SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY

Optical Transmission System

Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

Objectives

Standards Frame Structure Multiplexing Regenerator Section Overhead Mutiplexing Section Overhead Path Overhead Advantages

PDH
Notation E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 Data Rate 64 Kbps 2048 Kbps 8448 Kbps 34368 Kbps 139264 Kbps Notation T0/DS0 T1/DS1 T2/DS2 T3/DS3 T4/DS4 Data Rate 64 Kbps 1544 Kbps 6312 Kbps 44736 Kbps 139264 Kbps

Used in South America, Europe, India etc

Used in USA, Canada Japan, Korea, Hong Kong etc

SDH Standards
Optical Signal STM-0 STM-1 STM- 4 STM-16 STM-64 STM-256 Bit Rate 51.84 Mbps 155.52 Mbps 622.080 Mbps 2488.320 Mbps 9953.280 Mbps 39813.12 Mbps Abbreviated as 51 Mbps 155 Mbps 622 Mbps 2.4 Gbps 10 Gbps 40 Gbps

Tx End

Rx End

STM-1 Frame Structure

Frame =125s Frame =125s Frame = 125s

STM-1 = 270 Columns (2430 bytes)

1 2 3 Regenerator Section Overhead H1 H2 H3

Administrative Unit
Capacity of the Virtual Container + Pointers 9 Rows

Pointers 4
5 6 7 8 9

H1H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3H3

Multiplex Section Overhead

Overhead width = 9 columns

STM-1 frame structure

STM-1 frame structure

1-3 rows 4th row

RSOH
AU Pointer

PAY LOAD
5-9 rows

MSOH

9 Columns

261 Columns 270 Columns

SDH Multiplexing Process

STM-N is got by Byte Interleaved Multiplexing of Lower Order Frame. For Example STM-4 is got by Multiplexing 4 STM-1 Frames.

SDH Multiplexing Process

SDH

M U X Line Signal
STM -4 STM-3

Tributary Signals STM-1

Mapping in SDH

Multiplexing Elements
container POH PTR virtual container tributary unit tributary unit group PTR SOH administration unit C-n VC-n TU-n TUG-2 AU-n STM-1 STM-n N=4,16 n=3,4 n=1,2,3,4 m=1,2 n=3,4 n=1,2,3,4 bitrates G.702 C1, C2 C3, C4 VC-n TU-1, -2 VC-n AU-n, n=3,4 AU-n, n=3,4 Payload

synchronous transport module synchronous transport module N Element

Abbreviation

Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N signal

A corresponding arrangement is used for demultiplexing

Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N

2.048 Mbps
(E1)
1 2 3
32

32 Bytes

Stuffing Bytes

C-12

1 23

32

34 Bytes

POH (Lower Order)

VC-12

1 23

32

35 Bytes

SDH Mapping for 2Mbps

Container C-12 (Asynchronous Mapping for 2 Mbps)

1 Byte R R R R R R R R D D D D . . . . . . 256 x D . . . . . . D D D D R R R R R R R R C1 C2 O O O R R R D D D D . . . . . . 256 x D . . . . . . D D D D R R R R R R R R C1 C2 O O O R R R D D D D . . . . . . 256 x D . . . . . . D D D D R R R R R R R R C1 C2 O O O R R S1 S2 D D D D . . . . . 255 x D . . . . . . D D D D R R R R R R R R

STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4

R: D:

Fixed Stuff Bits Data-Bits (of 2Mb/s Tributary-Signal) Overhead-Bits (For future use) Justification Indication-Bits - C1 = 0 -> S1 = Data-Bit - C1 = 1 -> S1 = Stuff-Bit - C2 = 0 -> S2 = Data-Bit - C2 = 1 -> S2 = Stuff-Bit Actual Justification-Bits -Justification is indicated by C1, C2 (Majority-Vote out of 3)

Block 1

O: C1, C2:

136 Bytes (500 ms)

Block 2

S1, S2:

Block 3

Justification Capacity +/- 1 Bit every 500 ms -> +/- 2000 Bits (~+/- 1000 ppm) Speed of C-12 136 Byte x 8 Bit / 500 ms = 2.176 MBit/s

Block 4

TUG-3

TUG-2

TU-12

VC-12

C-12

2Mbit/s

SDH Multiplexing Element Container (C)

