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Chapter (5)

This chapter discusses repetition (looping) control structures in C++, including while, for, do-while loops, and the break and continue statements. It covers counter-controlled, sentinel-controlled, flag-controlled, and EOF-controlled loops, and how to choose the appropriate loop type. The chapter also discusses avoiding bugs through proper use of loops, loop invariants, and avoiding patches. Nested loops and debugging loops are also covered.

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Abdelrahman Samir
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79 views

Chapter (5)

This chapter discusses repetition (looping) control structures in C++, including while, for, do-while loops, and the break and continue statements. It covers counter-controlled, sentinel-controlled, flag-controlled, and EOF-controlled loops, and how to choose the appropriate loop type. The chapter also discusses avoiding bugs through proper use of loops, loop invariants, and avoiding patches. Nested loops and debugging loops are also covered.

Uploaded by

Abdelrahman Samir
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 5: Control Structures II (Repetition)

Objectives
In this chapter, you will:
Learn about repetition (looping) control structures Explore how to construct and use countercontrolled, sentinel-controlled, flag-controlled, and EOF-controlled repetition structures Examine break and continue statements Discover how to form and use nested control structures

Objectives (contd.)
In this chapter, you will (contd.):
Learn how to avoid bugs by avoiding patches Learn how to debug loops

Why Is Repetition Needed?


Repetition allows efficient use of variables Can input, add, and average multiple numbers using a limited number of variables For example, to add five numbers:
Declare a variable for each number, input the numbers and add the variables together Create a loop that reads a number into a variable and adds it to a variable that contains the sum of the numbers
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while Looping (Repetition) Structure


Syntax of the while statement: statement can be simple or compound expression acts as a decision maker and is usually a logical expression statement is called the body of the loop The parentheses are part of the syntax
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while Looping (Repetition) Structure (contd.)

while Looping (Repetition) Structure (contd.)

while Looping (Repetition) Structure (contd.)


i in Example 5-1 is called the loop control variable (LCV) Infinite loop: continues to execute endlessly
Avoided by including statements in loop body that assure the exit condition is eventually false

while Looping (Repetition) Structure (contd.)

Case 1: Counter-Controlled while Loops


When you know exactly how many times the statements need to be executed
Use a counter-controlled while loop

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Case 2: Sentinel-Controlled while Loops


Sentinel variable is tested in the condition Loop ends when sentinel is encountered

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Example 5-5: Telephone Digits


Example 5-5 provides an example of a sentinel-controlled loop The program converts uppercase letters to their corresponding telephone digit

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Case 3: Flag-Controlled while Loops


Flag-controlled while loop: uses a bool variable to control the loop

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Number Guessing Game


Example 5-6 implements a number guessing game using a flag-controlled while loop Uses the function rand of the header file cstdlib to generate a random number
rand() returns an int value between 0 and 32767 To convert to an integer >= 0 and < 100:
rand() % 100

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Case 4: EOF-Controlled while Loops


End-of-file (EOF)-controlled while loop: when it is difficult to select a sentinel value The logical value returned by cin can determine if there is no more input

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Case 4: EOF-Controlled while Loops (contd.)

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eof Function
The function eof can determine the end of file status eof is a member of data type istream Syntax for the function eof: istreamVar is an input stream variable, such as cin

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More on Expressions in while Statements


The expression in a while statement can be complex
Example:
while ((noOfGuesses < 5) && (!isGuessed)) {
. . .

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Programming Example: Fibonacci Number


Consider the following sequence of numbers:
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ....

Called the Fibonacci sequence Given the first two numbers of the sequence (say, a1 and a2)
nth number an, n >= 3, of this sequence is given by: an = an-1 + an-2

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Programming Example: Fibonacci Number (contd.)


Fibonacci sequence
nth Fibonacci number a2 = 1 a1 = 1 Determine the nth number an, n >= 3

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Programming Example: Fibonacci Number (contd.)


Suppose a2 = 6 and a1 = 3
a3 = a2 + a 1 = 6 + 3 = 9 a4 = a3 + a2 = 9 + 6 = 15

Write a program that determines the nth Fibonacci number, given the first two numbers

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Programming Example: Input and Output


Input: first two Fibonacci numbers and the desired Fibonacci number Output: nth Fibonacci number

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Programming Example: Problem Analysis and Algorithm Design


Algorithm:
Get the first two Fibonacci numbers Get the desired Fibonacci number
Get the position, n, of the number in the sequence

Calculate the next Fibonacci number


Add the previous two elements of the sequence

Repeat Step 3 until the nth Fibonacci number is found Output the nth Fibonacci number
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Programming Example: Variables

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Programming Example: Main Algorithm


Prompt the user for the first two numbers that is, previous1 and previous2 Read (input) the first two numbers into previous1 and previous2 Output the first two Fibonacci numbers Prompt the user for the position of the desired Fibonacci number

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Programming Example: Main Algorithm (contd.)


