is generated in asta!le multi%i!rator using IC111 timer IC

SERIES CONNECTION:-

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PARALLEL CONNECTION:-

EX NO:-> SOLDERIN$ PRACTICE AIM:To solder a simple electronic circuit in series 6 parallel connection and to chec. its per"ormance APPARATUS REQIURED:17

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S3NO > ? A G 1 THEORY:SERIES CIRCUIT:It is de"ined as a circuit in #hich there is only one path o" current "lo# Total resistance is the sum o" the t#o resistances ReqNR> L R? PARALLEL CICUIT:It is de"ined as a circuit in #hich there is more than one path o" current "lo# Total resistance is the sum o" the t#o resistances ReqNR> ( R?C R> L R? PROCEDURE:> ? A Connections are gi%en as per the circuit diagram Components are soldered on the PC< 0ultimeter is connected across the resistor and its equi%alent %alue is calculated COMPONENTS Printed circuit !oard(PC<) Soldering .it lead Resistor 0ultimeter RAN$E 3 3 3 > J) 3 QUATITY > > set > ? >

RESULT:Thus the circuit is soldered and its per"ormance is %eri"ied

CIRCUIT DIA$RAM:HALF ?AVE RECTIFIER

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FULL ?AVE RECTIFIERS

EX3NO:@ MEASUREMENT OF RIPPLE FACTOR OF H?R AND F?R3 AIM:To calculate the ripple "actor "or the hal" #a%e 6 "ull #a%e recti"iers APPARATUS REQUIRED:S3NO COMPONENTS RAN$E QUATITY > Trans"ormer 3 > ? &iode 3 ?
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A G 1 THEORY:HALF ?AVE RECTIFIER The 4al" #a%e recti"ier is a circuit' #hich con%erts an ac %oltage to dc %oltage In the 4al" #a%e recti"ier circuit sho#n a!o%e the trans"ormer ser%es t#o purposes > It can !e used to o!tain the desired le%el o" dc %oltage (using step up or step do#n trans"ormers) ? It pro%ides isolation "rom the po#er line The primary o" the trans"ormer is connected to ac supply This induces an ac %oltage across the secondary o" the trans"ormer &uring the positi%e hal" cycle o" the input %oltage the polarity o" the %oltage across the secondary "or#ard !iases the diode As a result a current I- "lo#s through the load resistor' RThe "or#ard !iased diode o""ers a %ery lo# resistance and hence the %oltage drop across it is %ery small Thus the %oltage appearing across the load is practically the same as the input %oltage at e%ery instant &uring the negati%e hal" cycle o" the input %oltage the polarity o" the secondary %oltage gets re%ersed As a result' the diode is re%erse !iased Practically no current "lo#s through the circuit and almost no %oltage is de%eloped across the resistor All input %oltage appears across the diode itsel" 4ence #e conclude that #hen the input %oltage is going through its positi%e hal" cycle' output %oltage is almost the same as the input %oltage and during the negati%e hal" cycle no %oltage is a%aila!le across the load This e(plains the unidirectional pulsating dc #a%e"orm o!tained as output The process o" remo%ing one hal" the input signal to esta!lish a dc le%el is aptly called hal" #a%e recti"ication Ripple "actor is' Resistor CRO pro!e > J) 3 3 > > >

MODEL $RAPH:4A-* WA+E RECTI*IER

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Input #a%e"orm

Output #a%e"orm MODEL $RAPH:FULL ?AVE RECTIFIERS Input #a%e"orm

Output #a%e"orm

FULL ?AVE RECTIFIERS:A *ull Wa%e Recti"ier is a circuit' #hich con%erts an ac %oltage into a pulsating dc %oltage using !oth hal" cycles o" the applied ac %oltage It uses t#o diodes o" #hich one conducts
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during one hal" cycle #hile the other conducts during the other hal" cycle o" the applied ac %oltage &uring the positi%e hal" cycle o" the input %oltage' diode &> !ecomes "or#ard !iased and &? !ecomes re%erse !iased 4ence &> conducts and &? remains O** The load current "lo#s through &> and the %oltage drop across R- #ill !e equal to the input %oltage &uring the negati%e hal" cycle o" the input %oltage' diode &> !ecomes re%erse !iased and &? !ecomes "or#ard !iased 4ence &> remains O** and &? conducts The load current "lo#s through &? and the %oltage drop across R- #ill !e equal to the input %oltage The ripple "actor "or a *ull Wa%e Recti"ier is gi%en !y