Basic unit for tributary signals of the PDH Synchronous to the STM-1 signal Adaptation of bitrates through positive stuffing in case of plesiochronous tributary signals Adaptation of synchronous tributaries through fixed stuffing bits Bit stuffing mechanism

10

SDH Mapping for 2Mbps

Virtual container VC12

#1 #2

1 Byte V5

BIP-2
BIP-2: REI:

REI

RFI

Signal Label

RDI

Bit Interleaved Parity 2 Remote Error Indication (Old name FEBE)

#35 #36 #37

RFI: Remote Failure Indication Signal Label: Specifies the content of the VC

J2

RDI:

Remote Defect Indication (Old name=FERF)

140 Bytes (500 ms)

Path Trace J2
#70 #71 #72 J2: Repetitively transmitted 16-Byte Frame containing a Path Access Point Identifier

N2

Network Operator Byte N2

N2: Used for Tandem Connection Monitoring

#105 #106 #107

K4 APS Channel Spare

K4: APS-Channel: Automatic Protection Switching Signaling #140 Spare: For Future use

Speed of VC-12: 140 Byte x 8 Bit/500 ms= 2.240 Mbit/s

AUG AU-4 VC-4
TUG-3 TUG-2

STM-N

TU-12

VC-12

C-12

2Mbit/s

11

SDH Multiplexing Element Virtual Container (VC)

Creation through addition of the POH Is transported through the network as one unit If the VC contains several VCs, it will have a pointer area Multi container payload through concatenation
1 4 VC-12

SDH Mapping for 2Mbps

Tributary unit TU-12

Mapping VC-12 to TU-12 Pointer justification on TU-12 level

12

Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N

Pointer

TU-12
36 Bytes

TU 12 is arranged Into Matrix of 9 X 4

9 Rows

4 Columns

N N N N S S P P V1 (TU-Pointer #1) Cell #105 Cells #106 #138 Cell #139 V2 (TU-Pointer #2) Cell #0 V1+V2

P P P P P P P P

N: New Data Flag (NDF) - Flag NOT active -> NNNN = 0110 - Flag active -> NNNN = 1001 (Inverted) S: Size Indication - For TU-12 SS=10 P: 10-Bit Pointer Value - Range for TU-12 is 0.139 - Points to that Cell, Where the VC-12 starts (Location of V5)

144 Bytes (500 ms)

Cells #1 #33 Cell #34 V3 (TU-Pointer #3) Cell #35 Cells #36 #68 V3 Cell #69 V4 (TU-Pointer #4) Cell #70 Cells #71 #103 Cell #104

Used for justification - Incase of Negative Pointer Justification, this Byte is used as Auxiliary-Cell V4 Reserved (For future Use)

Speed of TU-12: 144 Byte x 8 Bit/500 ms= 2.304 Mbit/s

STM-N

AUG

AU-4

VC-4

TUG-3

TUG-2

TU-12

VC-12

C-12

2Mbit/s

13

SDH Mapping for 2Mbps

Tributary unit TU-12

Mapping VC-12 to TU-12

Important Facts: V1 The TU-12 must be locked to the HigherOrder VC (VC-3 or VC-4) The 10-Bit TU-Pointer points to that cell, where the V5-Byte Of the VC-12 is located (Start of VC-12) The VC-12 can float within the TU-12 since both may have Different Clock rates If the incoming VC-12 is too fast, the excess data is carried By V3. The V5-Byte moves 1 cell up in the TU-12 and the pointer value decrements by 1 -> Negative Pointer Justification If the incoming VC-12 is too slow, the byte immediately after V3 (Cell #35) is used as Stuff-Byte to stuff the excess transport capacity of the TU-12. The V5-byte moves 1 cell down in the TU-12 and the pointer value increments by 1. -> Positive Pointer Justification

35 Byte

V2

VC-12

35 Byte

V3
35 Byte

35 Byte

V4

14

SDH Mapping for 2Mbps

Tributary unit TU-12

Mapping VC-12 to TU-12 Pointer justification on TU-12 level

V1 Cell #105

V1 0 1 1 0 1 0 I D New Data Flag Size

V2 D I D I D I D

Cell #139 V2 Cell #0

Cell #34 V3 Cell #35

Negative Justification Opportunity (Used to carry Data) Positive Justification Opportunity (Used as Stuff-Byte)

Inverted value of all D-Bits (Decrease) Indicates Negative Justification Inverted value of all I-Bits (Increase) Indicates Positive Justification

Cell #69 V4 Cell #70

Under normal conditions the pointer is justified by 1 (Increase or Decrease as soon as the phase different between the VC-12 and TU-12 exceeds 8 Bits (1Byte). This is Indicated by inverting either the I or the D Bits of the 10-Bit Pointer (Majority vote out of 5). If a random change of the pointer value becomes necessary, this is indicated by activating (inverting) the new Data Flag.