Read the position of the desired Fibonacci number into nthFibonacci
if (nthFibonacci == 1) The desired Fibonacci number is the first Fibonacci number; copy the value of previous1 into current else if (nthFibonacci == 2) The desired Fibonacci number is the second Fibonacci number; copy the value of previous2 into current
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Programming Example: Main Algorithm (contd.)


else calculate the desired Fibonacci number as follows:
Start by determining the third Fibonacci number Initialize counter to 3 to keep track of the calculated Fibonacci numbers. Calculate the next Fibonacci number, as follows: current = previous2 + previous1;

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Programming Example: Main Algorithm (contd.)


(contd.)
Assign the value of previous2 to previous1 Assign the value of current to previous2 Increment counter Repeat until Fibonacci number is calculated:
while (counter <= nthFibonacci) { current = previous2 + previous1; previous1 = previous2; previous2 = current; counter++; }
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Programming Example: Main Algorithm (contd.)


Output the nthFibonacci number, which is current

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for Looping (Repetition) Structure


for loop: called a counted or indexed for loop Syntax of the for statement:

The initial statement, loop condition, and update statement are called for loop control statements
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for Looping (Repetition) Structure (contd.)

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for Looping (Repetition) Structure (contd.)

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for Looping (Repetition) Structure (contd.)

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for Looping (Repetition) Structure (contd.)


The following is a semantic error:

The following is a legal (but infinite) for loop:


for (;;) cout << "Hello" << endl;

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for Looping (Repetition) Structure (contd.)

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for Looping (Repetition) Structure (contd.)

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dowhile Looping (Repetition) Structure


Syntax of a do...while loop:

The statement executes first, and then the expression is evaluated


As long as expression is true, loop continues

To avoid an infinite loop, body must contain a statement that makes the expression false
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dowhile Looping (Repetition) Structure (contd.)


The statement can be simple or compound Loop always iterates at least once

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dowhile Looping (Repetition) Structure (contd.)

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dowhile Looping (Repetition) Structure (contd.)

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dowhile Looping (Repetition) Structure (contd.)

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Choosing the Right Looping Structure


All three loops have their place in C++
If you know or can determine in advance the number of repetitions needed, the for loop is the correct choice If you do not know and cannot determine in advance the number of repetitions needed, and it could be zero, use a while loop If you do not know and cannot determine in advance the number of repetitions needed, and it is at least one, use a do...while loop
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break and continue Statements


break and continue alter the flow of control break statement is used for two purposes:
To exit early from a loop
Can eliminate the use of certain (flag) variables

To skip the remainder of a switch structure

After break executes, the program continues with the first statement after the structure
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break and continue Statements (contd.)


continue is used in while, for, and dowhile structures When executed in a loop
It skips remaining statements and proceeds with the next iteration of the loop

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Nested Control Structures


To create the following pattern:
* ** *** **** *****

We can use the following code:


for (i = 1; i <= 5 ; i++) { for (j = 1; j <= i; j++) cout << "*"; cout << endl; }
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Nested Control Structures (contd.)


What is the result if we replace the first for statement with this?
for (i = 5; i >= 1; i--)

Answer:
***** **** *** ** *

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Avoiding Bugs by Avoiding Patches


Software patch
Piece of code written on top of an existing piece of code Intended to fix a bug in the original code

Some programmers address the symptom of the problem by adding a software patch Should instead resolve underlying issue

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Debugging Loops
Loops are harder to debug than sequence and selection structures Use loop invariant
Set of statements that remains true each time the loop body is executed

Most common error associated with loops is off-by-one

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Summary
C++ has three looping (repetition) structures:
while, for, and dowhile

while, for, and do are reserved words while and for loops are called pretest loops do...while loop is called a posttest loop while and for may not execute at all, but do...while always executes at least once
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Summary (contd.)
while: expression is the decision maker, and statement is the body of the loop A while loop can be:
Counter-controlled Sentinel-controlled EOF-controlled

In the Windows console environment, the end-of-file marker is entered using Ctrl+z
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Summary (contd.)
for loop: simplifies the writing of a countercontrolled while loop
Putting a semicolon at the end of the for loop is a semantic error

Executing a break statement in the body of a loop immediately terminates the loop Executing a continue statement in the body of a loop skips to the next iteration
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