PROCEDURE:> ? A G HALF ?AVE RECTIFIER Connections are gi%en as per the circuit diagram The AC supply is s#itched O7 directly to the "ilter circuit The corresponding amplitude and time reading are noted "or the input and output #a%e"orm The graph is plotted along amplitude in O a(is and time period in E a(is

PROCEDURE:> ? A G FULL ?AVE RECTIFIERS Connections are gi%en as per the circuit diagram The AC supply is s#itched O7 directly to the "ilter circuit The corresponding amplitude and time reading are noted "or the input and output #a%e"orm The graph is plotted along amplitude in O a(is and time period in E a(is

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TA%ULATION:HALF ?AVE RECTIFIER E a(is S no Wa%e"orm 7o o" di%isions Time C di%ision Time 7o o" di%isions O a(is +oltCdi%ision Amplitude

>

TA%ULATION:FULL ?AVE RECTIFIERS E a(is S no Wa%e"orm 7o o" di%isions Time C di%ision Time 7o o" di%isions O a(is +oltCdi%ision Amplitude

>

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RESULT:Thus the ripple "actor "or the hal" #a%e 6 "ull #a%e recti"iers #as calculated The ripple "actor "or the hal" #a%e recti"iers N The ripple "actor "or the "ull #a%e recti"iers N

CIRCUIT DIA$RAM:24

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EX3NO:: HALF ADDER AIM:To design 6 construct the hal" adder and %eri"y the truth ta!le
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APPARATUS REQUIRED:S3NO COMPONENTS > &igital trainer .it ? <read !oard A IC FGHI 6 ICFGBH G Connecting #ires RAN$E 3 3 3 3 QUATITY > > Each > >

In electronics' an !dder or s*00er is a digital circuit that per"orms addition o" num!ers THEORY:The hal" adder is an e(ample o" a simple' "unctional digital circuit !uilt "rom t#o logic gates The hal" adder adds to one3!it !inary num!ers (A<) The output is the sum o" the t#o !its (S) and the carry (C) 7ote ho# the same t#o inputs are directed to t#o di""erent gates The inputs to the EOR gate are also the inputs to the A7& gate The input ;#ires; to the EOR gate are tied to the input #ires o" the A7& gate$ thus' #hen %oltage is applied to the A input o" the EOR gate' the A input to the A7& gate recei%es the same %oltage PROCEDURE:-

RESULT:Thus hal" adder circuit #as designed' constructed 6 truth ta!le #as %eri"ied

EX3NO:A C-IPPER A7& C-A0PER

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AI0,3 To design and analyDe clipper cicuit and also to o!ser%e its output #a%e"orm APPARAT/S REM/IRE&,3 S3NO COMPONENTS RAN$E QUATITY > P7 &iode >7 GBBF > ? Resistor >J) > A Capacitor >K" > G CRO 3 > 1 A*O > I Connecting #ires 3 > F <read !oard 3 > CIRCUIT DIA$RAM:-

THEORY :PROCE&/RE,3 > ? A G 1 Connections are made as per the circuit diagram Set the input signal #ith the help o" A*O Ta.e the output o" clipper and clamper #ith the help o" CRO The amplitude and the time di%ision o" the clipper and clamper can !e o!tained *or the o!tained %alues graph can !e plotted

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TA</-ATIO7,3 C-IPPER A0P-IT/&E

WA+E*OR0

TI0E PERIO&

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RES/-T,3 Thus the clipper and clamper circuit #as designed and its #a%e"orm #as o!ser%ed

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