Cell #104

Speed of TU-12: 144 Byte x 8 Bit/500 ms= 2.304 Mbit/s

15

SDH Multiplexing Element Tributary Unit (TU)

Creation through addition of a pointer to the VC Slip free transmission of a VC also in case of plesiochronous behaviour of the network element The TU definition refers to the VC, the AU to STM-1 Identical to AU
1

Pointer TU-12
9

V5

VC-12 POH

2 Mbit/s --> C-12

SDH Mapping for 2Mbps

Tributary unit group TUG-2

Byte interleaved multiplexing of 3 x TU-12 into TUG-2 multiframe

16

TU-12

TU-12

TU-12

9 Rows

4 Columns Multiplexing

4 Columns

4 Columns

TUG-2

9 Rows

12 Columns

V1, 1 #105, 1

V1, 2 #105, 2

V1, 3 #105, 3

#139,1 V2, 1 #0, 1

#139,2 V2, 2 #0, 2

#139,3 V2, 3 #0, 3

Column

1
V1,1

2
V1,2

3
V1,3

10

11

12

#105,1 #105,2 #105,3

#139, 1 V3, 1 #35, 1

#139, 2 V3, 2 #35, 2

#139, 3 V3, 3 #35, 3

V2,1 V2,2 V2,3 #0,1 #0,2 #0,3

#139,1 #139,2 #139,3

#69, 1 V4, 1 #70, 1

#69, 2 V4, 2 #70, 2

#69, 3 V4, 3 #70, 3

TUG-2 multiframe
V3,1 V3,2 V3,3 #35,1 #35,2 #35,3

#34,1 #34,2 #34,3

#104, 1

#104, 2

#104, 3

#69,1 #69,2 #69,3 V4,1 V4,2 V4,3 #70,1 #70,2 #70,3

TU-12 #1

TU-12 #2

TU-12 #3

#104,1 #104,2 #104,3

STM-N

AUG

AU-4

VC-4

TUG-3

TUG-2

TU-12

VC-12

C-12

2Mbit/s

125 ms

125 ms

125 ms

125 ms

17

SDH Mapping for 2Mbps

Tributary unit group 2 TUG-3

Byte interleaved multiplexing of 7 x TUG-2 into TUG-3

Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N

7 TUG-2s

Stuffing Bytes

X 7 TUG-2

TUG-3(multiplexing)

TUG 3

84 Columns 86 Columns

18

TUG-2 #1
Column 1 Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

TUG-2 #2
10 11 12 Column 1 2 3 12 Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

TUG-2 #3
Column 1 2 3 12 Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

TUG-2 #7
Column 1 2 3 12

NPI
Bit Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 1--------------------------8 1 0 0 1 X X 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 X X X X X X X X

Column 1 Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

17 18 19

20 21 22 76 23 77 24 78 79 80 81 82

83 84 85 86

NPI TUG-3 STUFF

STM-N

TUG-3 STUFF

TUG-3

AUG

AU-4

VC-4

TUG-3

TUG-2

TU-12

VC-12

C-12

2Mbit/s

SDH Mapping for 2Mbps

Virtual Container 4 VC-4

Byte interleaved multiplexing of 3 x TUG-3 into VC-4

19

Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N

TUG - 3 TUG - 3 TUG - 3
86 Columns

VC - 4

X 3 TUG3

HOPOH Stuffing Bytes

258 Columns 261 Columns

TUG-3 #1
Column 1 Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 84 85 86 Column 1 Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3

TUG-3 #2
4 5 6 84 85 86 Column 1 Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3

TUG-3 #3
4 5 6 84 85 86

NPI

NPI

NPI TUG-3 # 2 STUFF

TUG-3 # 2 STUFF

TUG-3 # 2 STUFF

Column Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

3 4

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261

NPI #2

NPI #1

NPI #3

TUG-3 # 1 STUFF

TUG-3 # 2 STUFF

TUG-3 # 3 STUFF

TUG-3 # 1 STUFF

TUG-3 # 2 STUFF

TUG-3 # 3 STUFF

VC-4 Path OH

VC-4 Stuff

VC-4 Stuff

TUG-3 # 2 STUFF

TUG-3 # 2 STUFF

VC-4

STM-N

AUG

AU-4

VC-4

TUG-3

TUG-2

TU-12

VC-12

TUG-3 # 2 STUFF

C-12

2Mbit/s

20

SDH Multiplexing Elements Tributary Unit Group (TUG)

Multiplexing of several TUs into a VC Identical to AUG

Administration Unit (AU-4)

21

Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N

VC - 4 9 rows

Pay Load

261 Columns AU 4 (Adding Pointer)

AU Pointer 4 th Row

Pay Load

9 Columns

261 Columns

264

265

266

267

268

269

Column 1 2 Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9
H1

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
#522 #609 #523 #610 #697 #1 #88 #175 #262 #349 #436 #524 #611 #698 #2 #89 #176 #263 #350 #437

#607 #694 #781 #85 #172 #259 #346 #433 #520

#608 #695 #782 #86 #173 #260 #347 #434 #521

AU-4 Pointer
Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3

#696 H3 #0 #87 #174 #261 #348 #435

AU-4 Payload

N N N N S S P P
H1+H2

P P P P P P P P
Y-Bytes: Stuff Byte (Value=93 hex) -Used as H1 in AU-3 Pointer Stuff Byte (Value=FF hex) -Used as H2 in AU-3 Pointer Used for justification - Incase of Negative pointer justification, these bytes are used as Auxiliary-Cells

N: New Data Flag (NDF) -Flag NOT active -> NNNN = 0110 -Flag active -> NNNN = 1001 (Inverted) S: Size Indication -Not Specified on AU-4 Level (Dont care

1*-Bytes:

Bits) P: 10-Bit Pointer Value -Range for TU-12 is 0.728 -Points to that Cell, Where the VC-4 starts
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4
TUG-3 TUG-2

H3-Bytes:

TU-12

VC-12

C-12

270

2Mbit/s

22

Administration Unit (AU-4)

Pointer justification of AU-4

Column 1 Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

17

Negative Justification Opportunity (Used to carry Data)

H1 Y

H2

1*

1* H3

H3

H3

Positive Justification Opportunity (Used as Stuff-Byte)

H1 0 1 1 0 1 0
New Data Flag Size

I D

H2 D I D I D

I D

Inverted value of all D-Bits (Decrease) Indicates Negative Justification Inverted value of all I-Bits (Increase) Indicates Positive Justification

Under normal conditions the pointer is justified by 1 (Increase or Decrease) as soon as The phase different between the VC-4 and AU-4 exceeds (3 Byte). This is Indicated by inverting either the I- or the D-Bits of the 10-Bit Pointer (Majority vote out of 5) If a random change of the pointer value becomes necessary, this is indicated by activating (inverting the new Data Flag

23

Administrative Unit Group AUG

267 268
Column 1 Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

AU-Pointer(s) Payload

Capacity of AUG: 1 x AU-4 (European standard)

STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4
TUG-3 TUG-2

TU-12

VC-12

C-12

269

270

2Mbit/s

SDH Multiplexing Elements Administrative Unit Group - AUG

Multiplexing of several AUs into a STM-N

24

9 Byte

261 Bytes

9 Bytes

STM-1

SOH AU
ADMINISTRATIV E UNIT (AU) POINTERS

POH

HIGHER LEVEL VC

B a

C b c

TUG TU POINTER SOH = SECTION OVERHEAD VC = VRITUAL CONTAINER

a b c

STRUCTURE OF STM-1 FRAME

POH = PATH OVERHEAD TUG = TRIBUTARY UNIT GROUP PATH OVERHEAD

TU

VC

STUFF AND JUSTIFICATION BITS

PLESIOCHRONOU S STREAM

STM-1 Mapping for 34Mbps

25

Asynchronous Mapping for 34 MBit/s into C-3

Note: Only 1 of 3 Subframes (3 Rows) are shown1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Block
R
Blks 21.40 Blks 41.60

15 16 R R R R R R R R R

17 18 19 R R R C C S

20

R R R

R R R

R R R

R R R

R R R

R R R

R R R

R R R

C C C

R R R

R R R

R R R

R R R

R R R

R R

4 Bytes

1 Byte 84 Bytes

Byte 1
R-Block

Byte 2
DDD...

Byte 3
24 x D

Byte 4 D: Data-Bits (of 34Mb/s Tributary-Signal

...DDD

RRRRRRRR

C-Block

R R R R R R C1C2

DDD...

24 x D

...DDD

R: Fixed Stuff Bits O: Overhead-Bits (For future use) C1, C2: Justification Indication-Bits Cx = 0 -> Sx = Data-Bit Cx = 1 -> Sx = Stuff-Bit S1, S2: Actual Justification-Bits Justification is indicated by C1, C2-Bits (Majority-Vote out of 5)

S-Block

RRRRRRRR

R R R R R R R S1

S2 D D D D D D D

DDDDDDDD

-Block

RRRRRRRR

Virtual Container (VC-3)

84
Column Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9 1 J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

C3

Speed of VC-3 85 x 9 Byte x 8 Bit / 125 ms = 48.960 MBit/s

STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4
TUG-3

VC-3 Path Overhead (Lower Order POH)

TU-3

VC-3

83

C-3

85

34M

26

Tributary Unit
82 83 84 85
Column Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9 1 H1 H2 H3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Fixed Stuff

TU-3 Payload

TU-3 Pointer

N N N N S S P P H1+H2

P P P P P P P P

N: New Data Flag (NDF) -Flag NOT active -> NNNN = 0110 -Flag active -> NNNN = 1001 (Inverted)

H3-Bytes: Used for justification - Incase of Negative pointer S: Size Indication justification, these bytes -Not Specified on TU-3 Level (Dont care Bits) are used as Auxiliary-Cell. P: 10-Bit Pointer Value -Range for TU-3 is 0.764 -Points to that Cell, Where the VC-3 starts (Location of J1)

Pointer Justfication on TU-3 Level

Column Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9 1 H1 H2 H3 2 3 4 5 6

Negative Justification Opportunity (Used to carry Data)

Fixed Stuff

Positive Justification Opportunity (Used as Stuff-Byte)

0 1

H1 1 0 1

New Data Flag

Size

Under normal conditions the pointer is justified by 1 (Increase or Decreases soon as The phase different between the VC-3 and TU-3 exceeds 1Byte. This is Indicated by inverting either the I- or the D-Bits of the 10-Bit Pointer (Majority vote out of 5) If a random change of the pointer value Inverted value of all D-Bits (Decrease) becomes necessary, this is indicated by Indicates Negative Justification activating (inverting the new Data Flag Inverted value of all I-Bits (Increase) Indicates Positive Justification

H2 D I D

STM-N

AUG

AU-4

VC-4

TUG-3

TU-3

VC-3

C-3

85

34M

86

86

27

Tributary Unit Group (TUG-3)

Column Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9

Speed of TUG-3 85 x 9 Byte x 8 Bit / 125 ms = 48.960 MBit/s

STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4
TUG-3

TU-Pointer

Row 4

TUG-3 Payload

TU-3

VC-3

84

85

C-3

86

34M

Byte Interleaved Multiplexing of 3 x TUG-3 (Containing TUG-3s) into VC-4

TUG-3 #1
Column Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
H1 H2

TUG-3 #2
84 85 86 Column Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
H1 H2 H3

TUG-3 #3
84 85 86 Column Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
H1 H2 H3

84 85 86

H3

TUG-3 # 2 STUFF

TUG-3 # 2 STUFF

TUG-3 # 2 STUFF

TUG-3 # 2 STUFF

Column Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

17 18 19

20 21 22 23 24251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261

VC-4 Path OH

VC-4 Stuff

H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3

VC-4 Stuff

STM-N

TUG-3 # 1 STUFF

AUG

TUG-3 # 2 STUFF

TUG-3 # 3 STUFF

VC-4

AU-4

VC-4

TUG-3

TU-3

VC-3

TUG-3 # 2 STUFF

TUG-3 # 2 STUFF

C-3

34M

28

STM-1 Signal as Transport Pipe

STM-1 signal can transport

1 x 140 Mbps PDH Signal 3 x 34 Mbps PDH Signals 63 x 2 Mbps PDH Signals Combinations, eg. 21 x 2 Mbit/s and 2 x 34 Mbit/s PDH Signals ATM cells, FDDI, DQDB Protocols, etc.

29